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Impact of COVID-19 lockdown on physical activity behavior among students in Somalia
No full textBackground: Due to the worldwide reach of the COVID-19 pandemic, authorities across the globe deemed it essential to enforce exceptional containment measures. Maintaining physical activity (PA) during this time was only feasible through engaging in activities at home. Therefore, this study focused on elucidating the levels of PA and well-being among Somali students in the aftermath of the lockdown measures implemented by governments at the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: This study was conducted in Somalia among undergraduate students studying at Somali International University. A total of 1266 students were included in the present study. An online survey was utilized to measure participant PA behavior. The assessment of PA was conducted in the aftermath of the COVID19 pandemic, utilizing the Godin Leisure questionnaire. The study showed that 85.8% of the study participants (n = 1086) were between the ages of 17 and 22. More than half of the participants (58.7%, n = 743) were female and had no other employment (57.3%, n = 743). Results: Jogging was the most frequently reported PA (57.3%, n = 726), and PA level was on average 59.7 minutes per day (SD = 25.9). Also, most of the study participants were in their last year (82.1%). In the regression analysis, age, gender, academic year, and work status were significant predictors of being physically active after the COVID19 pandemic. Conclusion: Factors affecting PA after the COVID-19 pandemic include age, gender, academic year, and work status. Males, younger individuals, and those who engage in outdoor exercise are more likely to be physically active. Once the COVID-19 restrictions were relaxed, undergraduate students in Somalia were physically active. A high level of PA appears to be advantageous for public health. Universities in Somalia should uphold school policies that promote an active lifestyle among students, aiming to maintain or enhance the existing level of PA.School of Medical Sciences of the Universiti Sains Malaysia [304]This research was funded by the School of Medical Sciences of the Universiti Sains Malaysia, grant number 304.PPSP.6315639
Effects of Different Starch Sources Used at High Levels in Cattle on Ruminal Fermentation Properties and Some Blood Parameters
No full textIn this study, it was aimed to determine the effects of different starch sources on ruminal fermentation and in situ digestibility characteristics and some blood parameters in cows. In the study, three different total mixed rations (TMR) with similar energy, protein and starch contents were prepared and these TMR’s formed the groups of the ex- periment. The main starch sources of the TMR’s were from the barley, wheat, and corn grains, respectively. The study was carried out as two consecutive trails using 3 non-lactating Holstein female cattle with rumen cannulate within a 3 × 3 Latin square trial design. These TMRs were fed at ad libitum and then nutrient intakes, ruminal fermentation (pH, acetic, propionic, butyric, and lactic acids), some serum (urea, glucose, total protein, albumin, triglyceride) and blood gas parameters (, Na+, K+, Ca++, Cl-, anion gap, lactate) were determined. Also, in situ dry matter and starch degradability were carried out in these animals. Nutrient intakes of cows fed different TMRs were similar (P>0.05), except neutral detergent fiber (NDF) intake (P0.05). As a result, it was determined that there were no serious changes in the ruminal fluid, serum, and blood gas parameter values of the subjects due to the content difference of the trial TMR’s. On the other hand, it was determined that in situ dry matter (DM) and starch degradability of barley and wheat were significantly different among cereal grains, ruminal DM and starch degradability of corn followed a slower, stable, and gradual increase
THE OCCUPATION FEE PROBLEM IN THE OPERATION OF MARKETPLACES
No full textModern dünyada insanlar gıda, giyim gibi temel ihtiyaçlarını satın alma yoluyla karşılamaktadırlar. Bu itibarla insanların bu temel ihtiyaçlarını kolaylıkla giderebilecekleri satın alma, yani alışveriş ortamlarının bulunması hem tüketiciler hem de üreticiler yönünden neredeyse bir zorunluluktur. Her ne kadar şehirlerde karşımıza büyük ve lüks alışveriş merkezleri çıkmakta ise de hem mali olarak daha avantajlı olması hem de üretici ile doğrudan buluşma imkânı açısından pazar yerleri halk arasında rağbet görmeye devam etmektedir.Alışveriş merkezlerinin bulunmadığı köy ve küçük ilçe gibi yerlerde ise pazar yerleri çok daha fazla önem arz etmektedir. Mahalli halkın ortak ihtiyacı olan pazar yerlerinin kurulması hukukumuzda sadece belediyelerin ve belediye iştiraklerinin yetkisine bırakılmıştır. Pazar yerlerinin işletilmesi ise tahsis ya da kiralama yoluyla gene belediyelerce gerçekleştirilmektedir. Bu şekilde kullandırılan pazar yerlerinin ise ne zaman Belediye Gelirleri Kanunu’nda düzenlenmiş olan işgal harcının konusunu oluşturacağı ise uygulamada tartışma yaratmaktadır. Bu konuda belediyelerin pazar yerlerinden işgal harcından başka bir bedel alamayacaklarına ilişkin yargı kararları mevcuttur.Bu makalede öncelikle belediyelerin pazaryeri kurma, denetleme ve işletme konusundaki görev ve yetkileri kamu hizmeti perspektifinden incelenecek, ardından pazar yeri içerisinde bulunan satış yerlerinin belediyelerce kullandırılması karşılığı tahsil edilen bedellerin niteliklerinin analizi yapılacaktır.In the modern world, people provide for their basic needs such as food and clothing through purchasing. In this respect, it is almost a necessity for both consumers and producers to have shopping environments where people can easily provide for these basic needs. Although there are large and luxurious shopping malls in cities, marketplaces continue to be popular among the public, both for their financial advantages and the opportunity to meet directly with the producer.In places such as villages and small districts where shopping malls are not available, marketplaces are much more important. For the establishment of marketplaces, which is a common need of the local people, the law only authorised the municipalities and municipal subsidiaries. The operation of the marketplaces is carried out by the municipalities through allocation or leasing. In practice, it is controversial whether such marketplaces are subject to the occupation fee regulated in the Law on Municipal Revenues. In this regard, there are judicial decisions stating that municipalities cannot collect any other fee other than the occupation fee from marketplaces.In this article, firstly, the duties and powers of municipalities in establishing, supervising and operating marketplaces will be examined from the public service perspective, and then the characterisation of the fees collected by the municipalities for the use of the sales places in the marketplace will be analysed
An examination of marketing activities in start-up companies established in technology development zones: The case of Ankara
No full textSosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, İşletme Ana Bilim DalıBu çalışma, Ankara'daki Teknoloji Geliştirme Bölgelerinde (TGB) faaliyet gösteren start-up şirketlerin pazarlama faaliyetlerini incelemektedir. Araştırma, bu şirketlerin iş yapıları, pazarlama stratejileri ve genel performansları hakkında önemli bulgular sunmaktadır. Vergi avantajları ve teşviklerin, TGB'lerde şirket kurma nedenleri arasında öne çıktığı tespit edilmiştir. Ayrıca, start-up'ların büyük bir kısmının yazılım ve siber güvenlik gibi alanlarda faaliyet gösterdiği belirlenmiştir. Pazarlama stratejileri ve uygulamaları konusunda ciddi eksiklikler dikkat çekmektedir. Pazarlama personeli genellikle sadece bir kişiden oluşmakta ve bu kişinin asıl görevi farklı olduğu görülmüştür. Bu durum, pazarlama faaliyetlerinin yeterince profesyonelce yürütülemediğinin göstergelerindendir. Finansal kısıtlamalar, start-up şirketlerinin büyüme ve profesyonelleşme süreçlerinde önemli bir engel olarak ortaya çıkmaktadır. Danışmanlık desteği almak isteyen şirketlerin çoğu, bütçe yetersizliği nedeniyle profesyonel destek veya personel alamadıklarını belirtmiştir. Bu döngüden kurtulmak isteyen firmaların alternatif finansman kaynaklarına yönelmeleri ve maliyetleri azaltmak amacıyla ortak pazarlama faaliyetleri yürütebilecekleri iş birlikleri kurmaları önerilmektedir. Pazarlama ekiplerini genişleterek ve profesyonel destek alarak, daha etkili pazarlama stratejileri geliştirebilir ve rekabet avantajlarını artırarak sürdürülebilir bir büyüme sağlayabilirler. Anahtar kelimeler: Teknoloji Geliştirme Bölgeleri (TGB), Start-up şirketleri, Pazarlama stratejileri, Finansal kısıtlar, Profesyonel destekThis study examines the marketing activities of start-up companies operating in Technology Development Zones (TDZs) in Ankara. The research provides significant findings about the business structures, marketing strategies, and overall performance of these companies. It has been identified that tax advantages and incentives are prominent reasons for establishing companies in TDZs. Additionally, a large portion of the start-ups are found to operate in fields such as software and cybersecurity. There are notable deficiencies in marketing strategies and applications. Marketing personnel generally consist of only one person, whose primary role is usually different. This indicates that marketing activities are not being conducted professionally enough. Financial constraints emerge as a significant barrier in the growth and professionalization processes of start-up companies. Most of the companies seeking consultancy support reported that they could not afford professional support or personnel due to budget insufficiency. Companies wishing to break this cycle are recommended to explore alternative financing sources and establish collaborations to conduct joint marketing activities to reduce costs. By expanding their marketing teams and obtaining professional support, they can develop more effective marketing strategies, enhance their competitive advantage, and achieve sustainable growth. Key Words: Technology Development Zones (TDZs), Start-up companies, Marketing strategies, Financial constraints, Professional suppor
An almost unbiased Liu-type estimator in the linear regression model
No full textA biased estimator, compared to least squares estimators, is one of the most used statistical procedures to overcome the problem of multicollinearity. Liu-type estimators, which are biased estimators, are preferred in a wide range of fields. In this article, we propose an almost unbiased Liu-type (AUNL) estimator and discuss its performance under the mean square error matrix criterion among existing estimators. The proposed AUNL estimator is a general estimator and is based on the function of a single biasing parameter. It includes an ordinary least squares estimator, an almost unbiased ridge estimator, an almost unbiased Liu estimator, and an almost unbiased two-parameter estimator. Finally, real data examples and a Monte Carlo simulation are provided to illustrate the theoretical results
KÜRESEL EKONOMİK YÖNETİŞİMDE FİNANS VE TİCARET: IMF – GATT/DTÖ İŞ BİRLİĞİ VE KUR REJİMİ – TİCARET BAĞLANTISI
No full textTicaret akımlarının sağlığı, sağlam bir finans sisteminin varlığına bağlıdır. Bu nedenle, İkinci Dünya Savaşı sonrası küresel ekonomik yönetişim düzeni tasarlanırken para ve ticaret konuları bir bütünün parçaları olarak ele alınmıştır. Kur istikrarı, ticaret sisteminin işleyişi bakımından ön koşul olarak görülmüş ve bu nedenle oluşturulan sabit kurlara dayalı bir uluslararası para sistemi 1971’e kadar yürürlükte kalmıştır. Bazı GATT hükümleri ile de, GATT ile IMF arasında özel bir iş birliği şekli tesis edilmiştir. Bu iş birliği, kapsamı genişletilerek, 1995’te DTÖ dönemine taşınmıştır. İş birliğinin bir kısmı geleneksel şekillerde iken, GATT döneminden gelen diğer bir kısmı özgün nitelikler arz etmektedir. Çalışma, bahse konu iş birliği şekillerini ele alarak, küresel ekonomik yönetişimdeki finans ve ticaret bağlantısının mevcut durumunu ortaya koymayı amaçlamaktadır. Bretton Woods sisteminin sabit kur uygulamalarının terk edilmesiyle finans-ticaret bağlantısının özellikle kur rejimi ve IMF’in işlevleri bağlamında yasal ve kurumsal altyapısının zayıfladığını; IMF ve GATT/DTÖ bünyesindeki reformlar ile mevcut yasal ve kurumsal kapasitenin bu zayıflığı gidermeye yeterli olmadığını; mevcut konjonktürde, yanlış kur uyarlamalarının ticaret üzerinde neden olduğu olumsuzluğu ele almaya yönelik uluslararası bir iradenin mevcut bulunmadığını tespit etmektedi
Remineralization effect of NaF, NaF with TCP, NaF with CPP-ACP and NaF with CXP varnishes on newly erupted first permanent molars: A randomized controlled trial
No full textIntroduction: The aim of this study was to evaluate the remineralization effect of NaF, NaF with TCP, NaF with CPP-ACP and NaF with CXP varnishes on newly erupted first permanent molars using laser fluorescence (LF) method. The study was a randomized, double- blind, controlled trial with four parallel groups.Methods: The study was carried out in 48 high caries- risk children (DMFS >8), aged 6- 7 years with newly erupted permanent first molars (initial lesion with 13 < LF value<30). A total of 140 teeth were divided randomly into four groups (n= 35): G1.Duraphat Varnish containing 5% NaF, G2. Clinpro (TM) White Varnish containing 5% NaF with TCP, G3.Embrace (TM) Varnish containing 5% NaF with CXP, G4. MI Varnish containing 5% NaF with CPP-ACP. All dental treatments of the patients were com-pleted before the varnish application. The varnishes were applied to the targeted teeth at baseline, 1 and 3 months. Patients were called for follow-up appointments at 1, 3 and 6 months, and LF scanning was used to monitor mineralization changes. Data were analysed statistically by Wilcoxon signed- rank and Mann-Whitney U- t e s t s .Results: In total, 40 children (122 teeth) completed the trial. At the end of 6 months, the amount of reduction in LF values (indicating remineralization) are as follows: NaF with CXP(6.87 +/- 4.32) < NaF with TCP(7.36 +/- 7.05) < NaF(7.40 +/- 7.03) < NaF with CPP- ACP(8.33 +/- 4.90). All of the varnishes resulted in significant decrease in LF measure-ments and there was no significant difference between control (NaF alone) group and other groups. Only MI varnish had a significantly greater remineralization effect than Embrace (TM) Varnish (p < 0.05).Conclusion: As a non-invasive approach, CPP-ACP, TCP and CXP containing NaF var-nishes have the potential to remineralize initial caries lesions on permanent first mo-lars in high caries- risk childrenThe authors received no financial support and declare. Clinical Trials registration number: NCT04124887.The authors received no financial support and declare. Clinical Trials registration number: NCT04124887
Drought index time series forecasting via three-in-one machine learning concept for the Euphrates basin
No full textDroughts are among the most hazardous and costly natural disasters and are hard to quantify and characterize. Accurate drought forecasting reduces droughts' devastating economic effects on ecosystems and people. Eastern Anatolia is the largest and coldest geographical region of T & uuml;rkiye. Previous studies lack drought forecasting in the Eastern Anatolia (Upper Mesopotamia) Region, where agriculture is limited due to being under snow most of the year. This study focuses on the Euphrates basin, specifically the Tercan and the Tunceli meteorological stations of the Karasu River sub-basin, a vital Eastern Anatolia Region water resource. In this context, time series of 1-, 3-, 6-, 9-, and 12-month Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) and Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI) values were created. The Tuned Q-factor Wavelet Transform (TQWT) method and Univariate Feature Ranking Using F-Tests (FSRFtest) were used for pre-processing and feature selection. Several models were created, such as stand-alone, hybrid, and tribrid. Machine Learning (ML) methods such as Artificial Neural Networks (ANN), Gaussian Process Regression (GPR), and Support Vector Machine (SVM) were conducted for the time series analyses. The GPR approach was concluded to perform better than the ANN and SVM at the Tercan station. In other words, GPR performs better in 80% of cases than SVM and ANN models. At the Tunceli station for the SPI output, SVM, which had a superior performance in 60% of the cases, demonstrated a performance comparable to GPR. At the same time, ANN once again exhibited an inferior performance. Similarly, for the SPEI output at the Tunceli station, no clear superiority was observed between the GPR and ANN methods. Because both methods were successful in 40% of cases. This study contributes by introducing a third concept to the stand-alone and hybrid model comparison of drought forecasting, adding tribrid models. It has been detected that the Hybrid and Tribrid ML methods lead to a 91% and 64% decrease relative root mean square error percentage compared stand-alone ML methods for SPEI and SPI in two stations. While the hybrid model at Tercan station was more successful in 80% of the cases, the hybrid model at Tercan station was more successful in 90% of the cases. While hybrid models were observed to be superior, tribrid models not only demonstrated performance close to the hybrid models but also provided advantages such as reducing computational load and shortening calculation time
Determination of antifungal drug susceptibilities of dermatophyte agents isolated from cats
No full textSağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Mikrobiyoloji (Veterinerlik) Ana Bilim DalıMicrosporum spp. ve Nannizzia spp., kedilerde genellikle alopesi, eritem, kaşıntı, pullanma ve dairesel lezyonlarla karakterize klinik durumlara neden olan, dünya çapında yaygın zoofilik dermatofittir. Bu tez çalışmasında, Ankara ili ve çevresinde tamamı sahipli, evde beslenen ve deri lezyonu bulunan toplamda 195 kediden toplanan deri ve kıl örnekleri incelendi. İncelenen 195 örneğin, 28'i (%14,36) dermatofit pozitif olarak tespit edildi. Dermatofit olarak izole edilen 28 etkenden 26'sı Microsporum spp. (%92,86), 2'si Nannizzia spp. (%7,14) olarak identifiye edildi. Bu sonuçlara ek olarak, Aspergillus spp., Alternaria spp., Candida spp., Malassezia spp., Scopulariopsis spp., Cladosporium spp., Penicillium spp. gibi maya ve miselyal mantar türleri izole ve identifiye edildi. Bu çalışmada, kedilerden izole edilen dermatofitlerin itrakonazol, flukonazol, ketokonazol, klotrimazol, posakonazol ve vorikonazole karşı antifungal ilaç duyarlılıklarının ve minimal inhibisyon konsantrasyonlarının (MİK) belirlenmesi ve besiyerindeki farklılıklarını değerlendirmek amaçlandı. Bu amaçla, Mueller-Hinton Agar (MHA) ve Dermasel Agar (DA)'da disk difüzyon tekniği ve E-test yöntemleri kullanıldı. Disk difüzyon test sonuçlarına göre, Microsporum spp. (n=26)'nin zon çapı MHA ve DA'da sırasıyla posakonazol için 30,38; 29,61 mm, itrakonazol için 25,61; 24,76 mm, vorikonazol için 29,69; 27,30 mm, ketokonazol için 16,17; 12,30 mm, flukonazol için 8,8; 5,46 mm ve klotrimazol için 18,83; 16,15 mm; Nannizzia spp. (n=2)'nin posakonazol için 22; 32 mm, itrakonazol için 13; 20 mm, vorikonazol için 22; 21 mm, ketokonazol için 10; 15 mm, flukonazol için 5; 3 mm ve klotrimazol için 18; 20 mm ölçüldü. E-Test sonuçlarına göre Microsporum spp.'nin duyarlılıkları MHA ve DA'da sırasıyla posakonazole için 0,04; 0,44 µg/ml, itrakonazole için 0,34; 0,19 µg/ml, vorikonazol için 0,06 µg/ml, ketokonazol için 7,30; 8,63 µg/ml, flukonazol için 42,78; 36,94 µg/ml; Nannizzia spp.'nin posakonazole için 0,13; 0,14 µg/ml, itrakonazole için 2,19 µg/ml, vorikonazol için 0,07 µg/ml, ketokonazol için 6; 8 µg/ml olarak bulundu. Bu sonuçların aksine, tüm dermatofit izolatlarında klotrimazol için MİK değeri tespit edilmedi. Buna ek olarak, iki N. gypsea izolatında flukonazol için MİK değeri tespit edilmedi.Microsporum spp. and Nannizzia spp. are widespread zoophilic dermatophytes worldwide that cause clinical conditions in cats, usually characterized by alopecia, erythema, itching, scaling and circular lesions. In this thesis, skin and hair samples collected from a total of 195 cats with skin lesions, all of which were owned, kept at home in and around Ankara province were analysed. Of the 195 samples, 28 (14.36%) were positive for dermatophytes. Of the 28 dermatophyte isolates, 26 were identified as Microsporum spp. (92.86%) and 2 as Nannizzia spp. (7.14%). In addition to the aforementioned results, yeast and mycelial fungal species, including Aspergillus spp., Alternaria spp., Candida spp., Malassezia spp., Scopulariopsis spp., Cladosporium spp. and Penicillium spp. were isolated and identified. To determine the antifungal drug susceptibilities and minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of these dermatophytes against itraconazole, fluconazole, ketoconazole, clotrimazole, posaconazole and voriconazole, the disc diffusion technique and E-test methods were applied on Mueller-Hinton Agar (MHA) and Dermasel Agar (DA). The results of the disc diffusion test indicated that Microsporum spp. (n=26) exhibited a mean diameter of 30.38 and 29.61 mm for posaconazole, 25.61 and 24.76 mm for itraconazole, 29.69 and 27.30 mm for voriconazole, 16.17 and 12.30 mm for ketoconazole, 8.8 and 5.46 mm for fluconazole, 18.83; 16.15 mm for clotrimazole. The results for the remaining two Nannizzia spp. (n=2) were as follows: 22; 32 mm for posaconazole, 13; 20 mm for itraconazole, 22; 21 mm for voriconazole, 10; 15 mm for ketoconazole, 5; 3 mm for fluconazole and 18; 20 mm for clotrimazole in MHA and DA respectively. According to the E-Test results, the MIC values for Microsporum spp. were 0.04; 0.44 µg/ml for posaconazole, 0.34; 0.19 µg/ml for itraconazole, 0.06 µg/ml for voriconazole, ketoconazole 7.30; 8.63 µg/ml for ketoconazole, 42.78; 36.94 µg/ml for fluconazole. For Nannizzia spp., the MIC values were 0.13; 0.14 µg/ml for posaconazole, 2.19 µg/ml for itraconazole, 0.07 µg/ml for voriconazole, 6; 8 µg/ml for ketoconazole in MHA and DA respectively. In contrast to these results, no MIC value for clotrimazole was detected in all dermatophyte isolates. In addition, no MIC value for fluconazole was detected in two Nannizzia spp. isolates
Investigation of sports participation motivation in people with disabilities: a cross-sectional study of individuals with physical and hearing impairments
No full textWhile reading the literature, it is seen that there are not enough studies on the motivation of disabled individuals to participate in sports. This study aims to examine the sports participation motivations of hearing impaired and physically disabled athletes. This study was a cross-sectional study. The research group of the study consists of physically and hearing-impaired individuals between the ages of 18-47. The participants of this research group consisted of 253 volunteer disabled individuals, 150 of whom were men and 103 of whom were women. Sports participation motivation scale was used for disabled individuals. The scale consists of 3 dimensions and is a 5-point Likert type. The results of the study showed that hearing-impaired people have a higher high school rate and physically person with disability have a higher bachelor's degree rate, but the primary education rate did not change between hearing and physically person with disability. Physical activity participation differed between hearing and physically person with disability, and it was observed that hearing-impaired people participated in more physical activities. The level of well-being of the physically disabled was significantly better than the hearing impaired. As conclusion, it is observed that the people with the lowest motivation to participate in sports are primary school graduates and those with high welfare have a high motivation to participate in sports.Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Saudi Arabia [PNURSP2024R117]; Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University Researchers' Supporting ProjectThis work was supported by the Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University Researchers' Supporting Project number (PNURSP2024R117) Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia