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Cobb-Douglas Production Function For Measuring Efficiency in Indian Agriculture: A Region-wise Analysis
Get PDFThe paper examines the production efficiency of agricultural system in four regions of India categorized as eastern, western, northern and southern regions using state level data for the period 2005-06 to 2013-14. Stochastic production frontier model using panel data, as proposed by Battese and Coelli (1995), has been used for estimating the efficiency variations taking an integrated effect model into consideration. State level mean efficiency estimates of regions ranges from 0.8824 to 0.3759 for 2005-06 to 2013-14. The statistically significant variables explaining inefficiencies in the agricultural production are total state road length per unit of area and share of agricultural NSDP to state NSDP. The major inputs were institutional credit, net irrigated area and consumption of both fertilizers and pesticide
Estimation of Total Factor Productivity and its Determinants of Maize in Telangana State
Get PDFTotal factor productivity (TFP) growth and its determinants of maize in Telangana state was estimated from 2000-01 to 2012-13 using parametric approach. The data on the quantity and price of the output of rice and various inputs were collected from the published documents of the “Cost of Cultivation of Principle Crops” scheme of Government of India. The data on the variables like government expenditure on agricultural research, extension and education was collected from the office of the Accountant General of the Government of Telangana, Hyderabad. Other required data were collected from various published documents of the Directorate of Economics and Statistics, Hyderabad. The study revealed that there was 51% improvement in the TFP of maize in Telangana state in 2012-13 when compared to the base year (2000-01) with an annual compound growth rate of 3.5%. Average rainfall in the state and percentage irrigated area under the crop were found to be the most important drivers of TFP growth of maize in the state with regression coefficients of 0.606 and 0.034 respectively. Governments’ expenditure on agricultural research, extension and education were also found to be positively influencing the TFP growth
An Economic Analysis of Sugarcane Cultivation and its Productivity in Major Sugar Producing States of Uttar Pradesh and Maharashtra
Get PDFAn effort has been made in this study to examine the trends in area, production, productivity, costs, returns and profitability of sugarcane and to determine the factors which are contributing toward productivity of sugarcane in major sugar producing states of Uttar Pradesh and Maharashtra. It has been observed that area expansion has significantly contributed towards increased production of sugarcane but productivity has remained stagnant. Cost of cultivation of sugarcane also witnessed increasing trend and due to much higher use of inputs, it was found to be higher for Maharashtra than Uttar Pradesh. However growth of value of output has outpaced the growth of cost of cultivation and thus rising trend of profitability was observed and was higher for Uttar Pradesh as compared to that of Maharashtra. The study found the positive and significant contribution of human labour, machine, fertilizers, insecticides and size of plot towards productivity of sugarcane and thus efficient management of these inputs can certainly led to increasing the productivity of sugarcane in India
Effect of Endowments on Gender Wage Differentials: A Decomposition Analysis for Indian Labour Market
Get PDFThe earning function clearly supports the existing evidence of the significant positive coefficients for education and the marginal wage effects are increasing with the level of education for both the genders. There are clear evidence of caste bias for males, location and regional bias for both the genders in earning. Our decomposition results show that endowment component which shows the existence of pre-market discrimination is smaller than the discrimination component. Discrimination explains 66.1 per cent of the lower wages of female individuals when compared to males. Discrimination component is the highest for the production workers (81.3 per cent) followed by professionals (77.6 per cent), agriculture/allied workers (77.4 per cent), clerical workers (65.9 per cent) and is least for sales/services workers (61.4 per cent). Gender wage discrimination is very high for the urban areas (86.3 per cent) than the rural settings (71.3 per cent). Large discrimination differences are a matter of concern for thepolicy makers.JEL Classifications: I21, J30, J3
Comparative Economics of Contract and Non-contract Farming of Potato in Gujarat
Get PDFTo study the comparative economics of contract and non-contract farming of potato in Gujarat state, a sample of 120 potato growers comprising 60 each from contract and non-contract were selected. The Cost Concept (CACP approach) was used to work out various costs and “t” test was used for testing their statistical significance. The results revealed that the cost of cultivation (Cost C2) was higher on contract farms (` 185435 per ha) when compared to the non-contract farms, (` 154930 per ha) due to higher cost of labor, manures, seeds and chemical fertilizers. The average production of potato was higher on contract farms (399.92 q/ha) than on the non-contract farms (303.83 q/ha). This might be due to the use of better variety, proper use of inputs and better production technology as specified by the contracting firm. The average price received by the farmers was higher on the contract farms (` 830.29 per quintal) when compared to the non-contract farms (` 808.17 per quintal). The net returns received over Cost C2 was higher on contract farms (` 146615 per ha) when compared to the non-contract farms (` 90620 per ha). The yield uncertainty ratio was lower on the contract farms (0.1806) than the non-contract farms (0.4588). Similarly, the price uncertainty ratio was lower on contract farms (0.0162) than the non-contract farms (0.1358). In nutshell, these results clearly revealed that the contract farming in potato was economically more profitable and less risky when compared to traditional non-contract farming
Dynamics of Pulse Production in North-East Region of India- A State-wise Analysis
Get PDFPer capita consumption of pulses over the years has come down to 30g/day in 2008 from 61g/day in 1951. The same trend is followed in North Eastern part of our country. Pulses are mainly grown in uplands in North Eastern Hill Region of India. Pulses are very important for achieving nutritional security and considering its importance the 68th UN General Assembly declared 2016 the International Year of Pulses (IYP). Depending on the size of the farm land and their resources, pulses are grown by the farmers. In 2013-14, NE India produced 209.3 thousand tonnes of pulses from an area of 252.8 thousand hectare with an average productivity of 828 Kg/ ha. The NE region of India is almost 82% deficit in pulse production against its requirements as per ICMR recommendation. The study revealed that during overall period (1972-73 to 2011-12), across all the states in North East Region, Manipur (28.3%) has registered the highest significant growth in production followed by Nagaland (11.9%) and Tripura (4%). From decomposition analysis of growth in North East, it was found that over the period (1972-73 to 2011-12) yield effect (48%) was more than area effect (23%) whereas in country level area effect (33.8%) was more than yield effect (28.3%). There is a need for concerted efforts from various Departments to divert the area under shifting cultivation to production of pulses and other crops following principles of conservation agriculture, which would ultimately help in conserving soil and improving health
Geographical Penetration, Composition, Unit Value Realisation, Exports Competitiveness and Market Diversification of Shrimp Exports from India
Get PDFIn India, fisheries is an economic activity contributing 17.07% of the total agricultural exports during the year 2016-17 with annual earnings of US$ 5.78 billion (` 37,870 crores). Frozen shrimp contributes maximum share of about 66% by value and 39% by quantity. The present study has examined the geographical penetration, composition and unit value realisation of frozen shrimp exports from India. It also estimates the competitiveness index, comparative advantage and market diversification of Indian frozen shrimp exports in the world exports market. India’s total fishery exports has risen from 0.3 million tons to 0.95 million tons during the period 1995-96 to 2015-16 with a compound growth rate of 6.46%. India has lost its market share in Japan but has gained in South East Asia and European Union market during the period 1995-96 to 2014-15. India’s frozen shrimp exports to major export destinations like Japan, USA and EU have been getting diversified over the period
Training Needs of Farmers about World Trade Organization Issues
Get PDFIn the present study, efforts were made to assess the awareness level and its correlate with the selected variables among the farmers on World Trade Organization (WTO) issues with special reference to agriculture and also to ascertain the training needs. The study was carried out in the state of Maharashtra and multistage random sampling technique was used for the selection of the respondent farmers. The results revealed that the overall awareness level of farmers on WTO issues related to agriculture was very low. Farmers’ education, mass media exposure, social participation and extension contact were found to have positive and significant correlation with their awareness about WTO. Farmers were found to be unaware not only about the structure and functions of WTO, its origin and purpose etc. but also about the provisions under the Agreement on Agriculture and other Intellectual Property Related issues such as the system of plant variety protection in India in general and the Protection of Plant Variety and Farmers Rights Act, 2001 in particular. The present investigation concluded that farmers must be given training on every basic aspects of WTO
Countries Military Expenditures: Definitions and Determinants
Get PDFSince the beginning of civilization, every country has always been interested to know the defence system of the other countries and are making constant efforts to make a well-built and efficient defence system than the other nations. Thus, the size and the pattern of military expenditure of a country does not depend only on its GDP or financial capability; in addition it depends on various other factors. All these factors may be identified as economic, non-economic, internal, external, political, geographical, geopolitics and geostrategic factors among others. All these factors are playing a vital role in determining the size and the composition of the military expenditure of a country. Military Expenditure is the amount of financial resources allocated by a nation to maintain armed forces and other essential services for defence purpose. Military expenditures are one of the most critically observed components of public expenditure. The standard definitions of military expenditure have been proposed by some international organizations and research institutes that are involved in the study of the defence sector. In this issue, one of the vital problems is how to define military expenditure or which public expenditure should be a part of military expenditure, further what are the main determinants of the military expenditure of a country
Crop Response to the Application of NCU in Major Kharif Crops: An Impact Assessment in Central India
Get PDFThe study confined to two major kharif crops i.e. paddy and soybean of central India. A multistage stratified simple random sampling method was used to select the districts, blocks, villages and farm households, and to assess the impact of NCU over NU with respect to yield, cost of NCU over NU, other fertilizers use, cost of pest & diseases control and weed management. They were analysed using paired t-test and the cost of cultivation and partial budgeting technique. The impact of NCU was found to be highly significant in paddy and soybean when compared with NU in terms of yield of main and value of main and by product, while yield of by product in case of paddy and soybean was found to be significant. The cost of NCU fertilizer had reduced by 10.25% when compared to NU fertilizer, while the cost of weed management, pest & diseases control and other fertilizers were found to have increased by 13.44, 12.82 and 4.44% respectively in the cultivation of paddy. In case of soybean, the cost of NCU over NU, other fertilizers, and weed management was found to be reduced by 9.14, 9.20 & 1.68 respectively. The total cost of ` 1140/acre was added under different sub-head due to the application of NCU in paddy and soybean with added and net return of ` 3959 & ` 2819 and ` 2545 & ` 1405 per acre along with benefit cost ratio of 3.47 and 2.23 in case of paddy and soybean, respectively