Journals of Universitas Sangga Buana
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False denial and false memories in healthy older adults and healthy young adults
No full textPeople may falsely deny that they did not witness or experience a traumatic event, and denial can be viewed as an effective coping mechanism in the face of such trauma. Previous research on denial-induced forgetting (DIF) suggests that false denials result in participants denying they had discussed topics with the experimenter when, in reality, they did (Otgaar, Howe, Memon, & Wang, 2014). A recent study of Otgaar's (2020) examined false denial using the DRM paradigm, in which participants were shown a set of word lists that were negatively and neutrally associated word lists which were proven to elicit false memories. In order to measure false denial effect, the participants were randomly allocated to one of 2 conditions (False denial or control). The false denial group were required to falsely deny seeing the words, while the control group could answer truthfully. Participants who had falsely denied discussing certain words with an experimenter showed that they forgot discussing certain words in the final memory task, in which participants were randomly allocated to either recall or source monitoring task. Findings revealed a denial-induced forgetting effect for the source monitoring and recall memory tests, similar to previous findings (Otgaar, Romeo, et al., 2018).
Furthermore, the study had also examined arousal (high or low) and valence (e.g., negative and neutral) in which they discovered that valence did not interact with the act of denial, in the source monitoring condition. Yet, it was present in the neutral condition for the recall condition, indicating that denial did have an impact on memory recall to a certain extent for neutrally associative related words. Otgaar's (2020) study was novel in that it built on the idea that false denials have forgetting effects but can also lead to lower false memory rates. It was also the first experiment in which they demonstrated that this effect could occur with words as well as pictures and videos. Our study aims to expand on this research by using similar DRM material, while focusing more on the impact of valence and arousal (negative high, positive high, negative low etc.), as well as examining for age effects between young adults (18-35 years old) and older adults (65 years and above)
German and Dutch ASA Questionnaire Translations - Part 1: Translation and Formative Assessment
No full textThis study is the continuation of the research into creating validated translations of the Artificial Social Agent (ASA) Questionnaire for evaluating human-ASA interactions. Following a similar approach as a study for creating a Mandarin-Chinese translation of the same questionnaire (https://osf.io/p753d), we will translate the original English ASA questionnaire into German and Dutch with the help of experts. Questionnaire items will be translated into German/Dutch, followed by a user study to evaluate the correlation between the original and translated items. Items with a correlation below a certain cut-off will be re-translated and re-evaluated in up to two further rounds.
This work is funded by the multidisciplinary research project Perfect Fit, which is supported by several funders organized by the Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (NWO), program Commit2Data - Big Data & Health (project number 628.011.211). Besides NWO, the funders include the Netherlands Organisation for Health Research and Development (ZonMw), Hartstichting, the Ministry of Health, Welfare and Sport (VWS), Health Holland, and the Netherlands eScience Center. The German translation is further funded by the North Rhine-Westphalia state government in Germany
The effect of prosody and semantic content in emotional recognition in children with and without learning disorders: An eye-tracking study
No full textWe explore the effects of emotional prosody and content to identify different emotions in children with and without learning disorders:
We use the eye-tracker-software iMotions in two experiments. Four images (data base of Karolinska Directed Emotional Faces) of the same person expressing different emotions (happy, sad, angry, scared, neutral) is presented. Participants are asked to listen to sentences (subject, verb and predicate). In Exp1 the emotions are said explicitly (e.g., “Laura is happy”) and in Exp2 the emotions are conveyed implicitly, particularly driven by the verb (e.g., “Cristina escapes from the dog”). Half of the trials were prosody-content congruent, and the other half are incongruent. Participants had to click on the expression face that matched with the oral cue
Mobile Health for Alcohol Use Assessment: Longitudinal Effects of Breathalyzer Self-Monitoring in Everyday Context
No full textBlood alcohol content/concentration (BAC) is a measure of the amount of alcohol present in the blood of an individual. While the relationship between the amount of alcohol consumed and BAC may be affected by factors such as body composition (Cederbaum, 2012), metabolic tolerance (Lapham, 2010), and the ratio of alcohol-to-fluids intake (Dilley et al., 2019), BAC remains an internationally recognized objective measure of intoxication (Droste et al., 2018). Furthermore, BAC is associated with risky behavior like dangerous driving (Desapriya et al., 2003) and health problems like acute respiratory distress syndrome (Afshar et al., 2014).
Prior research has probed the timing of alcohol consumption among alcohol users in the United States. Alcohol users often consume alcohol at night, which aligns with the pattern of business activity at alcohol-serving establishments (Hoeppner et al., 2012; Mustonen et al., 2016; Reed et al., 2013). Specifically, activity at these establishments and self-reported alcohol use are highest during weekend nights, peaking on Friday and Saturday nights (Hoeppner et al., 2012; Reed et al., 2013; Tremblay et al., 2010). Elevated levels of alcohol consumption and alcohol-related accidents occur around celebrations, such as a national holiday (Glindemann et al., 2007). Determining specific time periods of high BAC measurement is immensely valuable for enforcing BAC laws that have reduced the number of road accidents and fatalities (Tippetts et al., 2005). This information can also help law enforcement appropriately allocate public resources, such as setting up sobriety checkpoints, which are highly cost-efficient and have demonstrably lowered crash fatalities (Bergen et al., 2014). Policymakers may also consult BAC levels over time to consider legislative propositions for lower BAC driving limits (Wagenaar et al., 2007).
Beyond public health and safety, tracking BAC levels at different times and locations informs theories about motivators for alcohol use. For example, researchers have speculated that drinkers may seek to relieve negative affect and/or stress from workdays (Ostafin & Brooks, 2011; Parker & Williams, 2003). Researchers also examined the demographics of alcohol users to assess the risk of alcohol-related harms and alcohol use disorder (AUD) in certain populations. Alcohol consumption is higher in more affluent neighborhoods, but the resources and privileges attached to higher socioeconomic status (SES) serve as protective factors that actually result in a lower rate of AUD (Calling et al., 2019).
Another factor involved in the translation of BAC to real-world impact is people’s ability to self-estimate their BAC. The accuracy of self-estimated BAC levels has been the topic of an increasingly large body of literature due to its implication for avoiding excessive drinking and alcohol use interventions. Previous research indicates that alcohol users are not able to predict their level of impairment before consuming a set amount of alcohol and are unaware of how much alcohol they can consume before becoming legally impaired (Aston & Liguori, 2013). This inaccuracy in self-estimated BAC is worth investigating because it is associated with riskier driving behavior (Laude & Fillmore, 2016).
Just as BAC levels vary throughout the day and differ based on location, so can the accuracy of BAC self-estimates. Given the literature on cognitive fatigue (Borragán et al., 2017), we hypothesize that BAC self-estimate is least accurate at night on weekdays because the cognitive effort during the workday has tired the participants, and the participants are no longer able to sustain the cognitive load necessary for monitoring their feelings of intoxication. In contrast, BAC self-estimates may be most accurate on weekends due to the absence of cognitive load from work. In the context of a year, the holiday season in winter could be a source of high stress and cognitive fatigue. When examining coronary data from Los Angeles County, researchers found that the number of monthly deaths in December and January was around 33% higher than the number from June to September (Kloner et al., 1999). Researchers cited stress from holidays as a potential reason for the increase in death. Following our hypothesized relationship between cognitive fatigue and BAC self-estimate accuracy, we expect BAC self-estimates to be the least accurate in the colder winter months, especially during the holiday season.
BAC self-estimate training programs have been effective among moderate drinkers but not heavy drinkers (Aston & Liguori, 2013). These programs offer internal and external training: internal modules involve recognizing physiological sensations at different BAC levels; external modules involve psychoeducation on how participants’ body compositions affect their individual alcohol absorption rates. Given the disparity in training outcomes, the current project seeks to stratify the participants based on initial levels of drinking. With BAC feedback, lighter drinkers may exhibit changes in BAC level and self-estimation accuracy that differ from heavier drinkers' changes.
No previous study has analyzed such a large number of objective BAC measurements and recorded BAC self-estimates nationwide. Participants used BACtrack breathalyzer products to obtain their BAC readings and consented to their data being uploaded for research purposes through the accompanying BACtrack mobile application. Other studies investigating alcohol consumption may ask participants to estimate their alcohol use in the past, but these retrospective self-reports may be unreliable (Barbosa et al., 2021). Furthermore, the same amount of alcohol consumed by different people may produce different effects, and this individual difference may be captured by the consistent use of personal breathalyzers.
This data set also tracks readings of each anonymized user, which enables the present study to compare BAC levels and self-estimate accuracy within participants across different drinking sessions and within each drinking session. Prior research found that participants were able to more accurately estimate their BAC after receiving feedback from previous drinking days when controlled for BAC levels (Bullers & Ennis, 2006). Bullers and Ennis (2006) also noted that participants recorded higher BAC levels when first using breathalyzers than later in the study, which may be attributable to participants’ intentions to experiment with the breathalyzer. BAC levels dropped after the first week of using breathalyzers, and the change was larger among light drinkers than heavy drinkers. The current project is interested in patterns of change in BAC self-estimation accuracy between individual breathalyzer readings, within each participant, and across participants
The influence of social role information on prescriptive and proscriptive gender rules
No full textThe current study investigates whether social role information affects people’s evaluations of prescriptive (what men and women should be) and proscriptive (what men and women should not be) gender rules. Former research by Rudman and colleagues (2012) found that prescriptive and proscriptive gender rules are aligned with social status. Specifically, their findings indicate that U.S. respondents endorse a clear set of gender rules for men, thinking men should be high in status and cannot be low in status, whereas gender rules for women are less closely tied to social status. Further, a large-scale study across 62 nations documented a double standard in gender rules such that people more strongly endorsed prescriptive (“shoulds”) and proscriptive (“should nots”) gender rules for men than for women (Bosson et al., 2022). However, whether gender rules are influenced by the social roles men and women take on or not remains unknown. It has been shown that social role information can override the influence of descriptive gender stereotypes on person perceptions. That is, regardless of gender, women and men in female-dominated occupations were perceived as similarly communal and women and men in male-dominated occupations were perceived as similarly agentic (Bosak et al., 2012; Gustafsson Sendén et al., 2020). Extending previous findings on the alignment of gender rules and social status, here we examine if prescriptive and proscriptive gender rules are also dependent on social role information
Assessing cultural and generational differences in Turkish-Dutch and Dutch citizens in The Netherlands, and their responses to health messages
No full textThe aim of this study is twofold. The first aim (study 1a) is to assess (a) language characteristics, (b) cultural values, (c) national identification, and (d) media use in three generations of Turkish-Dutch and Dutch citizens. In doing so, we map the acculturation process for these four characteristics in three generations of Turkish-Dutch citizens, how they relate to the characteristics in three generations of Dutch citizens and specify where differences arise between generations of Turkish-Dutch citizens.
The second aim (study 1b) is to explore the message responses to mass-mediated health campaigns among the three generations of Turkish-Dutch and native Dutch citizens. In doing so, we explore (a) whether Dutch mass-mediated health campaigns result in different message responses in Turkish-Dutch (vs. Dutch) citizens across generations and (b) the extent to which language characteristics, cultural values, and national identification relate to these differences
Interoception, emotion regulation strategies and skin picking behaviours – pilot study
No full textBody focused repetitive bahaviours (e.g. skin picking, hair pulling, nail biting) are associated with emotion regulation difficulties and are often described as a maladaptive methods of dealing with negative affective states (Roberts et al., 2016; Schusterman et al., 2009). Interoception i.e. detection, integration, and interpretation of internal bodily signals (Khalsa et al., 2018) – is hypothesized to play crucial role in the process of emotion regulation (Gross, 2015; Schuette et. al., 2021). Growing body of studies suggests that obsessive-compulsive symptoms may be related to maladaptive profile of interoceptive sensibility i.e. subjective assessment of the way internal body signals are appraised, regulated, and influence behaviour (Bragdon, et al., 2021). Moreover, the difference between OCD patients and controls in interoceptive accuracy (measured by heartbeat counting task: Schandry, 1981) was found in previous research (Schultchen et al., 2019; Demartini et al., 2021). Taking into consideration the fact, that skin picking disorder (SPD) is currently classified as OCD-spectrum disorder (APA, 2013; WHO, 2022), and that earlier studies indicated that SPD patients show grey matter volumes abnormalities in brain regions concerned with interoception (e.g. insula see: Schienle et al., 2018) there are reasons to believe that distorted interoception may be one of the factors responsible for emotion regulation difficulties observed among individuals who pick their skin. The main goal of this pilot study is to verify whether there are differences between individuals who pick their skin and healthy controls in the level of interoceptive accuracy, profile of interoceptive sensibility and emotion regulation strategies used to cope with daily stressors. Additionally, the study aims to evaluate whether interoceptive deficits predict the frequency of use of different emotion regulation strategies to cope with stressors, as well as frequency and severity of skin picking episodes
Evaluation of the Attempted Suicide Short Intervention Program: A Randomized Controlled Trial
No full textSuicidal thoughts and behaviors remain a pressing health concern (WHO, 2019). A history of suicide attempts is among the most robust risk factors for subsequent suicidal behavior (Berman, 2018; Large, 2018). Still, there are few if any evidence-based interventions that specifically target the prevention of suicidal behavior (Belsher et al., 2019). In 2016, Gysin-Maillart et al. published the first randomized controlled trial for the attempted suicide short intervention program (ASSIP), a specialized brief therapy designed for individuals who had recently survived a suicide attempt. In the ASSIP framework, suicidal behavior is treated as a goal-directed action towards reducing a burdensome mental state. In the pivotal study, there was an 80% reduction of suicide attempts during a 2-year follow-up in the ASSIP compared to the treatment as usual (TAU) group (Gysin-Maillart et al., 2016). Since then, ASSIP has found wide-spread use in Switzerland, despite a lack of independent evaluation studies and conflicting results regarding its efficacy (Arvillomi et al., 2022; Conner et al., 2021). Our aim is to do an independent evaluation of ASSIP’s clinical feasibility in a transdiagnostic population of in- and outpatients after a recent suicide attempt.
In addition, we examine the incidence of suicidal behavior in a group of patients after a recent suicide attempt who were not randomized to either the TAU or TAU + ASSIP group but consented to be contacted after 1 year (observational group)
Preventable Deaths involving Pregnancy and Maternity
No full textA systematic case series of coroners' Prevent Future Deaths (PFD) reports in England and Wales 2013-2023, focussed on preventable deaths involving pregnancy and maternit
