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Les violences sexuelles dans les vies des gays et des bisexuels. Configurations, dissémination et orientations intimes
No full textLes violences sexuelles subies par les minorités sexuelles masculines ont fait l’objet de travaux qui se sont largement focalisés sur les abus sexuels subis dans l’enfance, occultant les violences à l’âge adulte. Les études prennent peu en compte les spécificités et la diversité des modes de vie de ces populations et les différentes manières de vivre les violences subies. À partir d’un échantillon d’hommes s’identifiant comme homosexuels et bisexuels issu de l’enquête de l’Ined Virage-LGBT sur les violences de genre menée en France en 2015-2016, cet article montre qu’il existe une diversité de situations au sein de cette population. En prenant en compte l’ensemble des violences sexuelles ayant eu lieu dans l’enfance ou à l’âge adulte, ainsi que plusieurs dimensions de la sexualité – identification, pratiques, sociabilité –, cinq configurations sexuelles se dessinent et se différencient par la place qu’y tiennent la sexualité, l’exposition aux violences et le rapport aux sociabilités homosexuelles. Cette approche permet d’identifier différents modes de vie au sein des minorités sexuelles masculines, dont certains sont sans doute propres à certaines générations, et de cerner des individus ayant subi des violences sexuelles tout au long de leur vie, y compris exercées par d’autres homosexuels, et qui semblent se disséminer dans leur existence. L’appartenance à une minorité sexuelle et les évolutions de son acceptation ne sont pas les seuls éléments permettant de saisir les logiques des violences sexuelles subies par cette population : l’organisation genrée de l’homosexualité masculine, les manières dont les vies des homo-bisexuels s’inscrivent dans des rapports de classe et d’âge incitent à proposer une approche intersectionnelle de ces violences
Clément Rivière, Leurs enfants dans la ville: Enquête auprès de parents à Paris et à Milan [Their Children in the City: A Study of Parents in Paris and Milan], 2021, Presses universitaires de Lyon, 164 pages
No full textStillbirths in France: Over half of women go on to have another child
No full textIn 1993, France introduced a distinction between a baby born alive who subsequently dies, and a stillborn infant (enfant sans vie, literally ‘lifeless child’). Since then, the definition of a stillbirth, based on the concept of viability, has increasingly expanded, and legal recognition of these infants has become easier. Since 2008, a medical certificate of delivery is the only thing required to register a stillbirth with the French civil registration system. After a sharp increase due to changes in the law, the number of stillbirths has stabilized at around 19 per 1,000 women. Stillbirths, which are more common among older women, do not signify the end of reproductive life. More than half of women give birth to a living child within 5 years of a stillbirth
Maternal employment characteristics as a structural social determinant of breastfeeding after return to work in the European Region: a scoping review
No full textThe European Region has the lowest rate of exclusive breastfeeding at 6 months worldwide. Improving work-related breastfeeding issues is important given that women may have difficulties combining work and breastfeeding, especially those in precarious working situations, which adds to their adversity. This scoping review overviews research on the maternal employment characteristics that support breastfeeding continuation after return to work in the European Region
Integration and insularity: The diversity of Chinese immigrants in France
No full textDOI 10.3917/popsoc.622.000
Contribution à une étude de la conscience du droit de la nationalité. Les réintégré·es dans l’enquête TeO2 : une recherche en terrain troublé
No full textCompared to other modes of access to French citizenship, the “reintegration” procedure has never given rise to any in-depth social science study. Present since 1804 in the French Civil Code, this procedure entered a new era during decolonisation, allowing nationals of former French colonies to regain French status. This research focuses on shedding light on the often-overlooked reintegration procedure. It is based on 37 interviews with individuals who acquired French citizenship through various legal avenues, including reintegration. These interviews have been facilitated through a partnership with the National Institute for Demographic Studies (INED) and the possibility of relying on the TeO2 survey (Trajectories and Origins, survey on the diversity of the population in France INSEE-INED). The study pursues three main research objectives: (1) comparing reintegration experiences with other modes of obtaining French citizenship (descent, naturalisation), (2) contributing to debates on citizenship as both a “legal” and an “emotional” bond, and (3) exploring the complex articulation between legal status and sense of belonging, focusing on the relationship to French citizenship among individuals from former colonies. The research first reveals frequent ambiguities among interviewees in describing the process of obtaining French citizenship. However, these ambiguities only partially explain differences observed in TeO2 data between the categorisation of interviewees’ modes of access to French citizenship and how they actually became French. Among those labelled as “reintegrated” in the TeO2 survey, very few indeed obtained French citizenship through the reintegration process. This disparity in data is not solely attributable to the statements made by respondents; it also hinges on how legal categories are defined in the TeO2 survey and, more broadly, on the challenges of situating personal and familial trajectories within the complexities of French citizenship law. The study also highlights that, instead of being in conflict, the emotional and pragmatic uses of citizenship law are closely interconnected at the individual level. Choices regarding retaining, acquiring, or renouncing citizenship introduce a tension between emotional and practical considerations, with each individual interpreting these decisions based on their personal and familial background. While reintegrated individuals hold a historical and legal distinction as a unique category among French citizens by acquisition, their experience of acquiring citizenship does not significantly differ from those who became French through alternative means. Some reintegrated individuals may retrospectively perceive the procedure as indicating that they were not entirely “foreign” to France. However, the process is not perceived as a “return” to a citizenship to which they always felt connected
Surveying 18-29 years old about their intimate relationships: feedback from and effects on interviewers
No full textThe INED survey on young adults’ intimate relationships is the first French survey to focus specifically on the sexuality and couple relationships of 18-29-year-olds. Its objective is to capture the diversity of relational and sexual experiences in youth, beyond the first partner and the first spouse. The survey includes questions on 4 types of relationships in the last 12 months (couples, ‘one-night stands’, other intimate relationships, and interests) and experiences over the life course.
The survey was conducted by telephone in 2022-2023 on a representative sample of 10,022 individuals aged 18 to 29 and living in metropolitan France. The data collection was meticulously prepared and designed to capture the target population.
In particular, we set up a contact phase designed for the early detection of ineligible respondents by asking for their age even before presenting the intimate nature of the survey. Interviewers’ insights during the tests had a positive effect on the design of the contact phase of the survey.
During 10 months, 78 interviewers, men and women aged 18 to 60, worked on this study. Did the interviewer profile (age, gender, experience) affect the participation rate or the quality of the responses? In turn, what effects did the survey have on the interviewers themselves?
We held two focus groups with 9 interviewers to explore whether asking questions about sexuality was like asking any other question. The neutral attitude adopted by the interviewers was helpful for carrying out the survey, but asking questions about young people’s relationships made them reflect on the topic, ask themselves new questions, and gain insights in generational change and stability in terms of sexuality. Their feedback was highly valuable for the survey and provides an illustration of the added value of conducting qualitative studies on the production of quantitative surveys
Political and Business Dynasties: a Social Gradient in Returns to Elite Education
No full textDynasties constitute a visible sign of intergenerational persistence and raise questions about the legitimacy of the ruling elite. This paper uses data on graduates of elite colleges to explore the influence of political and business dynasties in France. I link nominative data on 103,309 graduates of 12 French Grandes ´ Ecoles born between 1931 and 1975 to their professional careers as politicians with national-level mandates or as board members of French firms. Identifying lineage through surnames, I find that sons of political and business leaders were substantially more likely than their graduate peers to pursue elite careers themselves, revealing a social gradient in returns to elite education. Political dynasties were particularly sizeable, although progressively declining. These dynasties also affected the composition of the French elite: fewer dynastical board members were graduates of top colleges than their first-generation colleagues. Yet, they were propelled much younger into top business and political positions
Accès géographique et financier aux Ehpad : évaluer l’équité des politiques de soutien à l’autonomie en contexte de décentralisation
No full textLes inégalités entre départements en matière d’aide aux personnes âgées dépendantes ont été largement documentées. Cela concerne aussi bien les taux d’équipement que l’habilitation à l’aide sociale départementale, ou encore les tarifs des Ehpad. Pour permettre à terme d’apprécier les effets des politiques publiques en matière d’équité inter-départementale, nous proposons dans cet article un nouvel indicateur d’accessibilité géographique et financière aux EHPAD (AGFE). La particularité de cet indicateur est d’intégrer les trois contraintes qui pèsent sur le recours potentiel aux EHPAD : la quantité de places, leur implantation géographique et leur accessibilité financière. L’indicateur AGFE est calculé au niveau national et au niveau de chaque département à partir des données fiscales 2019 (FIDELI) et des données de l’enquête Établissement d’hébergement pour personnes âgées (EHPA) de 2019. Au niveau national, il met en évidence une accessibilité aux Ehpad très peu sensible au revenu pour les six premiers déciles de revenu, mais très fortement croissante au-delà : un individu de 75 ans ou plus appartenant au dernier décile de revenu a accès à un nombre de places trois fois supérieur à celui caractérisant une personne appartenant à l’un des six premiers déciles de revenu. L’analyse par département montre que la variabilité des politiques départementales, en particulier en termes d’habilitation et de conventionnement à l’aide sociale, implique une variabilité plus ou moins forte de l’accessibilité par rapport au revenu
End-of-Life Surveys in the French Overseas Departments : Data Collection Protocol
No full textBackground
A number of changes regarding the end of life have occurred in recent decades, notably legislative changes. This stage of life, which usually comes at an advanced age, is now largely medicalised and institutionalised. This research project in the French overseas departments follows on from a study conducted in metropolitan France in 2010 on the circumstances in which people spend their last months of life. From the metropolitan France study, the researchers were able to assess the implementation of the 2005 Leonetti Law, improve understanding of residential transitions prior to death, the role of carers, and people’s wishes as to where they want to die. End-of-life circumstances in the overseas departments are not known. And yet the population is ageing fast, people commonly die at home, the organisation of family life is changing fast, the share of poverty is higher and there are fewer residential aged care facilities. These factors all shape end-of-life conditions in different ways, so it will be useful to acquire more data about the situation in these departments.
Aims
The purpose of this research is to give an overview of end-of-life conditions in the French overseas departments (Martinique, Guadeloupe, French Guiana and La Réunion). The aim is to see in what ways they differ from those pertaining in metropolitan France and document what public policy changes would be needed to meet these departments’ particular needs.
The first research strand explores possible inequalities in medical care at this stage of life between the four overseas departments and metropolitan France: do the same individual or general situations receive the same medical care everywhere?
A second strand focuses on implementation of the two laws that grant rights to end-of-life patients in France: the law of 22 April 2005 and that of 16 February 2016. It compares medical practice with the provisions of the legislation and describes how much patients and their families know about these laws and their application.
The third strand considers the more sociological aspects regarding family and social context at this stage of life, how patient care and support is organised and who is involved. Patients’ families were asked about their perceptions and expectations, with a view to improving quality of life for caregivers and hence also for people in their last stage of life.
Method
The data had to be gathered, as there were none in existence. We conducted a quantitative survey among physicians, using the broad lines of the protocol designed for metropolitan France but adapting it to local particularities to achieve a proper measure of different indicators for all topics under study and in particular medical decisions at end-of-life. We also conducted a qualitative survey in La Réunion to shed light on the context for ageing in the overseas departments and the proportion of home deaths. This comprised a series of semi-directive interviews with decedents’ relatives and two focus groups, providing new information about (a) people’s knowledge of the law and (b) the strengths and weaknesses of end-of-life care at home.
Prospects
This project is the first to provide scientists, the health authorities and the public with objective data on end-of-life conditions in the French overseas departments. It shows the impact of the overseas departments’ sociodemographic and cultural particularities on end-of-life care and offers health professionals and the authorities some food for thought on end-of-life care policy