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Spatial variability of some soil properties in an agricultural field of Halabja City of Sulaimani Governorate, Iraq
No full textThe soils of Sulaimani Governorate have been used to meet the food demand of northern Iraq. Longstanding wars and strict trade restrictions have caused people of region struggling to get more crops out of agricultural lands. Although soils have been subjected to agricultural production practices and are susceptible to degradation, reliable information on soils of the region is not available. This study has been carried out to characterize some physical and chemical soil properties and to determine the spatial structure of soil properties in a 100ha agricultural filed of Halabja at Sulaimani governorate, Iraq. The study area was divided into 100 × 100 m grid squares, 100 soil samples were collected from the corners of each grid representative of the surface (0–20 cm) horizons. In addition, a total of 16 soil samples were taken along four transects with sampling intervals of 5, 10, 40 and 50m. The measured properties were: clay, sand, silt, calcium carbonate and organic matter contents, exchangeable cation (Na, K, Ca, and Mg), micronutrient (Fe, Zn, Cu and Mn) and plant available phosphorus (P) concentrations, pH and electrical conductivity. The data were analyzed using classic statistics and geostatistics by constructing semivariograms and mapping by Ordinary Kriging. Semivariograms were calculated for soil characteristics and their spatial distributions were mapped. Soils were poor in available P and Zn contents. Soil organic matter showed significant positive correlations with the EC, concentrations of P, clay content, extractable Ca and Na concentrations whereas the correlation was negative with sand content and Zn concentration. Nugget/sill ratio for modelled variables indicated high and moderate spatial dependences in study area. The range of spatial dependence varied from 102 m (calcium carbonate) to 1248 m (pH). The distribution maps of soil attributes could be utilized as a guide for site-specific crop management in similar soils.Grant No: BAP-ZF.2016.00.00
MANAGEMENT OF WIRELESS COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS USING ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE-BASED SOFTWARE DEFINED RADIO
No full textManagement of wireless communication systems has been investigated thoroughly with novel
methods, which led to the development of mainly software based methods rather than hardware. SoftwareDefined Radio (SDR) is a common method for developing and implementing wireless communication
protocols. In the proposed artificial intelligence based SDR system, wireless nodes are made self-organized
in distributed form by using only local information. The proposed software based method can be used to
control the channel frequency, bandwidth, and modulation format. The advantages of the software based
system are explained. The general performance of the system is improved in terms of connectivity which
belong to the SDR capabilities supported by wireless nodes, as well as a controlled mobility function. The
requirements for the restricted connectivity by using SDR are made more stringent with regard to the
maximum coverage.TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
ACKNOWLEDGMENT .........................................................................................................................İİİ
TABLE OF CONTENTS ........................................................................................................................İV
LIST OF FIGURES............................................................................................................................... Vİİ
ABBREVIATIONS AND SYMBOL LISTS.......................................................................................Vİİİ
ÖZET........................................................................................................................................................İX
ABSTRACT................................................................................................................................................X
1. INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................................. 1
1.1 PROBLEM STATEMENT ....................................................................................................................... 5
1.2. HYPOTHESIS...................................................................................................................................... 7
1.3. RESEARCH FOCUS ............................................................................................................................. 7
1.4. PURPOSE STATEMENT ....................................................................................................................... 7
1.5. SCOPE AND LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY ........................................................................................... 9
1.6. THE AIM OF THE STUDY..................................................................................................................... 9
1.7. THESIS OUTLINE ............................................................................................................................... 9
2. LITERATURE REVIEW ................................................................................................................... 10
2.1. SDR AND ITS CAPABILITIES ............................................................................................................ 11
2.2. THE APPLICATION OF SDR.............................................................................................................. 14
2.3. THE IMPACT OF SDR IN NETWORK MANAGEMENT AND COMMUNICATION SYSTEM ........................ 15
2.4. ARTIFICIAL NEURAL NETWORKS..................................................................................................... 16
2.5. THE ANN ARCHITECTURE .............................................................................................................. 19
2.6. THE IMPACT OF ANN IN THE MANAGEMENT OF A WIRELESS COMMUNICATION SYSTEM................. 22
2.7. MODULATION SCHEMES IN SDR..................................................................................................... 23
3. MATERIALS AND METHODS ........................................................................................................ 24
3.1. WORK STEPS: .................................................................................................................................. 24
3.2. THE DESCRIPTION OF THE WIRELESS MOBILE PLATFORM .............................................................. 24
3.3. SDR................................................................................................................................................ 24
3.4. THE SYSTEM STRUCTURE ................................................................................................................ 24
3.4.1. Purchase................................................................................................................................. 25
3.4.2. Host PC and Enabling Software............................................................................................. 26
3.4.3. Connecting the RTL-SDR ....................................................................................................... 27
3.4.4. RTL-SDR Ready to Receive and Process FM Signals............................................................ 28
v
3.5. THE MATHEMATICAL MODEL......................................................................................................... 30
3. 6. ANN STEPS .................................................................................................................................... 31
3.7. THE GA FOR TSP............................................................................................................................ 35
4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION..................................................................................................... 37
4.1 THE SDR INSTALLATION AND SIGNAL PROCESSING ......................................................................... 37
4.2. ANN RESULTS ................................................................................................................................ 46
4.2.1 ANN training results................................................................................................................ 46
4.2.2 GA for TSP Results.................................................................................................................. 48
4.2.3 The ANN and GA for one TSP to select nodes locations......................................................... 51
4.2.4 GA for TSP optimization nodes distribution in the specific area ............................................ 52
5. CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE WORK ......................................................................................... 56
5.1. CONCLUSIONS................................................................................................................................. 56
5.2. FUTURE WORK................................................................................................................................ 56
CURRICULUM VITAE.......................................................................................................................... 6
nematode-resistant, clonal almond rootstock breeding by crossing in turkey
No full textNematode-resistant clonal rootstock use is limited in Turkey. Throughout a 3-year-study (2012–2014), targeted rootstock
candidates were obtained through hybridization between almond and plum cultivars. Some characteristics, such as strong growth
ability, compatibility with other almond cultivars, nematode resistance, and rooting of the cuttings were common among the hybrid
types. In the hybridization studies, one almond cultivar (Ferragnes) and 2 plum (Myrobalan and Pissardi nigra, both belonging to
Prunus cerasifera) were used as female parents, and 2 plum (Myrobalan and Pissardi nigra) and 2 almond cultivars [Ferragnes and AB3
(Amygdalus orientalis Mill. Type)] were used as male parents. In total, 6 combined hybridizations were made: Myrobalan × Ferragnes,
AB3 × Myrobalan, Pissardi nigra × Ferragnes, AB3 × Pissardi nigra, Ferragnes × Myrobalan, and Ferragnes × Pissardi nigra. Some hybrid
characteristics, such as budding affinity, nematode-resistance, and rooting of the cuttings were considered and the results were evaluated
according to the weight-rank method. After consideration of the selected characteristics, the highest scored hybrids, FS2, FS19, FS22,
FS23, and FC4, were evaluated as nematode-resistant almond rootstock clone candidates.TÜBİTAK 1001 - 111O13
Mardin İli Zeytin Bahçelerinde Zararlı Olan Böcek Türleri, Yayılışları ve Yoğunlukları
No full textEntomology
Comparative morphology and anatomy of seeds of some aethionema w.t. aiton (brassicaceae) taxa from Turkey
No full textSeed morphology and anatomy are taxonomically significant in Brassicaceae. The seed structures of Aethionema from Turkey, which include 12 taxa (Aethionema syriacum, A. froedinii, A. arabicum, A. eunomioides, A. fimbriatum, A. speciosum subsp. speciosum, A. speciosum subsp. compactum, A. saxatile, A. oppositifolium, A. iberideum, A. armenum, A. grandiflorum) were studied for knowing seed morphological and anatomical features with one-way analysis of variance, cluster analysis and principal component analysis. Seed size, shape and color were examined with stereomicroscopy. The surface patterns of seed were observed using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). In addition, structure, and thicknesses of testa and endosperm were investigated anatomically. Thickness of testa and endosperm were of major significance to illustrate interspecific relations among the examined taxa
Approximate solutions to the conformable Rosenau-Hyman equation using the two-step Adomian decomposition method with Pade approximation
No full textLearning difficulties of fourth graders about the subject of fractions in primary school
No full textThis study was carried out to determine the learning difficulties and misconceptions of Grade 4 students
on fractions by using the Diagnostic Tree Technique, an alternative assessment and evaluation tool. When
studies on the fractions are examined, it has been seen that the data obtained with the Diagnostic Tree
Technique are limited. The study group consisted of 8 students in the 4th grade of a primary school in the
city center of Batman in 2017-2018 academic year. In order to collect data convergent parallel design, one
of the mixed method research designs which both quantitative and qualitative data collection tools utilized
were used. The quantitative data were obtained by using the Diagnostic Tree Test and the qualitative data
were obtained by semi-structured interview technique. The questions in the diagnostic branched tree test
were prepared in accordance with learning outcomes of Ministry of National Education for 4th graders.
The reliability of the questions in the test was calculated as 0,79 with the KR20 formula. The frequencies
of the answers of the students were calculated by SPSS package program. As a result of the interviews,
the results of the students' responses were analyzed and the data obtained from the two data sources were
blended in the analyzed findings part. In the light of the obtained data, the misconceptions in the lower
learning area of fourth grade students were determined and some suggestions were made to prevent
misconceptions
Sinyallerin benzerlikleri kullanılarak 3 farklı yeni öznitelik çıkarım yöntemi
No full textBu çalışmada e-posta içerik metinlerini kullanarak spam e-postaların tespiti için 3 farklı yeni öznitelik çıkarım yaklaşımı önerilmiştir. Önerilen 3 yeni öznitelik yönteminin sınıflandırma başarısını ölçmek için 5 farklı spam veriseti üzerinde 9 farklı makine öğrenmesi algoritması ile sınıflandırma işlemleri yapılmıştır. Elde edilen sonuçlar ile önerilen yeni öznitelik çıkarım yöntemlerinin sınıflandırma başarı oranını arttırdığı tespit edilmiştir
TÜRKİYE’DE GELİR DAĞILIMINDA ADALET VE YOKSULLAŞMA SORUNU: 2000 SONRASI DÖNEM ÜZERİNE BİR ANALİZ
No full textEkonomik büyüme, tüm dünya ülkeleri için temel iktisadi hedeflerden biridir. İktisadi büyüme ile elde edilen gelirin toplumsal sınıfların tümüne adil dağılımı ise kalkınmanın henüz tam olarak çözüm geliştirilememiş en önemli sorunlarından birisidir. Gelirin adil bir şekilde dağılımının gerçekleştirilememesi problemi genel olarak bütün ülkelerin karşılaştığı bir problem olup gelişmiş ve gelişmemiş ülkelerde benzer sorunlara yol açmaktadır. Elde edilen gelirin adil bir yapıda dağılımının sağlanamaması sonucu ortaya çıkan sorunlar daha büyük problemlere de yol açmaktadır. Bunun sonucunda karşılaşılan yoksulluk, önemli bir sosyo-ekonomik problem olarak ortaya çıkmaktadır. Ekonomiler genel olarak incelendiinde gelir dağılımı adalatsizliği ile yoksulluk düzeylerinin birbirleri ile yoğun bir şekilde ilişkili olduğu görülmektedir. Bu sebeple ekonomik kalkınma amacıyla yürütülen politikalar yoksulluk ile mücadele ve gelir dağılımının adil bir yapıya kavuşturulabilmesi konularını birlikte ele alarak stratejik birer hedef olarak belirlemektedir.
Bu çalışma, Türkiye’de 2000 yılı sonrasındaki dönemde, yoksulluk ve gelir eşitsizliği göstergelerinin ortaya koyduğu istatistik verilerinin kullanılarak Türkiye’nin aynı dönemde uyguladığı sosyal politikaların başarısını analiz etmeyi amaçlamaktadır. Yapılan analizde, özellikle 80 sonrasında ortaya çıkan gelir dağılımındaki uçurumun kapatılmasına yönelik çalışmaların başarılı sonuçlar verdiği, ancak yoksullukla mücadele kapsamında uygulanan sosyo-ekonomik politikaların, nispi düzeylerde sonuçlar verdiği görülmüştür. Genel olarak elde edilen bulgular çerçevesinde bir değerlendirme yapıldığında, yoksulluk ve gelir dağılımı alanlarında nispi bir başarının sağlandığı görülmüş ancak yaşanan iyileşme düzeyinin uluslararası boyutlarda değerlendirildiğinde, elde edilen başarının yeterli olmadığı sonucuna ulaşılmıştır
DETERMINATION OF THE ENERGY USAGE EFFICIENCY IN EGG CHICKEN REARED
No full textThis study was performed with the purpose of determining the energy usage efficiency of egg chicken reared. To achieve this study, the energy input-output of 1000 egg chickens reared was calculated. This study was done an egg chicken’s farm in Isparta province, the between years 2015-2016. The energy input and output were calculated as 588779.56 MJ/1000 chickens and 1107962.30 MJ/1000 chickens in egg chicken reared. The composition of energy inputs was 88.51% (521147 MJ/1000 chickens) feed energy, 8.24% (48507 MJ/1000 chickens) fuel energy, 1.71% (10504.80 MJ/1000 chickens) electricity energy, 1.01% (5967.81 MJ/1000 chickens) machinery energy, 0.37% (2165.80 MJ/1000 chickens) human labour energy, 0.08% (464.85 MJ/1000 chickens) chickens energy, 0.07% (392.92 MJ/1000 chickens) transportation energy and 0.01% (79.38 MJ/1000 chickens) water energy. Energy usage efficiency, energy productivity, specific energy and net energy for egg chicken reared were calculated as 1.88, 0.03 kg MJ-1, 31.63 MJ kg-1 and 519182.74 MJ/1000 chickens, respectively. Feed energy was determined as the highest ratio (88.51%) of total energy input. According to study results, egg chicken reared can be accepted as economic in terms of energy usage efficiency