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L'informatique, objets d'enseignements -enjeux epistémologiques, didactiques et de formation. Editorial des actes du colloque
No full textInternational audienceLe colloque Didapro-Didastic 8 rend compte de l'évolution de l'enseignement de l'informatique, au moment où la France remet en place options et spécialités dans le secondaire et préconise des enseignements dès l'école primaire. D'autres pays connaissent des enseignements de plus longue date et le colloque, dans la continuité des précédents, permet de croiser tant les expériences que les recherches sur ces enseignements. Mots-clé : didactique, informatique, numérique, enseignements sco-laires 1Évolutions curriculaires,évolutions de la recherche Le colloque Didapro-Didastic 8 est organisé, début 2020,à un moment charnière pour l'enseignement de l'informatique. Depuis quelques années, no-tamment en France, de nouvelles options et spécialités ontété créées au niveau lycée et 2020 sera la première année d'un tout nouveau concours de recrutement d'enseignants (CAPES). Ces enseignements posent un certain nombre de problèmes,à tous les ni-veaux :-dès le primaire, où des enseignements liés aux usages ouà l'algorithmique et la robotique sont prescrits ;-dans le secondaire, avec la construction de ressources pédagogiques, ou la nécessité d'une meilleure compréhension des obstacles didactiques pour lesélèves ;-ou dans le supérieur qui a en charge la formation des enseignants. Il n'est guère surprenant que parallèlementà cette présence plus grande de l'informatique, entendue dans un sens large, dans l'enseignement, les colloques Didapro-Didastic témoignent d'une réaffirmation plus nette de préoccupations didactiques concernant l'informatique. Il ne s'agit plus désormais uniquement de décrire des activités instrumentées, mais bien de comprendre les processus d'enseignement/apprentissage spécifiques lorsqu'on enseigne (et qu'on apprend) de l'informatique
Parallel Surrogate-assisted Optimization: Batched Bayesian Neural Network-assisted GA versus q-EGO
No full textInternational audienceSurrogate-based optimization is widely used to deal with long-running black-box simulation-based objective functions. Actually, the use of a surrogate model such as Kriging or Artificial Neural Network allows to reduce the number of calls to the CPU time-intensive simulator. Bayesian optimization uses the ability of surrogates to provide useful information to help guiding effectively the optimization process. In this paper, the Efficient Global Optimization (EGO) reference framework is challenged by a Bayesian Neural Network-assisted Genetic Algorithm, namely BNN-GA. The Bayesian Neural Network (BNN) surrogate is chosen for its ability to provide an uncertainty measure of the prediction that allows to compute the Expected Improvement of a candidate solution in order to improve the exploration of the objective space. BNN is also more reliable than Kriging models for high-dimensional problems and faster to set up thanks to its incremental training. In addition, we propose a batch-based approach for the parallelization of BNN-GA that is challenged by a parallel version of EGO, called q-EGO. Parallel computing is a highly important complementary way (to surrogates) to deal with the computational burden of simulation-based optimization. The comparison of the two parallel approaches is experimentally performed through several benchmark functions and two real-world problems within the scope of Tuberculosis Transmission Control (TBTC). The study presented in this paper proves that parallel batched BNN-GA is a viable alternative to q-EGO approaches being more suitable for high-dimensional problems, parallelization impact, bigger databases and moderate search budgets. Moreover, a significant improvement of the solutions is obtained for the two TBTC problems tackled
Co-targeting Mitochondrial Ca2+ Homeostasis and Autophagy Enhances Cancer Cells' Chemosensitivity
No full textInternational audienceThis is a PDF file of an article that has undergone enhancements after acceptance, such as the addition of a cover page and metadata, and formatting for readability, but it is not yet the definitive version of record. This version will undergo additional copyediting, typesetting and review before it is published in its final form, but we are providing this version to give early visibility of the article. Please note that, during the production process, errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal pertain
The relationship between cognition and vocational training outcome in patients with acquired brain injury: Contribution of Machine Learning
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Training LSTM for Unsupervised Anomaly Detection Without A Priori Knowledge
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MARE NOSTRUM : L'ADRIATIQUE, L'ITALIE ET LES BALKANS. LE CAS DE L'ALBANIE
No full textInternational audience“Italian colonies”: people think about the African ones, Libya and Ethiopia. It is almost unknown that Italy was also in the Balkans, with forced territorial annexations, and these conflicts had more consequences on the country than African colonisation.From the historical point of view, the Romanization of the Balkans is ancient and lasting (229 BC – 395 AC). After the fall of the Eastern Roman Empire, the Republic of Venice began to expand in the Adriatic, and in the 10th century it conquered the entire Dalmatian coast. Venice was at the heart of a huge system of movement of goods and men, and control the trading places of the Near and Middle East, of the Eastern Mediterranean and also of Europe, so the economic issues of its expansion are clear. Over the centuries, Istria, Dalmatia, Montenegro, the Ionian Islands, many Greek and Turkish ports, “Venetian” Albania, Crete, Cyprus, have been part of his possessions. Venice dominated all the eastern Adriatic until the Napoleonic era.It was because of this “historical belonging” of the Balkans to an “Italian” republic that bloody fighting took place throughout the twentieth century, in particular because of Istria and Trieste. The Adriatic Sea was the axis of Italian colonial claims on the Balkans. Mare nostrum: this sea belongs to us, and its seaboard too.We will especially see the case of Albania, Italian protectorate from 1914 to 1920 and annexed by the Fascist in 1939. King Zog (1928-1939), a very controversial figure, was considered a puppet of the Italians, and he actually seemed to be pursuing a policy dictated by Rome. When the Italians occupied Albania in 1939, they call it “protectorate”, but Victor Emmanuel III (who had married a Balkan princess, Jelena of Montenegro, and was king of that country from 1941 to 1943) had received the title of “King of Italy and Albania”, which demonstrates that it was indeed a colonization. This long semi-colonial history has left an indelible mark in both countries, and is no stranger to the great wave of Albanian migration to Italy since the 1990sQuand on parle de « colonies italiennes », on pense d’emblée à l’Afrique, Lybie et Ethiopie. On ne se souvient presque jamais que l’Italie a été aussi dans les Balkans, avec des annexions territoriales forcées, et que ces conflits ont étés plus lourds de conséquences que les campagnes coloniales africaines.Du point de vue historique, la romanisation des Balkans est ancienne et a duré longtemps (229 av JC - 395). Après la chute de l’Empire Romain d’Orient la République de Venise commence son expansion en Adriatique, et au Xe siècle elle avait conquis toute la côte dalmate. Venise était au cœur d’un énorme système de circulation de marchandises et d’hommes : elle dominait sur les places commerciales du Proche et Moyen-Orient, de la Méditerranée orientale et aussi d’Europe, on comprend donc les enjeux de son expansion balkanique. Au fil des siècles, ont fait partie de ses possessions l’Istrie, la Dalmatie, le Monténégro, les îles Ioniennes, nombre de ports grecs et turcs, l’Albanie « vénitienne », la Crète, Chypre... Elle a dominé sur l’Adriatique oriental jusqu’à l’époque napoléonienne. C’est à partir de cette « appartenance historique » des Balkans à une république « italienne » que se sont joués des combats sanglants tout au long du XXe siècle, notamment à cause de l’Istrie et de Trieste, territoires à majorité linguistique italienne et noyaux des revendications trahies (Vittoria Mutilata) lors de la Grande Guerre. L’Adriatique était l’axe des revendications coloniales italiennes sur les Balkans. Mare nostrum : cette mer nous appartient, donc ses rivages aussi.Nous examinerons plus en détail le cas de l’Albanie, protectorat italien de 1914 à 1920, annexée par le régime fasciste en 1939. Le roi Zog (1928-1939), figure très controversée, était d’ailleurs considéré une marionnette des Italiens, et il semblait effectivement mener une politique dictée par Rome. En 1939 on parlait encore de protectorat lors de l’occupation italienne, mais Victor-Emmanuel III (qui avait épousé une princesse balkanique, Jelena du Monténégro, et fut roi de ce pays de 1941 à 1943) avait immédiatement reçu le titre de « roi d’Italie et d’Albanie », montrant qu’il s’agissait effectivement d’une colonisation. Cette longue histoire semi-coloniale a laissé une trace indélébile dans les deux pays, et n’est étrangère à la grande vague de migration albanaise vers l’Italie qu’on connait depuis les années 1990
Investigating the semantic perceptual space of synthetic textures on an ultrasonic based haptic tablet
No full textInternational audienceThis paper aims to investigate the semantic perceptual space of synthetic tactile textures rendered via an ultrasonic based haptic tablet and the parameters influencing this space. Through a closed card sorting task, 30 participants had to explore 32 tactile-only textures and describe each texture using adjectives. A factorial analysis of mixed data was conducted. Results suggest a 2 dimensional space with tactile textures belonging to a continuum of rough to smooth adjectives. Influence of waveform and amplitude is shown to play an important role in perceiving a texture as smooth or rough, and spatial period is a possible modulator of different degrees of roughness or smoothness. Finally, we discuss how these findings can be used by designers on tactile feedback devices
Can the Energy Transition Be Smooth? A General Equilibrium Approach to the EROEI
No full textInternational audienceThe concept of energy return (EROEI ratio) is widely used in energy science to describe the interactions between energy and the economic system but it is largely ignored in macroeconomics. In order to contribute to bridging a gap between these fields of research, we incorporate these metrics into an endogenous growth model with two sectors (energy and final goods) and use this model to analyze the macroeconomic implications of a transition to lower EROEI resources. An approach in terms of net energy allows us (1) to explicitly link the EROEI to macroeconomic variables, (2) to show how it is related to the growth rate of GDP and (3) to obtain a closed-form solution for its long-run value at a general equilibrium level. There is furthermore a tight and decreasing long-run relationship between the EROEI value and the share of investment that must be allocated to the energy sector. Hence, a transition to lower EROEI resources intensifies the rival use of capital in the energy and non-energy sectors and leads to major economic changes, both in the inter-sectoral capital allocation and in the allocation of final output between consumption and investment. We show that a protracted economic contraction may occur before the completion of the transition to renewable energy. We analyze how (1) the magnitude of this contraction and (2) the possibility of an ulterior recovery depend on the initial stock of non-renewables, the potentials of technical progress in the energy and non-energy sectors and the substitutability between capital and energy
The Role of a Proprotein Convertase Inhibitor in Reactivation of Tumor-Associated Macrophages and Inhibition of Glioma Growth
No full textInternational audienceTumors are characterized by the presence of malignant and non-malignant cells, such as immune cells including macrophages, which are preponderant. Macrophages impact the efficacy of chemotherapy and may lead to drug resistance. In this context and based on our previous work, we investigated the ability to reactivate macrophages by using a proprotein convertases inhibitor. Proprotein convertases process immature proteins into functional proteins, with several of them having a role in immune cell activation and tumorigenesis. Macrophages were treated with a peptidomimetic inhibitor targeting furin, PC1/3, PC4, PACE4, and PC5/6. Their anti-glioma activity was analyzed by mass spectrometry-based proteomics and viability assays in 2D and 3D in vitro cultures. Comparison with temozolomide, the drug used for glioma therapy, established that the inhibitor was more efficient for the reduction of cancer cell density. The inhibitor was also able to reactivate macrophages through the secretion of several immune factors with antitumor properties. Moreover, two proteins considered as good glioma patient survival indicators were also identified in 3D cultures treated with the inhibitor. Finally, we established that the proprotein convertases inhibitor has a dual role as an anti-glioma drug and anti-tumoral macrophage reactivation drug. This strategy could be used together with chemotherapy to increase therapy efficacy in glioma
Evolution Control for parallel ANN-assisted simulation-based optimization application to Tuberculosis Transmission Control
No full textInternational audienceIn many optimal design searches, the function to optimise is a simulator that is computationally expensive. While current High Performance Computing (HPC) methods are not able to solve such problems efficiently, parallelism can be coupled with approximate models (surrogates or meta-models) that imitate the simulator in timely fashion to achieve better results. This combined approach reduces the number of simulations thanks to surrogate use whereas the remaining evaluations are handled by supercomputers. While the surrogates' ability to limit computational times is very attractive, integrating them into the over-arching optimization process can be challenging. Indeed, it is critical to address the major trade-off between the quality (precision) and the efficiency (execution time) of the resolution. In this article, we investigate Evolution Controls (ECs) which are strategies that define the alternation between the simulator and the surrogate within the optimization process. We propose a new EC based on the prediction uncertainty obtained from Monte Carlo Dropout (MCDropout), a technique originally dedicated to quantifying uncertainty in deep learning. Investigations of such uncertainty-aware ECs remain uncommon in surrogate-assisted evolutionary optimization. In addition, we use parallel computing in a complementary way to address the high computational burden. Our new strategy is implemented in the context of a pioneering application to Tuberculosis Transmission Control. The reported results show that the MCDropout-based EC coupled with massively parallel computing outperforms strategies previously proposed in the field of surrogate-assisted optimization