International Research Journal of Tamil
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Differentiation in Tholkappiyam Text and the Comparison of Text
Get PDFWithout variation we cannot speak and write. Language is necessary to communicate with others. Language needs words and words are made up of letters. All these together frame a sentence. So, a sentence gets its life through differentiation. There are eight such differentiations. They are I, Odu, Ku, In, Athu, Kan and Vili. The ability to express the differentiation in the text is called ‘differentiate unconsciousness’. It is about the system that differs based on the eight-differentiation mentioned above and a series of systems that are not differentiated. The differentiation in the form of difference is changed into series of differences by differentiating the differences from the active object to the spatial object. In this case, all the words that refer to the nature of an object and its displacement are considered as verbs. Thus, it is separated and isolated and that is its differentiation. This article is based on the comparison of the text materials of Tholkappiyam written by the text editor
A Theoretical Approach to the Poetry Songs of Kurinji Mullai and Palai's
Get PDFThere has been a tradition of poetic composition in Tamil literature. In Tholkaapiyam, archeology is a theoretical formulation of poetry. A deep foundation for such theoretical formulation was developed long before the Sangam literature. Palanthamil literature pre to Sangam literature, is written by Tamil authors. The tradition of poetry found till today is the only proof for Palanthamil literature. Such an extensive Palanthamil literature was theorized by later generations. The theory has been followed by the upcoming writers by making slight changes. Sangam literature is the proof for this. This theory which explains the Tamil literature is known as the Thinai Theory
The Virtues that vary from Human to Human Beings as noted in the Moral Principles of Tamil Literature
Get PDFThe Tamil language is very ancient and pleasant. The development of a language depends on the quality, taste, and amount of literature produced in it. Thus, our Tamil language has a long pride not only in taste but also in number. Literature in Tamil started from the Sangam period, grew as the Sangam Dark period, increased as Epic literature, beautiful as Minor literature, flourished as Devotional literature, evolved as contemporary literature, and continues to grow day by day. There is no such thing as untold ideas in Tamil literature with such a long and long history. The Akanaanooru and Purananooru carry many messages about the Akam and Puram lives of the people. Along with the lives of the common people, the epic texts boast of the prosperous lives of the kings and their prowess. However, literature which is full of ethical ideas is still popular all over the world. The way of life of the Tamils has been defined as virtue, wealth, and happiness. Moral principles have always been intertwined in the lives of Tamils. Although some moral principles are common to all, some morals vary from human to human. The virtues of ordinary people do not apply to the king. The virtues of the man and the woman do not apply to the birth mother and the foster mother. The virtues of the warriors do not apply to the lover. Ascetic morality does not apply to the family man. In this way, morals also vary from person to person. Moreover, drinking toddy was natural during the Sangam age. But it became immoral at the time when Jainism and Buddhism began to proliferate. So is the eating of meat. Even today, there is a view of eating meat as an unethical practice. This review article is about how the virtues recorded in Tamil literature are different in Tamil life today
Bravery as the Virtue of Tamil People as shown in the First Epic
Get PDFOne of the most important human activities is being virtuous. The Tamils, in particular, were seen as the best in the humanistic character of morality. This quality was ingrained in the blood of the Tamil people from the king to the poor. To add to this view, the literature from the Sangam literary period to the present time has been recorded. It can be seen that these exclusions contain four certainties: virtue, wealth, happiness, and home. In them, the Tamils have preserved charity as the object of life of the Tamils, as a bulwark of morality, and as a tool for loving living beings. He who is kind in his mind even when there is not much wealth, and who gives as much as possible without changing his face, is the foremost virtue. Society will prosper only because of the humanists who have a heart that is inferior to the poorer than themselves and to the poor who stand by them. Since then, till today, it is easy to do harm to other beings and it is difficult to do good to others. The individual needs courage when he wants to benefit these creatures. Kovalan is such a leader. He is a person who donates the gold and material he has in order to wipe away the suffering of others and is a humanitarian who follows virtue and life. Virtue is acting for the common good without selfishness. The best thing is to help someone without considering the benefit of what kind of help will be returned back. The message, which can be said to be the pinnacle of Silappathikaram, is that Kannagi did not care when her husband parted ways and returned after losing her gold and wealth. It is said to be the pinnacle of Silapathikaram because the purpose of being born as a human being is to do good deeds to save other beings from suffering. It can be seen that this epic says that he regrets not doing those things in his lifetime. It can be seen from this that the Tamils lived their lives with the fear of virtue and valour
Social Reform in the Short Story ‘Kaalani’ by Pavannan
Get PDFA writer transforms all his experience about life into a piece of work, by giving different colours. Pavannan is a great thinker and he has created 11 short stories in the volume of short stories called ‘Yaevaalin Irandaavathu Mudivu’. His short story published in the Tamilini Publishing House December 2002 by is a collection of his thoughts based on experiences. He has compiled the stories that was published in various magazines and published a volume of short stories. The short story 'Kaalani' is the tenth short story in this volume of short stories. Various social reform ideas can be seen in this short story. In the short story, we can learn about the advertising company’s stories, scenes and direction. This short story is an example of how you can make a very famous advertisement using your life experience. The purpose of this article is to identify and sequence the social reform ideas in the short story ‘Kalani’ which was written and published in the year 2002
Religious and Cultural Guidelines of the Naayakar Period
Get PDFIt was during the reign of the Naayakar kings that became the basis for the formation of Hindu culture. Scholars in Tamil Nadu have not paid much attention to the religious status or cultural activities of Tamil Nadu during their time. This period is very important in the religious history of Tamil Nadu and in the history of politics and literature. To review the orthodox religious and cultural identities of the Naayakar period, to examine the reasons why the worship of Lord Murugan and the worship of Goddesses took precedence in promoting Tamil, to draw definite conclusions on the status of Tamil religion during the Naayakar period, to examine the ways in which religions and their philosophies contributed to the power of the Naayakar period, to record the way in which Tamil deities and the rule of the Naayakar kings gained state support, etc. It will help in identifying religious and cultural values. This study compares the religious literature of the Nayak period with the social dynamics of the time and reveals some basic conclusions about religious and cultural norms
The Social Relation of Pulayan Pulaithi in Sangam Verses
Get PDFThe occupation of the ancient Tamil society was based on the structure of an ethnic society. Despite their various occupations, some people were reduced to the marginalization of depending on one side for their food and possessions. Separated by occupations such as Panar, Paraiyar, and Thudiyar, the lower classes depended on the king or the people for their needs. The Sangam literature also shows us that apart from these people, there were some other people who lived in a very backward state and were neglected in society. In that order, there is a need to know about the life of the 'Pulaiyars', who are known by the Sangam community at a lower level without any particular occupation or social recognition, and their relationship with society. This article deals with the social relations of the Pulaiyars, who have been marginalized since the Sangam age to the present day
Rajarajan's Family and Relationships in Udayar Novel
Get PDFRajarajan's family mentioned in literature is praiseworthy. Sembiyan Mathevi, the wife of Kandarathithar, came as the daughter-in-law of the Chola dynasty and lived unitedly in the same palace, looking after her husband, his brother Sundara Chola, and his wife Vanavan Mathevi. Any event that took place during the reign of Sundara Cholar and the successors Uttama Chola and Arulmozhivarman would be reported to Sembiyan Mathevi and her opinion would be heard and acted upon. Sembian Matheviyar was a great old woman in that palace. Arinjaya Chola's son, Sundara Chola, who was called Parantha II, raised his children carefully. After Sundara Chola, he said who should come to the throne. He has the right personality and skills. It is evident from the novel that the wives of Uttama Chola have acted as good daughters-in-law in obedience to the mother-in-law, Sembiyan Mathevi. Apart from that, it is also known through the book that Rajarajan's wives also treated Sembiyan Mathevi with respect and dignity. Kundavai Devi, who grew up under her, is also a powerful woman in the Chola country. Kundavai's younger brother Rajaraja Chola was also a king with a great personality. Along the way, their habits continue. Similarly, Rajendra Chola, the great-grandson of Sembiyan Mathevi, also performed well and ruled the Chola country. Rajaraja's family relations can be understood from this article
Problems of Social Relations in Gandharvan Poetry
Get PDFHistory shows that new poetry emerged through revolutions all over the world. New poetry began to infiltrate society as a propaganda weapon in a way that was easily understood by lay people. In the Tamil environment, Bharatiyar started Pudukavitha as a platform for developing the spirit of liberation and reprimanding the existing inequalities in human relations. In the subsequent period, many thinkers and reformers appeared and contributed to awaken the Tamil people in the Tamil society, which had a practice of secrecy and endless ignorance. Magazines like ‘Eluththu’, ‘Zhla’ and poetry organizations like ‘Vanampaadi’ supported it and popularized the new poetry. The poets expressed the ideas of social awareness and social thinking, solutions to the problems of reformation as advices gently, and with prudence and revolutionary attitude that immediate change in the society is needed. The reason for this is the objective of revitalizing social relations and living together in an unequal manner. Based on this, the themes of literature, especially poetry, began to emerge in a new direction, in a new perspective, with concepts from new angles according to the times. In this background, social problems, social reform ideas and ideas about social change are taking place as the main ideas in the Tamil poems of this era and are causing various impacts. These are creative in a way that sheds light on the social factors that prevent human relationships from coming together
Heroine and her Friend in Sangam Literature
Get PDFIt is a fact that experience tells us that the mouth speaks without the fullness of the heart. It explains the connection between the individual's mental state and the body. The poem shows that various strategies are employed when expressing the thoughts that arise in the poet's mind. It is a literary technique for the poet to express the message or idea he wants to convey through the character he has created. The Sangam literature, which is based on the statements, expresses individual feelings in the oral form of the characters. The purpose of this article is to understand how the friendship of a friend occupies a high place in the well-being of the leader when examining individual attitudes