L'archive ouverte de L'Ined
Not a member yet
9998 research outputs found
Sort by
138 millions d’enfants travaillent dans le monde, et bien plus si on compte le travail domestique
No full textPrès de 138 millions d’enfants âgés de 5 à 17 ans sont astreints au travail dans le monde, selon un rapport conjoint de l’OIT et de l’Unicef de 2025. Avec 87 millions d’enfants concernés, l’Afrique subsaharienne demeure la région la plus touchée. Cependant, le travail des enfants existe aussi dans certaines régions d’Europe, comme les Balkans. Ces estimations, fondées sur une définition strictement économique du travail, excluent toutefois une large part des activités domestiques réalisées par les enfants. Or, la base de données sur le travail des enfants (CLD-Ined) met au contraire en évidence une forte participation des enfants aux tâches ménagères à l’échelle mondiale, ainsi que l’important volume horaire qu’elles représentent dans la vie des enfants, particulièrement des filles
Où vit-on le plus vieux ?
No full textOn peut encore gagner des années d’espérance de vie en Europe : les régions pionnières en matière de longévité en apportent la preuve, année après année. Pourtant, depuis le milieu des années 2000, tandis que certaines régions avancent, d’autres décrochent. Dans ces dernières, l’allongement de l’espérance de vie est freiné par une mortalité autour de 65 ans qui ne recule plus, voire réaugmente
Is ‘Mumpreneurship’ a White phenomenon? Self-employment among native and immigrant women in the U.S.
No full text1ère publication en ligne le 01/08/202
Where are Europe’s oldest people living? What geography tells us about a fragmenting continent
No full textOn peut encore gagner des années d’espérance de vie en Europe : les régions pionnières en matière de longévité en apportent la preuve, année après année. Pourtant, depuis le milieu des années 2000, tandis que certaines régions avancent, d’autres décrochent. Dans ces dernières, l’allongement de l’espérance de vie est freiné par une mortalité autour de 65 ans qui ne recule plus, voire réaugmente
Reproductive health at crossroads: progress and challenges since the international conference on population and development in Cairo
No full textThirty years after the 1994 International Conference on Population and Development (ICPD) in Cairo, sexual and reproductive health and rights (SRHR) stand at a critical juncture. This commentary reviews the progress, persistent gaps, and new challenges since ICPD. It focuses on three main domains along the reproductive continuum: prevention and treatment of sexually transmitted infections (STIs), including HIV; infertility and assisted reproductive technologies; and pregnancies not ending in live births, including induced abortion, miscarriage, ectopic pregnancy, and stillbirth. Since ICPD in Cairo, scientific advances have transformed prevention and care. These advances have greatly improved population health and expanded reproductive options. However, their benefits are unevenly distributed. Socioeconomic inequities persist; marginalized populations are the least likely to benefit from innovation. Meanwhile, antimicrobial resistance, stigma, and underfunded health systems threaten sustainability. In infertility care, global disparities in access to services coexist with risks of over-medicalization and commercialization in some high-income settings. For pregnancies not ending in live births, restrictive abortion policies, ongoing stigma, and lack of recognition of miscarriage and stillbirth continue to undermine health, autonomy, and equity. Emerging pressures—including climate change, demographic shifts, and declining political and financial support to SRHR—put progress at risk. We argue that recommitment to the ICPD’s rights-based, human-centered framework is needed. The future SRHR agenda must combine scientific innovation with social justice, solid financing, ethical governance, and intersectional policy. Only then can we protect gains and prevent deeper reproductive inequalities
Knowledge, attitudes and practices relating to HIV self-testing following its introduction in the Bas-Sassandra region of Côte d’Ivoire: the case of the ATLAS project
No full textBackground: Awareness of HIV status is crucial for accessing HIV care and prevention but remains suboptimal in West Africa. The ATLAS initiative, launched in Côte d’Ivoire, Mali, and Senegal, addressed this gap by distributing approximately 380,000 HIV self-testing (HIVST) kits from 2019 to 2021, primarily to key populations and their social networks. This study assessed levels and correlates of Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices (KAP) related to HIVST in the Bas-Sassandra region of Côte d’Ivoire following ATLAS’s introduction.
Method: A cross-sectional population-based survey was conducted in the Bas-Sassandra region in 2021 among individuals aged 15–49. A total of 6,271 people (3,203 men and 3,068 women) were interviewed. They were selected using a three-stage stratified sampling approach in the Bas-Sassandra region. Bivariate statistics and multivariable logistic regressions were used to assess KAP levels and the associated factors.
Results: Although few participants reported having heard about HIVST (11%) or having used it (3%), most of them reported that if it were freely available, they would be interested/very interested in using it for themselves (76%), as well as for their sexual partners (75%). Education and wealth were positively associated with knowledge and positive attitudes towards HIVST among both men and women, whereas age was positively correlated to knowledge and use of HIVST among men only. The number of sexual partners over the last 12 months was positively associated with knowledge of HIVST and willingness to use HIVST for themselves or their sexual partners among both sexes. We also found that high HIV-related knowledge and low levels of negative attitude were positively associated with positive attitudes towards HIVST, while exposure to the media appeared to be correlated to knowledge of HIVST.
Conclusion: The high level of positive attitudes towards HIVST calls for a scaling up of access to HIVST in the region. Specific attention to groups with the worst KAP, such as the less educated, the poor or those with more HIV-related negative attitude, could enhance the success of such initiatives
Health care resource consumption and corresponding economic burden in patients with acute cardiovascular diseases during the COVID-19 pandemic period
No full textBackground: During the COVID-19 pandemic period, healthcare systems substantially reorganized their management of several diseases, including acute cardiovascular diseases (ACVD) such as heart failure, stroke, myocardial infarction, and pulmonary embolism. While previous studies have reported changes in hospitalization rates and clinical outcomes, the economic impact of the pandemic on healthcare expenditures for patients with ACVD remains poorly documented. This study aimed to quantify disruptions in healthcare utilization and reimbursement trends among patients with ACVD in France during the pandemic period (2020-2023). Methods: Using comprehensive French healthcare reimbursement data from 2015 to 2023, this nationwide cohort study analyzed 3.9 million ACVD-related patient-years, totaling 86 billion euros in reimbursements. A two-step approach was employed: first, a linear regression model based on pre-pandemic trends (2015-2019) was used to project expected expenditures for the years 2020-2023, adjusting for age, sex, calendar year, and comorbidities. Second, expenditures observed during the years 2020-2023 were compared with these projections to estimate potential disruptions related to the pandemic period. Analyses were stratified across 21 expenditure categories. Results: Between 2020 and 2023, ACVD-related healthcare expenditures exceeded expected values by 2.3 billion euros (+6.2%), with the largest gap in 2023 (1.1 billion euros above projections). Notably, pre-pandemic annual expenditure growth (86-212 euros per patient) sharply accelerated during the pandemic period (492-1320 euros per patient). Excess spending was higher in males (1.4 billion euros), patients with severe comorbidities (>2 comorbidities: 1.4 billion euros), and in the 65,195 patients with ACVD and a history of a COVID-19-related hospitalization(s) (0.9 billion euros, driven primarily by short stay hospitalizations and rehabilitation care). Among non-COVID-19 ACVD patients, significant increases were observed in drug expenses, short stay hospitalizations, and hospitalizations in psychiatry. Conclusion: In France, the COVID-19 pandemic years were marked by substantial and sustained disruptions in healthcare expenditures among patients with ACVD, extending beyond care directly related to COVID-19. Excess costs were linked both to pandemic-related complications and broader systemic shifts, including increased psychiatric and rehabilitation needs. These findings have critical public health implications: they highlight the need to address ongoing healthcare system disruptions for this vulnerable population while also reinforcing vigilance in future health crises
POPP. An OCR-Generated Database of the Population Censuses of Paris (1926–1936)
No full textEmpirical research in historical demography is usually time-consuming and labour-intensive. Recent developments in machine learning offer new possibilities for building very large databases with reduced time and costs, though these new methods raise new challenges as well. This article describes the process of constructing the POPP database, a data collection project based on the exploitation of the nominative lists of the Parisian population censuses of 1926, 1931, and 1936. This database provides a host of information for almost 9 million individuals: their name and surname, year and location of birth, nationality, relation to the household head, and occupation. The article discusses the digitisation of archival sources — several hundred thousand handwritten pages — their transformation into a database by computer scientists using machine learning techniques, and the work required on the part of social scientists to correct and adapt the resulting data for statistical purposes. Beyond its methodological contribution, this article also discusses the various ways in which the POPP database will improve our knowledge of the economic, social, and demographic evolution of an important European urban population
Où vivent les plus riches ? Ce que la géographie des hauts revenus dit des fractures françaises
No full textLa géographie des ménages les plus aisés révèle les profondes mutations de l’économie et de la société françaises depuis 1960
Academic resilience and policy reform in France
No full textThe COVID-19 pandemic posed unprecedented challenges to the French education system, disrupting learning and exacerbating pre-existing inequalities. This chapter examines the resilience of France's centralised education system, which enabled a swift and coordinated response to the crisis, including the implementation of emergency measures such as the ma classe à la maison digital learning platform, the vacances apprenantes programme, and the stages de réussite tutoring initiative. Unlike many other countries, France minimised school closures, prioritising educational continuity while addressing disparities in access to remote learning tools. Post-pandemic, the focus shifted to long-term recovery, with reforms targeting learning losses, digitalisation, and equity. These included expanding digital infrastructure, enhancing teacher training, and implementing innovative teaching practices. Using data from the Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA), this chapter explores the extent of learning losses in mathematics, reading, and science, as well as disparities between socioeconomic groups in France. It evaluates the policy interventions implemented during and after the pandemic and discusses their capacity to address these challenges. The findings provide insights into the key lessons learnt from the French response and offer strategies to improve the resilience and equity of the education system in future crises