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Les Algériens en France : de la condition coloniale à celle d’étrangers stigmatisés (c. 1900-1986)
No full textAnti-gender movements in France and Brazil in the 2010s: Populism, anti-intellectualism, and attacks on gender studies
No full textMovements opposing the so-called “gender theory” or “gender ideology” spread all over Europe in the 2010s including Russia, extending all the way to South American countries. This chapter first focuses on the Roman Catholic origin of this political invention against gender equality and feminist and LGBT movements. In line with family orientation and the traditional opposition of Catholicism to the right to abort, the anti-gender movements opposed sex education at school and the legalisation of same-sex marriage. A second step is taken when conservative and far-right movements not so interested in religious values incorporate the anti-gender issue in a global discourse of defence of social and national order targeting migrants. Finally, the opposition to “gender studies” in general becomes a motto for authoritarian statesmen (Brazil, Hungary, Russia, …) for whom gender equals subversion and disorder. This chapter shows the role played by specialists of gender studies in public debates in France and Brazil during the 2010s
Données d'enquêtes démographiques africaines : des accès plus performants
No full textLe nombre d’enquêtes démographiques et de données disponibles en Afrique s’est accru considérablement durant ces dernières décennies, tandis que les avancées technologiques facilitaient de nouvelles utilisations des données. Nous retraçons brièvement ces avancées, également liées aux besoins accrus d’indicateurs pour mesurer les Objectifs du Millénaire pour le développement (OMD), promus par les Nations Unies et qui ont entraîné la mise en place de dispositifs internationaux performants pour l’archivage et la diffusion des données d’enquêtes démographiques. Trois sources complémentaires relatives aux enquêtes menées en Afrique sont présentées : les archives nationales de données des instituts de statistique, l’Inventaire des recensements et enquêtes démographiques en Afrique (IREDA) et l’Inventaire d’enquêtes DEMOSTAF, accompagnées de quelques constats tirés des expériences de leurs protagonistes en vue d’améliorer la connaissance et l’accès aux enquêtes démographiques
Categorization, Selection, Displacement, and Invisibilization: Housing and Accommodation for the Homeless in France
No full textAfter reviewing the French definitions of homelessness, the chapter describes the context of the housing crisis in France, showing that population categories previously protected from homelessness, notably people with jobs, are now beset by difficulties, while new representations of rooflessness are emerging in the media. However, public policies are struggling to find solutions to the problems, and the hierarchical, segmented, and competitive system has the effect of sorting people out, encouraging their recurrent displacement and non-take-up. The chapter offers two examples to illustrate this hard-to-change system: overnight shelters for women and the ‘Housing First’ policy
Ted McCormick. 2022. Human Empire : Mobility and Demographic Thought in the British Atlantic World, 1500-1800. Cambridge University Press, 320 pages
No full textBirth Intention Status and Infant Mortality: Fixed-Effects Analysis of 60 Countries
No full textMost studies on the impact of birth intentions on children's well-being do not separate risks of infant mortality associated with pregnancy intention status from the risks that are associated with sociodemographic characteristics. There is a lack of studies taking a multicountry comparative perspective. We analyzed 60 Demographic and Health Surveys in Asia, the Americas, and Africa to examine the association between birth intentions and infant mortality using sibling fixed-effects linear probability models accounting for confounding due to time-invariant maternal characteristics. Compared to wanted births, the probability of infant mortality was higher after an unwanted or mistimed birth, or both, in 41 countries. Particularly in West Africa, mostly mistimed pregnancies were associated with infant mortality, whereas in the Americas unwanted pregnancies mattered more. These differences could be partly due to contextual variation in the concept of birth intentions and in the importance of birth spacing and limiting. We show that the risk of infant mortality after an unwanted/mistimed pregnancy was higher in countries with low human development index and high overall infant mortality rate, highlighting the importance of taking context into account rather than pooling data. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first large-scale, cross-regional, and cross-country comparative study to analyze the association between birth intentions and infant mortality using a fixed-effects approach
Evolution of Human Reproduction, Ageing and Longevity
No full textLifespan is just one component of a species life history. To understand human longevity from an evolutionary perspective, it is important to consider the human species’ phylogenetic history and the evolution of the entire human life cycle. This chapter extends previous fundamental reviews in the light of recent findings, and with particular emphasis on the evolution of longevity of the human species. It first compares the primate life cycle to that of other terrestrial mammals, and highlights the evolution of the slow pace of life observed in primates. It then compares the life cycles of humans and other primates, emphasizing the peculiarities of the human life cycle. The chapter outlines the main theories explaining the evolution of these peculiar life history traits that occurred since the human-chimpanzee divergence, linking these to the evolution of human reproduction, ontogenesis, diet and cognition. It then emphasizes the pivotal roles of sociality and intergenerational transfers for understanding the joint evolution of the human life cycle, biology and cognitive, linguistic and social capabilities. Together, this finally allows a contemplation of the most probable scenario joint evolution of human reproduction, ageing and longevity
L’index de l’égalité professionnelle offre-t-il un panorama fidèle des écarts de rémunération entre les femmes et les hommes ?
No full textLe gouvernement français a mis en place en septembre 2018 un ensemble de mesures pour réduire les écarts de salaire entre femmes et hommes. Parmi ces mesures, toutes les entreprises privées de plus de 50 salariés sont tenues de calculer l’index d’égalité professionnelle. Elles doivent atteindre un seuil minimal à cet index, sous peine de sanctions. Nous étudions l’efficacité de cet index pour rendre compte des inégalités de rémunération entre les femmes et les hommes. Après avoir expliqué ses règles de calcul, nous analysons les résultats des entreprises en 2020 et les comparons avec les inégalités de rémunération femmes-hommes mesurées à l’aide d’autres indicateurs. Nous constatons que l’indicateur d’écart salarial tel que mesuré par l’index a tendance à minimiser les inégalités réelles, ce qui résulte de l’exclusion de certains salariés, de la possibilité pour les entreprises de déclarer l’index comme non calculable, et des choix méthodologiques adoptés
The Urban Bias in Latin American Avoidable Mortality
No full textIn 1977, Michael Lipton introduced the Urban Bias Thesis as a framework for understanding how most economic policy initiatives have contributed to the overdevelopment of urban areas and the underdevelopment of rural areas. In Latin America, there has historically been a positive correlation between urbanization and mortality decline, as the region’s health transition generally began in the main cities and tended to proceed more rapidly in countries with higher levels of urbanization. This paper seeks evidence of a residual urban bias in the region’s mortality patterns. Using a sample of Latin American countries over the 2000–2010 period, I analyse the disparities in mortality patterns and avoidable causes of death by looking closely at urban and rural areas using continuum categories. The results indicate that the urban advantage does persist and that rural–urban mortality differentials have consistently favoured the largest cities. The metropolitan advantage in mortality is an outcome of lower mortality in causes of death that are avoidable through primary interventions. Even in scenarios of high mortality at younger adult ages (15–44), the metropolitan advantage remains, due primarily to unsuccessful efforts to reduce mortality in populations aged 45 years and over outside the main and large cities
Étude des relations familiales et intergénérationnelles (Erfi) 2 – France, première vague
No full textL’Étude des relations familiales et intergénérationnelles 2 (Erfi 2) est la deuxième enquête française menée dans le cadre du Generations and Gender Programme (GGP), infrastructure de recherche transnationale qui vise à comprendre les dynamiques familiales et les parcours de vie des individus. Étude longitudinale, Erfi 2 est composée de trois vagues, la collecte de la première se terminant début juillet 2024. Cette collecte multimode concurrentielle (CA-WI/CATI) s’étale sur un peu plus de cinq mois, selon un calendrier où l’exploitation se fait au fur et à mesure en quatre périodes distinctes. Ces quatre périodes sont comparables quant au protocole, la taille et la structure de leurs échantillons mais chacune a rencontré des contraintes spécifiques liées notamment au calendrier ou à l’organisation du travail sur la longue durée. Cette communication se propose de revenir sur les problèmes rencontrés, les ajustements qui ont été apportés et leur impact sur le taux de la participation et leurs éventuelles incidences sur la composition de l’échantillon répondant. Deux contraintes seront en particulier abordées : les vacances scolaires et les jours fériés ; et les variations du nombre d’enquêteurs