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Modelling and investigating memory immune responses in infectious disease. Application to influenza a virus and sars-cov-2 reinfections
No full textInternational audienc
Wildlife ecotoxicology of plant protection products: knowns and unknowns about the impacts of currently used pesticides on terrestrial vertebrate biodiversity
No full textInternational audienceAgricultural practices are a major cause of the current loss of biodiversity. Among postwar agricultural intensification practices, the use of plant protection products (PPPs) might be one of the prominent drivers of the loss of wildlife diversity in agroecosystems. A collective scientific assessment was performed upon the request of the French Ministries responsible for the Environment, for Agriculture and for Research to review the impacts of PPPs on biodiversity and ecosystem services based on the scientific literature. While the effects of legacy banned PPPs on ecosystems and the underlying mechanisms are well documented, the impacts of current use pesticides (CUPs) on biodiversity have rarely been reviewed. Here, we provide an overview of the available knowledge related to the impacts of PPPs, including biopesticides, on terrestrial vertebrates (i.e. herptiles, birds including raptors, bats and small and large mammals). We focused essentially on CUPs and on endpoints at the subindividual, individual, population and community levels, which ultimately linked with effects on biodiversity. We address both direct toxic effects and indirect effects related to ecological processes and review the existing knowledge about wildlife exposure to PPPs. The effects of PPPs on ecological functions and ecosystem services are discussed, as are the aggravating or mitigating factors. Finally, a synthesis of knowns and unknowns is provided, and we identify priorities to fill gaps in knowledge and perspectives for research and wildlife conservation
Potential of peatlands restoration for GHG emissions mitigation in France: Investigation of acquisition costs
No full textInternational audiencePublic demand for the restoration of degraded French peatlands is strong, as they contribute to climate change. A French carbon offset accreditation is being developed to facilitate private investment in peatland restoration. Assessing the costs of restoration programs and projects is vital to target cost-efficiency. Studies on acquisition costs are non-existent in the peatland scientific literature, while the sale price of peatlands could increase restoration costs, hampering the feasibility of operation works. Given the need for spatially explicit information for restoration planning, we use the first stage of the hedonic prices method to provide a model that measures the price of French peatlands and its determinants, at a national scale. Real peatland sales from the DVF+ database (Cerema) are exploited. The parcels selected in the model are distributed along a gradient of elevation, state of degradation and intensity of land use. Predictions of peatland prices are then made in the Cotentin-Bessin and jurassian massif regions to check the validity of the model. The average peatland price is 3014 €/ha but it varies greatly between regions. The main results indicate that intensive land use (crops) and increasing slope raise the selling price, while elevation, increasing distance to settlement and moor land use lower it. The prediction results are encouraging for a nationwide use of peatland prices in restoration planning programs. This study will also help get a better understanding of implications of peatland acquisition in restoration and total costs. This study provides ex-ante information before the price of land may rise due to soaring carbon prices and the attractiveness of peatland purchase for private sector following the implementation of the French carbon offset accreditation for peatlands. Afterwards, the focus should be put onto complementary land indicators such as fragmentation. The methods developed in the article can be applied to other contexts where there are overlapping land uses
Human papillomavirus genotype distribution among high-grade cervical lesions in French women born between 1972 and 1993
No full textInternational audienceImplementation of HPV vaccination programmes may induce significant changes in the distribution of HPV genotypes detected in cervical (pre-)cancers
Recurrent <i>GRHL</i> fusions in a subset of sebaceoma: microscopic and molecular characterisation of eight cases
No full textInternational audienceAimsSebaceous neoplasms constitute a group of adnexal tumours, including sebaceous adenoma, sebaceoma and sebaceous carcinoma. Although mismatch repair deficiency may be observed, the nature of the genetic alterations contributing to the development of most of these tumours is still unknown. In the present study, we describe the clinical, microscopic, and molecular features of eight sebaceomas with GRHL gene rearrangement.Methods and resultsAmong these sebaceomas, four occurred in women and four in men; the median age was 63 years (range = 29–89). The tumours were located in the head and neck area in all cases. Microscopic examination revealed a well-demarcated lesion located in the dermis with focal extension into the subcutaneous tissue (three cases). The neoplasms displayed macronodular (eight cases), cribriform (seven cases) and organoid (six cases) growth patterns, occurring in combination. The tumours were mainly composed of immature basophilic cells associated with scattered mature sebocytes. Numerous small infundibular cysts were present in seven cases. Mitotic activity was low (none/one to four mitoses/mm2). Immunohistochemistry showed positivity for androgen receptor and p63. Preserved expression of MLH1, PMS2, MSH2 and MSH6 was observed in all cases. RNA-sequencing revealed RCOR1::GRHL2 (three cases), BCL6::GRHL1 (two cases), a BCOR::GRHL2 (one case), RCOR1::GRHL1 (one case) and TLE1::GRHL1 (one case) fusion transcript. Methylation analysis demonstrated that GRHL-fused sebaceomas form an independent cluster and highlight the proximity of such tumours with poromas with folliculo-sebaceous differentiation.ConclusionsIn conclusion, we report recurrent fusions of the GRHL genes in a distinctive subset of sebaceomas harbouring infundibulocystic differentiation, a frequent organoid growth pattern and lack of mismatch repair deficiency
Genomic epidemiology of third-generation cephalosporin-resistant Escherichia coli from companion animals and human infections in Europe
No full textInternational audienceIn high-income countries, dogs and cats are often considered members of the family. Because of this proximity, it has been suggested that pets and humans might exchange bacterial species from their gut microbiota, with multidrug resistant bacteria being of particular concern. The aim of this study was to compare the genomes of third-generation cephalosporin-resistant (3GC-R) Escherichia coli responsible for human and pet infections in Europe. Whole-genome sequencing data from 3GC-R E. coli isolated from clinical samples of humans, dogs and cats, and published in eight European studies were re-analyzed using bioinformatics tools. The acquired genes responsible for 3GC-R were identified. The sequence type (ST) of all genomes were assessed by multilocus sequence typing. Alpha and beta diversities were measured within and between the two populations. We included genomes of 1327 3GC-R E. coli isolated from humans and animals with 109 (8.2 %) being responsible for infections in dogs and cat, and 1218 (91.8 %) responsible for human infections. Alpha diversity analysis suggested greater diversity within ST and 3GC-R genes in the animal population. Beta diversity analysis by principal coordinate analysis separated animal and human strains. ST131 was more abundant in human strains (43.4 %) than in animal strains (14.7 %) (p < 0.001). Six STs, including ST372, were identified almost exclusively in 3GC-R E. coli from animal origin. The bla CTX-M-15 gene was more frequent in humans (49.24 %) than in companion animals (17.9 %) (p < 0.001). The resistance genes bla CMY-2 (30.8 %) and bla CTX-M-1 (15.4 %) were more frequent in E. coli isolated from pets (p < 0.001). We found that populations of 3GC-R E. coli responsible for human and pet infections in Europe do not overlap. Although it cannot rule out occasional transmission of bacteria between pets and humans within a household, it suggests that dogs and cats are not a major source of human infection with this antibiotic-resistant pathogen
Proposed macroscopic quality indicators of antimicrobial stewardship in primary care: An observational study
No full textInternational audienceThe objective of this study was to evaluate the ability of two macroscopic quality indicators to guide antibiotic stewardship strategies
