International Research Journal of Tamil
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A Paripaadal Perspective on the Unique Identification of Pandiya Nadu Poets
Get PDFParipadal is one of the texts of Sangam literature. Among the 13 poets who sang paripadal, the people of Pandiya Nadu have been singled out in this article. Everyone knows that Paripaadal is a Pandiya Nadu. In addition to Madurai, Vaiyai, Tiruparangunram, and Azagarkoil are found as hymns in this book. Its songs are sung on the topics of Vaiyai, Sevvel, and Thirumal. It is not possible to conclude that all the poets who sang were poets of Pandiya Nadu, as the scene of the song was in the Pandiya Nadu areas around Madurai. Some of the poets have sung the praises of the Pandiya region or the Pandiya king in allegorical and laudatory terms in the context of praising the Pandiya region or the Pandiya king in their songs. However, this structure is not found in the songs of some poets. They sing only what they have come to sing. In the songs sung by poets, knowingly or unknowingly, they write about their land, country, and king in a state of admiration and through metaphors. On the basis of this, it is possible to identify the teachers Nallanthuvanar, Ilamperuvazhuthiyar, Karumpillaipoothanar, Keeranthaiyar, Kundramboothanar, Nappannar, Nalvazhuthiyar, Nallazhisiyar, and Mayodakovanar as Pandiya Nadu poets. However, this is not the case in the verses of some of the poets, and the four poets, Kaduvan Ilaveinanar, Kesavanar, Nallasthanar, and Nallazhuniyar could not be distinguished as Pandiya folk
The Structure of the Kurunthokai Kurinchithinai Poems on the Basis of the Thinai Theory
Get PDFThe form of poetry is the oldest of literary genres. This form of art, the poem, has many elements. Tolkappiyar's theory of Thinai explains these aspects. Tolkappiyar refers to the objects found in the poem in three categories, namely, the Muthal, the Karu, and the Uri. According to Tolkappiyar, all agam literature would be created into scenes using what is necessary for these materials. The agam literature of the Sangam has been developed with subtle methods of fiction. In agam literature, Thinai elements have been used for the creation of agam. It is noteworthy that all the internal songs of the Sangam are situated in this state. In the structure of Kurunthokai too, the three elements of the Muthal, the Karu, and the Uri have been used for poeticization. These elements are not always combined and poetically composed in all poems. In some of the poems, it is possible to recognize that these three elements are combined, and in some poems, the poems are constructed in conjunction with one or two elements. In compiling the Kurinji Thinai poems in the Kurunthokai, the land-based descriptions or references contained in those poems have supported the movement of the poem on many levels. In Kapilar's poems, Kurinji’s land background is more fictional. Natural themes have been highlighted at various levels in the Kurinji poems. The essentiality of themes can be inferred in places where the subject matter, the underlying theme of the poem, is presented in detail
Aesthetic Thoughts found in Natrinai
Get PDFTamil is one of the classical languages with an ancient literary and grammatical tradition. Sangam literature is proof of the classical nature of the Tamil language. The Ettutthokai and Patthuppattu, which appeared during the Sangam age, are called the Pathinenmelkanakku. These depict the domestic and public lives of Sangam Tamils. Through Sangam literature, it is possible to know the lifestyle, culture, customs, etc. of the ancient Tamils. In Sangam literature, the sense of aesthetics is as mixed as flowers and fragrances. It is possible to know through the Sangam poems that the poets of the Sangam period had an abundance of aesthetic sense, which makes the mind of the learner happy in the way of composing the poem, expressing the feeling, and visualizing the concept. The purpose of this study is to explain the aesthetic thoughts contained in Natrinai, one of the Ettutthokai books
Moral Principles in the Politics of Kings in Puranaanooru
Get PDFA man should always act with good intentions. It is good thoughts and virtuous actions that ultimately bring good to a person. Realizing this, the scholars guided the kings with the help of the tool of knowledge. Apart from that, they paved the way for the blossoming of virtuous thoughts in the minds of the kings and the establishment of good governance. And the Purananooru suggests that the poets imparted to the rulers the moral principles that a king should protect his subjects like a mother who protects her child with little self-interest. Poets highlighted many morals to make society in good order during the Sangam period. When the king failed to perform his duty in political rule and deviated from the principles to be followed in war, even if he had forgotten charity, the Sangam poets are credited with advising the kings in a proper manner and changing their rule in a righteous way, even if they had not shown mercy to the enemy. Even the kings who listened to the pious thoughts of the poets are worthy of admiration even today. Many of the works that propose the superiority of Tamil are among the works that guide the norms that are followed even today. Even though it is a book that talks about Purananooru war stories and bad news, it takes all the principles of human life. The rule of the kings led to the happiness of the people. The ancient Tamil kings were not only brave but full of courage, and the purpose of this article is to investigate the political principles and practises followed by the kings during their reign
The Epic Tradition in the Song Natrinai
Get PDFThe reason for the pride and richness of a language is due to the grammar and literature that have emerged in the eyes of that language. The epics occupy a significant place in those verses. Homer's Iliad and Odyssey, considered to be the oldest epics in the world, have also been written in accordance with the epic tradition of that language. Indian language epics are also written within the epic tradition of the regional languages. These include the five great and minor epics that have appeared in the Tamil language; the Kamba Ramayanam, the Periyapuranam, etc. However, if we examine whether the Sangam literature, viz., the songs and the thokai, falls within the epic tradition, the Agam and Puram songs contain at least a few of the epic traditions of the Dandiya author. It can be seen that the majority of the epic elements have been matched in the Kalitthokai and the Pathuppaattu Songs. This study is intended to examine how the epic traditions have adapted to the song that has been taken up for the subject matter of the study. In particular, this study has revealed whether the epic grammar of the Dandiya author has been followed
The Occupational Principles of the People of the Sangam Age
Get PDFTamil is a language with an ancient literary tradition. Literature is a time mirror that captures the lives of people. In this way, the people who lived during the Sangam period took up various occupations to improve their standard of living. Food and water are essential to human life. Agriculture is the basis of food. The agriculture industry and the equipment (implements) related to it are explained. Clothing is essential for men. The textile industry, which produces garments, is explained. It is also explained by the carpentry industry, which produces the materials necessary for human life. Ornaments are used by man to beautify himself. This article examines the gold industry, the building industry, and the fishing industry through the Sangam literature. The significance of the weaving industry, the techniques used in weaving garments, and the barter system are examined and explained through the Sangam literature. The specialties of carpentry, iron, gold, and building industries and the methods of production of goods have been examined. It is established in the Sangam literary evidence that the people of the Sangam age developed their occupations in the best possible way by doing various occupations such as fishing, salt cultivation, etc., for their needs, for economic development, and for the betterment of life
Deity Worship in Kottai Bommakka by Kumarakesan
Get PDFCommunity refers to a specific group of people and a larger group of people living in a homogeneous geographical area. We can call the Tamil speaking people as Tamil society. Through Sangam literary songs, we can know that worship has been practiced in Tamil society since ancient times. A collection of short stories called Kottai Bommakka written by the novelist Kumarakesan is about the worship of small idols and especially about the sacrifice and offerings to God. This article particularly deals about the offerings given to God
Creatures in Jayamohan's Novels
Get PDFThere are various living beings in the world. They can be found in the poems created by poets from time to time. Thus, in the contemporary novel, Jayamohan has highlighted the references to living beings and the conditions in which those beings live. He has also mentioned the living beings in the world, aquatic beings and terrestrial beings. These are aquatic beings such as fish, cranes, ducks, and terrestrial beings such as cows, elephants, wild cats, squirrels, and scorpions, and their noises and sound-making characteristics
Parable and Allegorical Comparison in Thandi Alangaram Kaviraja Margam
Get PDFJust as the metaphorical array of the Thandi Alangaram is more numerous than the metaphorical array, and the metaphorical array is considered the basis and primary for other arrays, in the world of Kannada literature, the Kaviraja Markam emphasizes the metaphorical array and mentions the metaphorical array second and the metaphorical array seventh when explaining the types of arrays. In this article, the metaphorical array in these two books, the ideas of the array of metaphorical arrays, the change in the order of the arrays, the similarities and differences of the Thandi Alangaram Kaviraja Markam metaphorical array, the change in the order of the metaphorical arrays, the similarities and differences of the Thandi Alangaram Kaviraja Markam metaphorical array, etc. are compared and explained
Womens in Nattrinai
Get PDFSangam literature reflects the lifestyle of people during the Sangam period. Among the Sangam literatures, the Eight Anthologies (Ettuthogai), the most important one is the "Nattrinai". This is an "Akam" (love) themed book. It portrays women in various situations, according to their character and well-being. This paper explores how the "Nattrinai" describes the greatness of the hero, who is superior in wealth and fame, and how the heroine is depicted as a beautiful woman who captivates the hero's heart. It also shows how she participates in secret love affairs with the hero and later accompanies him on a journey through the desert. Additionally, it portrays the unwavering love of the heroine for the hero and her non malicious attitude towards others