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PAGAN DİNİ EKSENİNDE KİEV RUSYASI’NIN HRİSTİYANLAŞMASI VE SİYASİ SONUÇLARI
No full textOur study examines the Christianisation of Russia and its political effects, taking into account the general character of the former pagan Slavic religion. In this context, it is important to reveal the general characteristics of ancient Russian pagan religion. Because the Eastern Slavs and the Russian people, who emerged from its nucleus, had an Indo-European pagan faith until Christianity. This belief was polytheistic and obviously determined the pre-Christian Russian lifestyle and political consciousness. This way of life, which was open to elements of violence as well as peaceful fertility culture, was replaced by Christianity when the existing pagan religion could not be reformed. At first, missionaries from Bulgaria and the Varyags in the service of the Byzantine emperor became the carriers of this new religion to Kiev, while Christianity gained serious momentum in the X th century under the patronage of Knyagina Olga. However, this new faith, which was first opposed by pagan adherents, became the official religion of the country only during the reign of Knez Vladimir. As a result of this situation, the way for Christianity was paved, and the knez decided on Byzantine Christianity due to political calculations. While this process created a clergy class loyal to Byzantium, they imposed new responsibilities on the knez in accordance with Christianity. In this way, while the responsibilities towards the subjects were added to the military leader qualification, justice and legislation became the new elements that determined the function of the knezes, and the care of the poor and orphans was also left to the responsibility of these leaders. However, despite all these efforts of the church to transform, pre-Christian flaws were not completely abandoned, which legitimised violence in the eyes of the rulers and created a potential where humanist attitudes could easily be overturned.Çalışmamız Rusya’nın Hristiyanlaşmasını ve onun yarattığı siyasi etkileri, Slavların önceki pagan dininin genel karakterini dikkate alarak incelemektedir. Bu bağlamda eski Rus pagan dininin umumi özelliklerinin ortaya çıkarılması mühimdir. Zira Doğu Slavları ve onun nüvesinden çıkan Rus halkı, Hristiyanlığa değin geçen sürede Hint-Avrupa kaynaklı bir pagan inanca sahip olmuşlardır. Bu inanç çok tanrılı bir özelliğe sahip olup belli ki Hristiyanlık öncesi Rus hayat tarzı ve siyasi bilincini belirlemiştir. Barışçıl bereket kültürü kadar şiddet ögelerine de açık bu yaşam biçimi, mevcut pagan dininin reforme edilememesiyle yerini Hristiyanlığa bırakmıştır. Bulgaristan üzerinden gelen misyonerler ve Bizans imparatorunun hizmetinde bulunan Varyaglar, ilk etapta bu yeni dinin Kiev’e taşıyıcısı olurken X. yy. da Knyagina Olga’nın himayesinde Hristiyanlık ciddi bir ivme kazanmıştır. Lakin öncesinde pagan dini yanlılarının muhalefetine takılan bu yeni inanç ancak Knez Vladimir’in hükümdarlığı döneminde ülkenin resmi dini olmuştur. Bu durum neticesinde Hristiyanlığın önü açılmış, Knez ise politik hesaplardan ötürü Bizans Hristiyanlığında karar kılmıştır. Bu süreç Bizans’a bağlı bir ruhban sınıfını var ederken Hristiyanlık düşüncesi gereği kneze de yeni sorumluluklar yüklemiştir. Bu gerekçeyle; sahip olunan askeri lider vasfına bir de tebaaya karşı taşınan sorumluluklar eklenmiş, adalet ve yasama knezlerin işlevini belirleyen yeni unsurlar olmuş, fakirler ve kimsesizleri kollamak da yine bu önderlerin mesuliyetine bırakılmıştır. Ancak kilisenin tüm bu dönüştürme çabalarına karşın Hristiyanlık öncesine ait kusurlar tamamen terk edilmemiş, bu da şiddeti yönetici nezdinde meşrulaştırarak hümanist tavırların kolayca devreden çıkarılabildiği bir potansiyel yaratmıştır
One-pot green approach for rapid and effective anionic dye remediation: encapsulation within alginate nanocapsules
No full textBACKGROUNDThe encapsulation technique was applied to efficiently eliminate Congo red (CR) from aqueous solutions. During the ionotropic gelation between calcium (Ca2+) ions and alginate (AL), CR was effectively entrapped within the AL nanocapsules in a one-step process. Suitable conditions for efficient CR removal via encapsulation were revealed by the systematic optimization of parameters including pH, time and stirring speed, etc.RESULTSAccording to the experimental observations, the stirring rate and temperature were found to have an insignificant effect on the encapsulation of CR molecules. When the pH value of the medium was 3, the highest level of encapsulation efficiency was achieved in a period of 15 min. At a preliminary CR concentration of 2000 mg L-1 and pH 3, the encapsulation efficiency was calculated at approximate to 98.9%, with an encapsulation capacity of 2800 mg dye g-1 AL. The zeta potential values of AL and CR/AL nanocapsules were determined to be +7.05 eV and -14.9 eV, respectively, and the results showed that the particles tended to agglomerate. TEM micrographs also showed that the nanocapsules were nanosized and agglomerated. Soil and UV degradation studies showed that the dye-entrapped nanocapsules degraded remarkably. These results highlighted the great potential of encapsulation for dye removal in economical and practical applications.CONCLUSIONEncapsulation was confirmed to be an economical and practical technique for effectively eliminating CR from aqueous solutions. Under UV light irradiation, the dye molecules entrapped within alginate nanocapsules displayed photodegradation. (c) 2024 Society of Chemical Industry (SCI)
Investigation of the association between mothers' emotion socialization behaviors and children's ability to understand emotions
No full textThis study examines whether mothers' emotion socialization practices via modeling, contingent reactions, and the teaching of emotions predict the emotion understanding skills of their 60- to 72-month-old children. The study group included 50 mothers and their children (23 boys, 27 girls). As data collection tools, the wordless book One Frog Too Many, emotion cards, the Mother-Child Information Form, Denham's Affect Knowledge Test, the Test of Early Language Development-Third Edition-Turkish, the Coping with Children's Negative Emotions Scale, and the Self-Expressiveness in the Family Questionnaire were used. Multiple regression analyses were conducted to explore the predictive role of the mothers' emotion socialization behaviors in their children's emotion understanding skills. In addition, descriptive analysis was carried out using a coding scheme to determine the techniques used by the mothers while teaching the children about emotions. The results showed no predictive association between the studied emotion socialization practices of mothers and the children's abilities to understand emotions. Explaining was the technique that the mothers used most often while reading the wordless book. This was respectively followed by labeling, commenting, questioning, socializing, guiding, and clarifying. The mothers' most commonly used technique while talking with their children was questioning, respectively followed by socializing, labeling, explaining, commenting, clarifying, and guiding techniques
Evaluation of Complementary Feeding Indicators Among Children Aged 6-23 Months According to the Health Literacy Status of Their Mothers
No full textBackground/Objectives: Infant and young child feeding (IYCF) practices directly affect child health, development, and survival, especially under 2 years of age and ultimately affect adult life well-being. As the primary caregivers of the children, mothers with higher health literacy may better perceive the benefits of optimal complementary feeding practices, leading to improved health outcomes for their children. In this study, we aimed to assess complementary feeding practices among children aged 6-23 months in Turkey according to 2021 World Health Organization IYCF indicators [minimum dietary diversity (MDD); minimum meal frequency (MMF); minimum acceptable diet (MAD); egg and/or flesh food consumption (EFF); sweet beverage consumption (SwB); unhealthy food consumption (UFC); zero vegetable or fruit consumption (ZVF); and bottle feeding (BoF)] and investigate their associations with sociodemographic characteristics and mothers' health literacy. Methods: With a descriptive study design, we reached 572 mothers of children aged 6-23 months from five regions of Turkey. We used the Turkey Health Literacy Scale-32 (TSOY-32) to assess mothers' health literacy. Results: While maternal and child age are significantly associated with more complementary feeding practices, specifically MDD, MAD, and EFF, having multiple children has negative impacts on several complementary feeding indicators, including MDD, MMF, MAD, UFC, and ZVF. The only indicator associated with mothers' TSOY-32 scores was zero fruit and vegetable consumption. Conclusion: Raising awareness among mothers about the importance of complementary feeding practices and identification of vulnerable groups will guide practitioners and policymakers to improve child health and nutrition
The effects of sustainable and green energy policies on businesses: Green marketing
No full textThe rapid consumption of world resources causes increasing environmental disasters. While this increase brought the issue of sustainability and green energy to the agenda, it showed that all institutions should develop policies accordingly and that economic, social, and environmental development should be realizedsimultaneously. In particular, the concepts of sustainability and green energy are extremely important in preserving the planet's livability for future generations. Additionally, the importance of the definition of environmentalism and the awareness of consumers about the environment have led companies to develop more environmentally friendly strategies at every stage of production. Such activities by enterprises have revealed green marketing, which is called a new marketing field. In this study, the reasons why the sustainability and green energy policies of enterprises in the changing world are directed to green marketing will be evaluated in an empirical framework, the history and importance of marketing, sustainability, and green energy policies from the past to the present will be mentioned, and some green businesses will be given as an example. © 2024 Nova Science Publishers, Inc
Determination of Some Physical and Mechanical Properties of Epoxy Adhesives That Can Be Used in Joining Pine Woods
No full textAhşap yapılarda; duvar, döşeme ve çatı gibi yapı elemanları, uygun büyüklükteki ahşap parçalarının birleştirilmesiyle oluşturulmaktadır. Yapı elemanlarının birleşim bölgelerindeki bağlantılarının mukavemeti; yapıştırıcıların adezyon kuvvetine, neme karşı dayanım direncine ve yük aktarımına bağlıdır. Epoksi yapıştırıcılar, yapı elemanlarının birleşim bölgelerine, güçlü ve hızlı bir şekilde nüfuz etmesi, kısa kürlenme süresi ve korozyona karşı dayanımı nedeniyle, inşaat sektöründe yapı malzemelerinin birleştirilmesinde önem kazanmıştır. Ahşapların karakteristik özellikleri, türlerine göre farklı davranışlar gösterdiğinden, ahşapların birleştirilmesinde kullanılacak yapıştırıcıların, bağlantı bölgelerindeki davranışlarının incelenmesi gerekmektedir. Bu çalışmada, çam ahşapların birleştirilmesinde kullanılabilecek epoksi yapıştırıcılarına ait bazı fiziksel ve mekanik özelliklerin belirlenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Çam ahşapların birleştirilmesi için açılan delik, epoksi reçine ile doldurularak örnekler hazırlanmış, bu örneklere; su emme, görünür yoğunluk, açık gözeneklilik ve basınç testleri uygulanmıştır. Bu testler, epoksi reçine doldurulmamış çam ahşaplar üzerinde de uygulanarak epoksi yapıştırıcıların, ahşapların birleşim bölgesindeki fiziksel ve mekanik özelliklerine olan etkileri incelenmiştir. Deney sonuçlarına göre, çam ahşapların birleştirilmesinde kullanılabilecek epoksi yapıştırıcıların, ahşapların su emme oranında % 36 azalma ve mekanik direncinde % 4 artış belirlenmiştir. Çam ahşapların birleştirilmesinde, epoksi yapıştırıcıların neme karşı dayanımı ve uygulanan yüzeyin yük taşıma gücünü arttırması sayesinde, ahşaptan yapılan yapı elemanlarının çevresel koşullara bağlı oluşabilecek zararların azaltılmasını sağlamak için kullanılabileceği sonucuna varılmıştır.In wooden structures; building elements such as walls, floors and roofs are formed by combining wooden pieces of fit size. The strength of connections in the connection areas of structural elements; it depends on adhesion strength of adhesives, their resistance to moisture and load transfer. Epoxy adhesives have gained importance in joining building materials in the construction industry due to their strong and rapid penetration into the joints of building elements, short curing time and resistance to corrosion. Since the characteristics of woods show different behaviors depending on their types, behavior of adhesives to be used in joining woods in connection areas should be examined. In this study, it was aimed to determine some physical and mechanical properties of epoxy adhesives that can be used in joining pine woods. Samples were prepared by filling hole opened for joining pine woods with epoxy resin. These samples included; water absorption, apparent density, open porosity and compression tests were applied. These tests were also applied on pine woods that weren’t filled with epoxy resin, and effects of epoxy adhesives on the physical and mechanical properties of woods in the joint area were examined. According to the test results, it was determined that epoxy adhesives used in joining pine woods decreased water absorption rate of woods 36% and increased its mechanical resistance 4%. It has been concluded that in joining pine woods, epoxy adhesives can be used to reduce damages that may occur due to environmental conditions of structural elements made of woods, thanks to its resistance to moisture and increasing load-bearing power of applied surface
An investigation on digital learning culture in schools
No full textSosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Eğitim Yönetimi ve Denetimi Ana Bilim DalıOkullarda dijital öğrenme kültürü, günümüz eğitim ortamlarında hızla değişen ihtiyaçlara cevap veren bir öneme sahiptir. Bu kültür, teknolojinin etkili bir şekilde kullanılması, öğrencilerin dijital becerilerle donatılması, öğretmenlerin dijital araçları etkili bir şekilde eğitim hayatlarına entegre etmesi ve bu süreçte sürekli bir öğrenme ortamının oluşturulması gibi unsurları içermektedir. Dijital öğrenme kültürü, öğrencilerin öğrenmelerini destekleyen ve onlara çeşitli dijital araçlarla etkileşimli öğrenme fırsatları sunan bir ortam oluşturmayı amaçlar. Bu kültür, öğrencilerin dijital teknolojiyi güvenle ve bilinçli bir şekilde kullanabilme becerilerini geliştirmeye odaklanır. Dijital öğrenme kültürü üzerine yapılan bu çalışmanın amacı, dijital teknolojilerin kullanımındaki yaygınlaşma ile birlikte okullardaki dijital öğrenme kültürünü; okul yöneticisi, öğretmen, öğrenci ve veli görüşlerine göre çok yönlü olarak değerlendirmek olarak belirlenmiştir. Bu amaç doğrultusunda nitel araştırma yöntemlerinden fenomenoloji deseni ile saha araştırması yapılmış; öğretmen, öğrenci, veli ve okul müdürlerinden oluşan toplam 45 katılımcıdan yarı yapılandırılmış görüşme tekniği ile elde edilen bulgular içerik analizi ve betimsel analiz ile değerlendirilmiştir. Sonuçlarda öğretmenlerin ve yöneticilerin kendilerini teknolojik liderlik ve teknoloji konusunda geliştirmeleri gerektiği ve yetkin oldukları konusunda farklı görüşlerin olduğu, teknolojinin eğitimle entegrasyonunun pozitif ve negatif etkilerinin olduğu sonucuna ulaşılmıştır. Ayrıca dijital öğretim süreçlerinin öğrenci, öğretmen, veli ve yöneticiler bakımından farklı perspektiften değerlendirildiği ve fırsat ile dezavantajlarının farklı olduğu belirlenmiştir. Araştırmadan elde edilen veriler ışığında önerilere yer verilmiştir.Digital learning culture in schools has an importance in responding to the rapidly changing needs in today's educational environments. This culture includes elements such as the effective use of technology, equipping students with digital skills, teachers effectively integrating digital tools into their educational lives, and creating a continuous learning environment in this process. Digital learning culture aims to create an environment that supports students' learning and provides them with interactive learning opportunities with various digital tools. This culture focuses on developing students' skills in using digital technology safely and consciously. The aim of this study on the current importance of digital learning culture is to examine the digital learning culture in schools with the phenomenology approach, one of the qualitative research methods, along with the widespread use of digital technologies, and to evaluate this culture, and for this purpose, a field research was conducted with a total of teachers, students, parents and school principals. The findings obtained from 60 participants using the semi-structured interview technique were evaluated with content analysis and descriptive analysis. The results showed that there are different opinions about the need for teachers and administrators to improve themselves in technological leadership and technology and that they are competent, and that the integration of technology with education has positive and negative consequences. In addition, it has been determined that digital education processes are evaluated from different perspectives in terms of students, teachers, parents and administrators, and their opportunities and disadvantages are different. Suggestions are given in the light of the results obtained in the research
Acute Kidney Injury in Very Preterm Infants: A Cohort Study in a Level III NICU
No full textBACKGROUND/AIMS: Acute kidney injury (AKI) is not rare among preterm infants in neonatal intensive care units (NICU). It raises mortality and morbidity in NICUs and also chronic kidney disease in the long term. The aim of this study was to define the incidence of clinical characteristics and the course of AKI in very preterm infants. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A retrospective cohort study was conducted in a level III NICU in a university hospital. All very preterm infants born in the same hospital during the study period were included in this study. Patient data were taken from the medical records. AKI diagnosis was made using the neonatal-modified Kidney Disease Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) criteria. RESULTS: AKI was diagnosed in 20 very preterm infants (42%). The median time of AKI diagnosis was 4.5 days of life (between 2-12 days). While there were 8 infants with AKI when the diagnosis was made based on the serum creatinine (Cr) level being over 1.5, the diagnosis of AKI increased to 20 with the use of the KDIGO criteria. Need for resuscitation in the birth room, patent ductus arteriosus, the number of cases of apnea, desaturation episodes, sepsis, hypotension, inotropic support, and sepsis rates were significantly higher in the AKI group. Days hospitalized among survivors were longer and mortality was higher in the AKI group than in the non-AKI group (p=0.042, p<0.0001 respectively). CONCLUSION: The neonatal KDIGO criteria are beneficial and also informative in diagnosing and staging AKI. Close follow-up of urine output and Cr levels especially in the first days is essential in very preterm infants
China and Russia energy relations: Deepening strategic partnership
No full textSosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Uluslararası İlişkiler Ana Bilim DalıBu çalışmada Çin ve Rusya iş birliğinde önemli bir etken olan enerjinin uzun dönem içerisinde ikili ilişkileri nasıl etkileyeceği incelenmiştir. Son dönemlerde iki ülkenin de stratejik konulardaki iş birliklerini güçlendirebilmek için somut adımlar attıkları gözlemlenmektedir. Bu bağlamda enerji ve enerji güvenliği kavramları Ukrayna Krizi, Güney Çin Denizi ve Arktik'te yaşanan sorunlara rağmen iki ülke arasındaki iş birliğini güçlendiren kilit unsurlar haline gelmiştir. Bu sorunlara rağmen iki ülke enerjiden kaynaklı olarak birbirine yakınlaşmış ve zamanla aralarındaki ilişki stratejik enerji ortaklığına dönüşmüştür. Ayrıca mevcut konjonktürde yaşananlar iki ülkenin stratejik ortaklık ilişkilerinin gelişmesine neden olmuştur. Dolayısıyla Çin ve Rusya, mevcut sorunları çözmeye çalışırken uzun vadeli taahhütleri içeren yeni anlaşmalar yapacak ve iş birliklerini pekiştireceklerdir. Arktik'te yapılan iş birlikleri bu duruma iyi bir örnektir. İki ülkenin yaşadığı mevcut sorunlar, enerji odaklı dış politikalarında da birtakım değişimlerin yaşanmasına neden olmuştur. Rusya, Asya-Pasifik'e yönelmiş ve Çin için daha da önemli bir partner konumuna gelmiştir. İlerleyen süreçte uluslararası sistem içerisindeki gelişmelerle birlikte her iki ülke de stratejilerini dengelemeye çalışacaktır. Bunu yaparken de iki ülke arasında enerji daha merkezî bir konuma gelecek ve stratejik enerji ortaklığı zamanla derinleşecektir. Anahtar Kelimeler: Enerji, enerji güvenliği, Çin, Rusya, stratejik ortaklık.This study analyses how energy, which is an important factor in the cooperation between China and Russia, will affect bilateral relations in the long term. It is observed that both countries have recently taken concrete steps to strengthen their cooperation on strategic issues. In this context, the concepts of energy and energy security have become key elements that strengthen the cooperation between the two countries despite the problems in the Ukraine Crisis, the South China Sea and the Arctic. Despite these problems, the two countries have become closer to each other due to energy and the relationship between them has turned into a strategic energy partnership over time. In addition, the current conjuncture has led to the development of strategic partnership relations between the two countries. Therefore, while trying to solve the current problems, China and Russia will make new agreements that include long-term commitments and reinforce their cooperation. Cooperation in the Arctic is a good example of this situation. The current problems experienced by the two countries have also led to some changes in their energy-oriented foreign policies. Russia has turned towards Asia-Pacific and Russia has become an even more important partner for China. In the coming period, both countries will try to balance their strategies with the developments in the international system. In doing so, energy will become more central between the two countries and the strategic energy partnership will deepen over time. Key Words: Energy, energy security, China, Russia, strategic partnership
A Research: Investigation of Financial Applications with Blockchain Technology
No full textCryptocurrencies have revolutionized the financial landscape by providing decentralized and anonymous payment systems, making them an intriguing subject for investors and researchers. This article delves into applying machine learning techniques for predicting cryptocurrency prices, mainly focusing on Bitcoin, Ethereum, and Binance Coin. Employing a range of machine learning models, including XGBoost, Linear Regression, and Gaussian Processes, the study aims to evaluate their predictive performance comprehensively. The results are promising; our models outperform existing studies, achieving impressively low RMSE values of 0.0040 for Bitcoin, 0.028 for Ethereum, and 0.027 for Binance Coin. These findings contribute valuable insights into the volatility and dynamics of cryptocurrency pric- es and underscore the potential of machine learning in shaping financial decision-making. Future directions include integrating advanced deep learning models, additional data sourc- es, and ensemble methods to enhance prediction accuracy and robustness