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Семья c детьми в течение первых двух лет их жизни: разнообразие ситуаций и изменение семейных конфигураций во Франции по данным лонгитюдного наблюдения когорты родившихся в 2011 году
No full textВ статье представлены результаты изучения изменений в семейных ситуациях, жилищных условиях, отношениях между родителями в течение первых двух лет жизни ребенка в современной Франции. Анализ базируется на данных уникального во Франции панельного исследования когорты детей, родившихся в 2011 г. – продолжающегося французского лонгитюдного исследования ELFE (Étude Longitudinale Française depuis l’Enfance), которое в режиме мониторинга отслеживает многообразие и динамику семейных конфигураций и условий проживания 18 тыс. детей с момента их рождения. Изменения в семейном окружении, мобильности семей были прослежены на результатах ответов матерей из подвыборки для «лояльных» семей, участвовавших в четырех волнах опросов: в родильном доме, в возрасте ребенка 2 месяца, 1 год и 2 года. В зависимости от семейных конфигураций были выделены традиционные семьи, в которых имеется супружеская пара с родными для обоих партнеров детьми, реструктурированные семьи, в которых возможны сложные семейные конструкции с присутствием отчимов, сводных братьев и сестер, и монородительские семьи, в которых, как правило, мать воспитывает детей в отсутствие отцов или отчимов в домохозяйстве.
По результатам исследования установлено, что каждый пятый ребенок рождается в реструктурированных или монородительских семьях. Монородительские семьи впоследствии часто трансформируются в реструктурированные семьи, и эпизод «одинокого родителя» является для многих предварительным и временным этапом. Из ELFE-когорты 17,3% имеют хотя бы одного сводного брата/сестру, 6,5% проживают совместно как минимум с одним сводным братом/сестрой, 2,4% проживают и с родными, и со сводными братьями/сестрами, 12,8% имеют братьев или сестер, проживающих отдельно, чаще всего (11,3%) это сводные братья/сестры. У каждого четвертого ребенка иммигрантом является либо мать, либо прародитель по материнской линии. В возрасте ребенка 2 месяца 56,0% родителей живут в неоформленных, консенсуальных союзах (т.е. без заключения брака или PACS). В течение двух лет каждая пятая пара родителей заключила гражданский союз (PACS), 4% пар за то же время расстались. После расставания характер отношений между родителями различен: чаще всего дружеские (45%), напряженные или очень напряженные (29%), равнодушные (16%), полностью отсутствуют (10%). Интенсивность мобильности семей с маленьким ребенком до двух лет высока: 29% детей меняли место проживания, в особенности, если ребенок один. Всего почти половина родителей (44%) переехали до или вскоре после родов
Fertility Theories: Are Demographers Neutral?
No full textThis article retraces the history of fertility theories as illustrated by 23 founding texts grouped together in a single volume Les théories de la fécondité (2014). Until recently, no reliable statistics were available for the analysis of fertility behaviours, which were treated rather as a question of philosophy, morals, political science or religion. It was not until the birth of the social sciences in the nineteenth century that the first real theories of fertility started to emerge. At that time, the demographic transition in Europe and the accompanying social and economic transformations gave rise to new demographic behaviours for which a theoretical framework was needed. Many new disciplines were brought into play, including anthropology, sociology, economics, political science and psychology. Paradoxically, demographers were slow to develop theoretical approaches, doubtless because the discipline first made its name as a quantitative science. Indeed, no overarching, generally acknowledged theory of fertility has yet been developed. These different approaches are illustrated through a series of pioneering texts. They present theories drawn from a wide range of disciplines and include analyses from the perspectives of birth control and gender
Unplanned Births and Their Effects on Maternal Health: Findings from the Constances Cohort
No full textUnplanned births remain relatively common, even in regions with high contraceptive prevalence and accessible abortion services, such as contemporary France. Previous studies have shown that unplanned births can have numerous negative consequences for the well-being of mothers and children, including poorer maternal health behaviors, delayed and insufficient prenatal care, and depression during or immediately after pregnancy. However, these studies do not provide conclusive evidence on whether the observed outcomes are a consequence of unplanned births or of the conditions in which they likely occur. Furthermore, scant attention has been given to other dimensions of maternal well-being, such as physical health. This study uses longitudinal data from the French Constances Cohort and applies fixed-effects event study models to examine how women’s self-rated general health and risk of depressive symptoms are affected in the years following an unplanned birth. Results show that women who had an unplanned birth reported a sudden, significant drop in their general health in the year following the birth, particularly among the youngest, while health outcomes following planned births showed a gradual, slight decrease over the time-period considered. The risk of depressive symptoms increased similarly after birth for both unplanned and planned births. This study contributes to the literature by using a longitudinally constructed measure of unplanned births based on pre-birth fertility intentions, rather than commonly used retrospective measures prone to ex post rationalization. It also distinguishes between unwanted and mistimed births while further examining their consequences on medium-term maternal health
Rural-urban residence and life expectancies with and without pain
No full textThis paper analyzes rural-urban disparities in life expectancy with and without pain among upper-middle age and older adults. Data are from the nationally representative Health and Retirement Study, 2000–2018, N = 18,160, age 53+. Interpolated Markov Chain software, based on the multistate life tables, is used to calculate absolute and relative pain expectancies by age, sex, rural-suburban-urban residence and U.S. regions. Results show significant rural disadvantages versus those in urban and often suburban areas. Example: males at 55 in rural areas can expect to live 15.1 years, or 65.2 percent pain-free life, while those in suburban areas expect to live 1.7 more years, or 2.6 percentage points more, pain-free life and urban residents expect to live 2.4 more year, or 4.7 percentage points more. The rural disadvantage persists for females, with differences being a little less prominent. At very old age (85+), rural-urban differences diminish or reverse. Rural-urban pain disparities are most pronounced in the Northeast and South regions, and least in the Midwest and West. The findings highlight that rural-urban is an important dimension shaping the geography of pain. More research is needed to disentangle the mechanisms through which residential environments impact people's pain experiences
The Social Structures of Sleep: Effects of Work-Related and Family Constraints on Sleep Duration and Regularity Among French Workers
No full textPrevious research shows that sleep time is shaped by family constraints and paid work organisation. However, the impact of both work and family on sleep routines is relatively unknown. Using the 2009–2010 French Time Use Survey, this article examines how workers’ sleep routines are affected by paid work and family situation, and emphasises the social significance of sleep patterns. Paid work and family situation both structure the duration and regularity of sleep. Paid work reduces sleep time and has a disruptive effect on sleep routines, but to different degrees depending on socio-occupational category and work schedule. Having a small child has a negative effect on sleep on any given day, but works in favour of a regular sleep routine, as well as the tendency for spouses to synchronise. However, the regulating effect of family life accentuates the disruptive effect of paid work for the most atypical work schedules
Hacia una definición de las antiguas periferias: un diálogo entre conceptos y casos a ambos lados del Atlántico
No full textEn este artículo nos proponemos reflexionar sobre las características y las funciones que, en la actualidad desempeñan las primeras áreas suburbanas de las ciudades de América Latina. Se trata de antiguos espacios periféricos, de varias generaciones, en los cuales se establecieron las primeras industrias, otras actividades productivas o equipamientos sanitarios y/o contornos del casco antiguo en los que se produjeron los primeros loteos residenciales y que, merced al proceso de metropolización, se han integrado a la ciudad central. Se trata de un ejercicio descriptivo cuyo objetivo fue recoger las conceptualizaciones y el conocimiento existentes con el fin de delinear pistas para el análisis de las antiguas periferias. El mismo se apoya en la revisión bibliográfica que, si bien no es exhaustiva, recoge casi un centenar de trabajos publicados en revistas nacionales e internacionales y en libros del área de la geografía crítica, la sociología urbana y el urbanismo a lo largo de décadas
Mortality Convergence in Europe? Spatial Differences in Life Expectancy Gains Between 1995 and 2019
No full textThe conventional approach to gauging mortality convergence in Europe relies on life expectancy estimates (e0{e^0\) at the national level. However, mortality can differ within countries significantly. To better apprehend whether Europe's mortality patterns have been converging or diverging over recent decades, we must shift our focus to regional mortality data. Using data from statistical offices, we present annual e0{e^0\ estimates for 420 regions in 16 EU countries from 1995 to 2019. In our empirical analysis, we examined whether regions with initially high mortality levels caught up with low-mortality regions, and we investigated changes in the standard deviation of Europe's regional e0{e^0\ distribution over time. Indeed, mortality variation has generally decreased from 1995 to 2019 due to larger gains in e0{e^0\ for regions with initially high mortality levels. The convergence phase took place mostly during the first half of the entire time period analyzed. Over more recent periods, however, we observe more heterogeneity in the development of e0{e^0\. Some advantaged regions realized further gains in e0{e^0\, even as e0{e^0\ improvements slowed for more disadvantaged regions. In conclusion, our analysis underscores the importance of addressing widening health inequalities. Policies should target disadvantaged regions to retard mortality divergence across Europe
Rivière C. 2021. Leurs enfants dans la ville. Enquête auprès de parents à Paris et à Milan. Presses universitaires de Lyon. 164 pages
No full textA Recent Survey on French Attitudes Towards Population Dynamics in France and Worldwide
No full textIn 2018, the POP-AWARE survey was administered to members of the ELIPSS panel, a representative sample of the French population. Exploring both their knowledge and opinions of demographic trends in France and worldwide, this survey pursues a two-fold objective: first, it reiterates questions posed decades earlier on the situation in France, providing scope for comparisons over time; second, it introduces new considerations by extending its range of enquiry to include global issues. Almost irrespective of the respondents’ sociodemographic profiles and political opinions, demographic questions are seen as important. Respondents also express a preference for population stability over decline, despite an increase in opinions, among young people especially, linking population dynamics with environmental problems. Awareness of population questions is high, thanks to coverage in the media and in school curricula. This is not a recent development: it has been highlighted by numerous public opinion surveys over the last six decades. It would be useful to conduct similar surveys in other countries to identify variations, across space and time, in the expression of this interest in demography
