Journals of Universitas Sangga Buana
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Fiscal policy and voter perceptions of political parties
No full textPrevious research shows that many voters who disagree with fiscal austerity turn towards non-mainstream, often radical parties when the government cuts public spending. For instance, fiscal austerity increased votes for pro-Brexit parties in Britain and for populist parties across Europe, especially among economically vulnerable voters, thereby increasing political polarization in many Western countries. While these studies establish that an empirical association between austerity and radical party vote shares exists, the possible mechanisms that lead to these outcomes remain untested. This project examines the reasoning behind the decision of anti-austerity voters to turn towards radical parties by answering the following questions. Why do some voters turn towards radical as opposed to centrist opposition parties after austerity? How do these voters perceive the economic policy positions of centrist and radical parties? Do these voters expect that fiscal policy will change when radical parties become stronger? Or do they have other, non-policy related motives for their choice
Associations Between Childhood Trauma and Psychiatric Disorders in Adolescence in the 2004 Pelotas Birth Cohort
No full textAlthough research with adults has found strong associations between childhood adversities and increased risk of psychopathology (Green et al., 2010; Kessler et al., 2010) such research often relies on retrospective reports of childhood trauma exposure and the presence and/or timing of onset of mental health problems. Moreover, research with youth samples is limited and findings are mixed with some studies evidencing stronger associations for some classes of disorders (Copeland et al., 2007; McLaughlin et al., 2012) while other studies report no difference in the strength of associations between disorder classes (Benjet et al., 2011; Lewis et al., 2019). Additionally, most studies have been conducted in high income countries (HIC) despite children living in low- and middle-income countries (LMIC) being disproportionally more likely to experience trauma than children in HIC (Das-Munshi et al., 2016; Seedat et al., 2004). The present study aims to address several gaps and limitations of the extant literature through the use of a population-based, prospective birth cohort, namely the 2004 Pelotas Birth Cohort which is based in Brazil. In a recent study based on the same cohort, Bauer et al. (2022) reported significant cross-sectional and longitudinal associations between childhood trauma exposure and psychiatric disorders during childhood (up to age 11). This study will capitalise on data that were collected at ages 15 and 18 years to expand on these findings to explore associations between childhood trauma exposure and psychiatric disorders both cross-sectionally and longitudinally up to the age of 18 years. Additionally, this study will investigate both a composite ‘any trauma’ category and two specific trauma types, interpersonal trauma and non-interpersonal trauma, as research has evidenced the differential effect of trauma type on mental health outcomes for children and young people (Ford et al., 2011; Kisiel et al., 2009)
Participants’ and investigators’ experiences and views of potential adverse effects of an educational intervention: Protocol for a qualitative evidence synthesis
No full textIntroduction:
To help students think critically about health information and decisions, we developed the Informed Health Choices (IHC) secondary school intervention. We are evaluating the intervention in cluster-randomised trials, and linked process evaluations, in Kenya, Rwanda, and Uganda. The study planned herein is a qualitative evidence synthesis (QES), using data about experiences and views of adverse effects from all three process evaluations. The QES overlaps with the process evaluations. The QES will allow us to comprehensively explore, report, and discuss experiences and views of potential adverse effects, and potential mechanisms. The findings are intended to help inform decisions about whether or how to redevelop, re-evaluate, or implement the intervention. The methods and findings might also be helpful to developing, evaluating, or implementing other educational interventions—especially interventions intended to improve critical thinking, within health or other fields.
Objective:
Explore participants’ and investigators’ experiences and views of potential adverse effects of the IHC secondary school intervention, and potential mechanisms of those effects.
Methods:
An independent researcher will assess methodological limitations of the included studies, based on a list of domains used by the Cochrane Effective Practice and Organisation of Care (EPOC) group. We will merge and modify framework analysis as outlined by Ritchie and Spencer, framework synthesis as described by Barnett-Page et al., and “best fit” framework synthesis as outlined by Carrol et al. All three are pragmatic approaches with a deductive analysis using an a priori framework, followed by an inductive thematic analysis. We will note possible differences in how participants generally conceptualise adverse effects of educational interventions, compared to the study team, and possible differences in adverse effects across trial settings, for the purposes of future research. To assess confidence in the synthesis findings, we will apply the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation Confidence in Evidence from Reviews of Qualitative research (GRADE-CERQual) approach, using the interactive Summary of Qualitative Findings (iSoQ) tool. We will produce a Qualitative Evidence Profile, and Summary of Qualitative Findings Tables.
Discussion:
The QES and the process evaluations overlapping and being part of the same project has methodological implications that amount to both strengths and limitations. Like in prospective meta-analyses, when planning the process evaluations, we harmonised the objectives, facilitating synthesis, while investigators in each setting still had autonomy to explore phenomena specifically for their study. Like individual patient data (IDP) meta-analyses, this study will be based on data from the process evaluations, facilitating more reliable analysis and synthesis than if it was only based on reported findings. As far as we are aware, this QES will be the first of its kind methodologically, and first empirical study of its size and rigour focusing on potential adverse effects of an educational intervention. The QES and process evaluations overlapping and being part of the same project also introduces risk of bias. Another challenge is that we are including the study team’s experiences and views. In general, to address these challenges, we will be transparent, and apply reflexivity throughout
Study 5. Assessing the Impacts of Recipient Stories on Attitudes Towards Assistance Programs and Their Recipients (White vs. Black + Moderators)
No full textMany communication campaigns by the media, government, nonprofits, etc. use stories of program recipients with the hope that they will motivate sympathy towards recipients and foster program support. This experiment assesses whether reading recipient stories about government assistance programs, compared to no stories, influences people’s beliefs and attitudes towards the program and its recipients, and whether the effect of stories differs according to whether people read about stories of Black versus White recipients
Agreement attraction in native and non-native speakers of German
No full textSecond language (L2) speakers often struggle to apply grammatical constraints such as subject-verb agreement. One hypothesis for this difficulty is that it results from problems suppressing syntactically unlicensed constituents in working memory. We investigated which properties of these constituents make them more likely to elicit errors: their grammatical distance to the subject head or their linear distance to the verb. We used double modifier constructions (e.g. “the smell of the stables of the farmers”), where the errors of native speakers are modulated by the linguistic relationships between the nouns in the subject phrase: 2nd-plural nouns, which are syntactically and semantically closer to the subject head, elicit more errors than 3rd-plural nouns, which are linearly closer to the verb (2nd-3rd-noun asymmetry). In order to dissociate between grammatical and linear distance, we compared embedded and coordinated modifiers, which were linearly identical but differed in grammatical distance. Using an attraction paradigm, we showed that German native speakers and proficient Russian speakers of German exhibited similar attraction rates and that their errors displayed a 2nd-3rd-noun asymmetry, which was more pronounced in embedded than in coordinated constructions. We suggest that both native and L2 learners prioritize linguistic structure over linear distance in their agreement computations
A Bayesian Model-Averaged Meta-Analysis of the Power Pose Effect with Informed and Default Priors: The Case of Felt Power
No full textCarney, Cuddy, and Yap (2010) found that --compared to participants who adopted constrictive body postures-- participants who adopted expansive body postures reported feeling more powerful, showed an increase in testosterone and a decrease in cortisol, and displayed an
increased tolerance for risk. However, these power pose effects have recently come under considerable scrutiny. Here we present a Bayesian meta-analysis of six preregistered studies from this special issue, focusing on the effect of power posing on felt power. Our analysis
improves on standard classical meta-analyses in several ways. First and foremost, we considered only preregistered studies, eliminating concerns about publication bias. Second, the Bayesian approach enables us to quantify evidence for both the alternative and the null hypothesis. Third, we use Bayesian model-averaging to account for the uncertainty with respect to the choice for a fixed-effect model or a random-effect model. Fourth, based on a literature review we obtained an empirically informed prior distribution for the between-study
heterogeneity of effect sizes. This empirically informed prior can serve as a default choice not only for the investigation of the power pose effect, but for effects in the field of psychology more generally. For effect size, we considered a default and an informed prior. Our meta-analysis yields very strong evidence for an effect of power posing on felt power. However, when the analysis is restricted to participants unfamiliar with the effect, the meta-analysis yields evidence that is only moderate
Experiment 2 - Investigating the influence of the agent's Job Role Status on the Side-Effect Effect; The RISC Project
No full textThis study will investigate how intention is viewed. That is, whether or not an action was planned. Additionally, it will investigate how much particular actions deserve praise or blame.
Vignettes will vary between high- and low-ranking jobs, and the side-effect will vary between helpful and harmful.
It is predicted that there will be a difference in the reported levels of perceived intention between high- and low-ranking job roles.
It is further predicted that participants will attribute high levels of blame for harmful side-effects and low levels of praise for helpful side-effects.
Data will be analysed with mixed effects modelling in R.
N=10
Correcting for publication bias in a meta-analysis with the p-uniform* method
No full textPublication bias is a major threat to the validity of a meta-analysis resulting in overestimated effect sizes. We propose a generalization and improvement of the publication bias method p-uniform called p-uniform*. P-uniform* improves upon p-uniform in three ways, as it (i) entails a more efficient estimator, (ii) eliminates the overestimation of effect size caused by between-study variance in true effect sizes, and (iii) enables estimating and testing for the presence of the between-study variance. We compared the statistical properties of p-uniform* with p-uniform, two implementations of the three-parameter selection model (3PSM) approach, and the random-effects model. Statistical properties of p-uniform* and 3PSM were comparable and generally outperformed p-uniform and the random-effects model if publication bias was present. We explain that p-uniform* uses a more parsimonious model than 3PSM and demonstrate that both methods estimate average effect size and between-study variance rather well with ten or more studies in the meta-analysis when publication bias is not extreme. We re-analyze the data of two published meta-analyses using p-uniform, p-uniform*, and 3PSM to illustrate the impact of publication bias on the results. We also offer recommendations for applied researchers, and we share R code in an R package as well as an easy-to-use web application for applying p-uniform*
