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التّطوّر التّكنولوجي العسكري وأثره على توازن القوى الدوليّة
No full textهدفت هذه الدّراسة إلى التّعرف على ماهيّة مفهوم التطور التكنولوجي العسكري، وتوضيح التّقنيات العسكريّة الرئيسة التي تُسهم في تحسين القدرات العّسكريّة، وتقييم كيفيّة تأثير هذه التّقنيات على التوازن العسكري العالمي، بالإضافةِ إلى تحديد الدّلالات الرئيسيّة التي تميّز ظاهرة الثّورة في السيّاق العّسكري، وتحليل كيف يؤثر الإنفاق العسكري على التّوازن الدّولي للقوى العسكريّة، وكيف يمكن للتّطور التّكنولوجي أن يؤثر على توازن القوى العّسكريّة بين الدّول. وذلك باستخدام المنهج الاستقرائي. وانتهت الدّراسة ببيان أنَّ التطور التكنولوجي العسكري يُعزز بشكل كبير قدرات القوات العسكرية من خلال تحسين الأنظمة الأسلحة واعتماد تقنيّات حدّيثة، مما يعززّ التّأثير الإستراتيجي والقدرة على التّصدي للتّحديات الأمنيّة للدّول. كما أنَّ تَوتّر العلاقات الدّولية يُحفز على زيادة الإنفاق العسكري والاستثمار في البحث والتّطوير العسكري، مما يعكس تأثير العوامل السياسيّة على ديناميّات التّكنولوجيا العسكريّة. وأنَّ انتقال التّكنولوجيا العسكريّة بين الدّول يلعب دوراً مؤثراً في توازن القوى الدّوليّة، والدّول الرائدة في اعتماد التّقنيّات العسكريّة تحقق تفوقًا إستراتيجيًا، بالإضافة إلى أنَّ زيادة معدل الإنفاق العسكري على مستوى العالم تعكس حجم التحديّات الأمنيّة وتأكيدًا على الأهميّة المتزايدة لقطاع الدّفاع، وأنَّ استمرار التّطور التّكنولوجي العسكري يتنبأ بزيادة التّوترات وعدم الاستقرار الدّولي، مع توقع تحول النّظام الدّولي نحو هيكل متعدد الأقطاب بين 2023 و2030.
This study aimed to understand the nature of the military technological evolution, elucidate the key military technologies contributing to enhancing military capabilities, and evaluate the impact of these technologies on global military balance. Additionally, it sought to identify the main characteristics distinguishing the phenomenon of revolution in a military context, analyze how military spending affects international balance of military power, and examine how technological development can influence the balance of military power among nations. The study utilized an inductive approach, concluding that military technological evolution significantly enhances the capabilities of military forces by improving weapon systems and adopting modern technologies. This enhances strategic impact and the ability to address security challenges for nations. Furthermore, the study revealed that increased international tension stimulates higher military spending and investment in military research and development, reflecting the influence of political factors on the dynamics of military technology. The transfer of military technology between nations plays a substantial role in international power balance, with leading nations in adopting military technologies gaining strategic superiority. The rise in global military expenditure reflects the magnitude of security challenges, confirming the growing importance of the defense sector. The continued evolution of military technology forecasts an increase in international tensions and instability, with an expected shift toward a multipolar structure in the international system between 2023 and 2030
المراحل الانتقالية في النظام السياسي الليبي وأنعكاساتها على تحديات بناء الدولة بعد عام 2011م
No full textهدفت الدراسة لتحليل نطورات المراحل الانتقالية في النظام السياسي الليبي خلال المراحل الإنتقالبة، وأنعكاساتها على تحديات بناء الدولة بعد عام 2011م، واعتمدت الدراسة على استخدام المنهج الوصفي التحليلي، وإطار تحليل النظم، وخلصت الدراسة الى أن المراحل الانتقالية التي شهدتها ليبيا بعد الثورة في عام 2011م، أسهمت بشكل جلي في بروز تحدبات لإعادة بناء الدولة الليبية، وبرز ذلك بشكل واضح في ضعفها في الوصول إلى توافق بين القوى السياسية حول التأسيس لمرحلة بناء المؤسسات الدستورية والقانونية، وتكوين السلطة التنفيذية والأجهزة الأمنية التي تعمل لحماية مكتسبات الثورة وتضمن الأمن والاستقرار في ليبيا، وذلك لضعف تركيزها على قضية المصالحة الوطنية، كونها مرتكز أساسي في المرحلة الانتقالية، مما عزز من إنتشار الجماعات المسلحة وأضعف عمل الجيش والأجهزة الأمنية، وهو ما إنعكس بشكل سلبي على عملية إعادة بناء الدولة في ليبيا، وأسهم في تزايد حدة الصراع بين القوى السياسية في ليبيا، وانتشار الفوضى، وتوصي الدراسة بأهمية تغليب المصلحة الوطنية للقوى السياسية الليبية والحد من النعرات القبلية، والجهوية، لخلق مناخ سياسي مناسب لقيام المؤسسات الحكومية بدور فاعل لتحقيق عملية إعادة بناء الدولة في ليبيا.
The study aimed to analyze the developments of the transitional stages in the Libyan political system during the transitional stages, and their repercussions on the challenges of building the state after 2011. The study relied on the use of the descriptive analytical approach and the framework of systems analysis. The study concluded that the transitional stages witnessed by Libya after the revolution in 2011 contributed clearly to the emergence of challenges to rebuilding the Libyan state. This was clearly evident in its weakness in reaching a consensus between the political forces on establishing the stage of building constitutional and legal institutions, and forming the executive authority and security agencies that work to protect the gains of the revolution and ensure security and stability in Libya. This is due to its weak focus on the issue of national reconciliation, as it is a fundamental pillar in the transitional stage, which strengthened the spread of armed groups and weakened the work of the army and security agencies, which negatively affected the process of rebuilding the state in Libya, and contributed to the escalation of the conflict between the political forces in Libya, and the spread of chaos. The study recommends the importance of giving priority to the national interest of the Libyan political forces and reducing tribal and regional tendencies, to create a political climate Suitable for government institutions to play an active role in achieving the process of rebuilding the state in Libya
حقوق الإنسان: دراسة مقارنة بين التشريع الإسلامي والقانون الدولي
No full textهدفت الدراسة إلى التعرف على مفهوم حقوق الإنسان، وبيان مصادرها وأنواعها، وبيان موقف الشريعة الإسلامية من حقوق الإنسان، وإبراز أهم المواثيق الدولية التي أصّلت لحقوق الإنسان، وتوضيح أوجه التشابه والاختلاف بين حقوق الإنسان كما وردت في الشريعة الإسلامية، والقوانين الوضعية. ولتحقيق هذه الأهداف اتبعت الدراسة المنهج الوصفي التحليلي والمنهج المقارن. وقد تحققت الدراسة من صحة فرضيتها الرئيسة والتي مفادها: وجود اختلافات جوهرية في حقوق الإنسان التي رسختها الشريعة الإسلامية، وتلك التي نصت عليها المواثيق الدولية ، حيث اتضح أن حقوق الإنسان في الشريعة الإسلامية والقانون الدولي متشابهة، ولكنها تختلف في العديد من الخصائص ممثلةً بمصدر الحقوق، وصفة الإلزام، وصفة القدم، وصفة الشمول، وصفة الثبات، وصفة الوجوب، وصفة الحماية من الانتهاك. وفي ضوء ما تم التوصل إليه من نتائج، أوصت الدراسة بتوعية الأجيال العربية بأن حقوقهم مكفولة وممنوحة لهم من الشريعة الإسلامية التي سبقت أية اتفاقيات ومواثيق وعهود دولية في هذا السياق، وتضمين حقوق الإنسان كما وردت في الإسلام في المناهج المدرسية وتعليم النشء على احترام تلك الحقوق، وخصوصاً تلك المتعلقة باحترام الآخر، والكرامة الإنسانية، واحترام حرية التعبير، واحترام حرية المعتقد.
This study aimed to identify the concept of human rights, to indicate its sources and types, to explain the position of Islamic law on human rights, and to highlight the most important international conventions that established human rights, and to clarify the similarities and differences between human rights as stated in Islamic law, and man-made laws. To achieve these objectives, the study followed the descriptive analytical approach and the comparative approach. The study verified the validity of its main hypothesis, which states: The existence of fundamental differences in human rights established by Islamic law and those stipulated in international conventions; Where it turned out that human rights in Islamic law and international law are similar, but they differ in many characteristics represented by the source of rights, the description of obligation, the description of antiquity, comprehensiveness, constancy, obligation, and protection from violation. In light of the results obtained, the study recommended educating the Arab generations that their rights are guaranteed and granted to them by the Islamic Sharia, which preceded any international agreements, covenants and covenants in this context, and including human rights as mentioned in Islam in school curricula and teaching young people to respect those rights, especially those related to respect for others, human dignity, respect for freedom of expression, and respect for freedom of belief
علاقة أنماط التنشئة الإجتماعية في تشكيل ثقافة الخوف لدى الشباب الأردني
No full textهدفت الدراسة التعرف إلى علاقة أنماط التنشئة الاجتماعية بتشكيل ثقافة الخوف لدى الشباب الأردني، اعتمدت الدراسة على المنهج الوصفي التحليلي، وتكون مجتمع الدراسة من (200) شباب من الشباب الأردنيين من الذكور والإناث في هيئة شباب كلنا الأردن، وتكونت عينة الدراسة من (26) شاباً وشابة ومنهم (13) ذكراً و (13) إناث، وتتراوح أعمارهم من (19-35) من الشباب المتواجدين في هيئة شباب كلنا الأردن، وتم التوصل إليهم من خلال العينة المتيسرة، وتم استخدام المقابلة كأداة لجمع البيانات حيث شملت أربعة محاور. وتوصلت الدراسة إلى أن الشباب الذي يمارس عليهم النمط التسلطي كانت نسبتهم (50%)، في حين أن الشباب الذي يمارس عليهم النمط الديمقراطي كانت نسبتهم (38%)، أما الشباب الذي يمارس عليهم نمط الحماية الزائدة كانت نسبتهم (12%)، وتبين بأن هناك دوراً لكل من النمط التسلطي ونمط الحماية الزائدة في تشكيل ثقافة الخوف لدى الشباب، أما فيما يتعلق بالنمط الديمقراطي، فقد ساهم في تشكيل شخصية مستقلة سوية قادرة على التغلب على الخوف.
The study aimed to identify the relationship of socialization patterns and the formation of a culture of fear among Jordanian youth. The study relied on the descriptive analytical approach. The study population consisted of (200) young Jordanians, males and females, in the All Jordan Youth Commission, and the study sample consisted of (26) young men and women, including (13) males and (13) females, their ages range from (19-35), and they were reached through the interview was used as a data collection tool, as it included four axes. The study found that the youth who practice the authoritarian style were (50%), while the youth who practice the democratic style were (38%), while the youth who practice the overprotection pattern were (12%), and it was found that there is a role for both the authoritarian style and the overprotection pattern in shaping the culture of fear among young people, as for the democratic style, it contributed to the formation of an independent personality together capable of overcoming fear
Control Strategies in Wind Energy Systems: A Comprehensive Overview
No full textThis paper reviews different control methods used in wind energy systems to improve how they work and connect to the power grid. It covers simple control methods like Proportional-Integral (PI) controllers, as well as more advanced ones like Sliding Mode Control and intelligent controls such as fuzzy logic and neural networks. The strengths and weaknesses of each method are discussed, focusing on how well they handle changes in wind and load, keep power quality high, and stay stable. Challenges like system complexity and unpredictable wind are also explained. The paper ends by suggesting that future work should focus on combining different control methods to make wind energy systems more reliable and efficient
Experimental Investigation on the Effect of using gasoline with commercial additives on Spark Ignition Engines performance and Emissions Characteristic
No full textGasoline is the primary source of energy in combustion engines, despite some drawbacks, such as knocking inside the engine, incomplete combustion, and the production of high emissions. The main trend has been toward the use of chemical additives as improvers, including oxidizing additives and aromatic hydrocarbon compounds. Both additives have an effect on the combustion process. Oxidizing additives improve the combustion process inside the chamber by adding additional oxygen to the fuel, which helps accelerate flame propagation, such as ethanol and oleo-octane plus. On the other hand, aromatic additives are used to increase the octane number, which in turn enhances the thermal stability of the fuel, such as toluene and cyclohexane (Thermol-p), but they can also increase the exhaust temperature. In this research, a practical experiment was studied using a 4-stroke single-chamber air-cooled gasoline engine with five fuel additives, one of which was at double concentrations. To study the BTE, BSFC and exhaust emissions from each of them at four loads (no load, 1000, 2000, 3000, 3500) kW and a constant engine speed of about 1500 RPM . The 50mm ethanol blend achieved the highest BTE of 22.98% compared to 18.68% for conventional gasoline (a 23% improvement), and the lowest BSFC of 396g/kWh compared to 484g/kWh (a 18.2% decrease). This was followed by the 100mm toluene blend with an efficiency of 24.01% (+28.5%) and a BSFC of 378g/kWh (-21.9%). In terms of emissions, the HC oxygenate additives reduced emissions by -42.9% (ethanol: 12.75 ppm versus gasoline: 22.35 ppm), while Thermol-P increased emissions by +31.8% (29.48 ppm). NOx increased by +40% with toluene (2040 ppm vs. 1458 ppm for gasoline), while remaining moderate with ethanol (1542 ppm). CO2 emissions remained roughly constant (0.05%), while CO₂ increased with ethanol (10.62%) and toluene (10.81%) compared to gasoline (9.64%). The results show that ethanol offers the best balance between performance and the environment, while toluene significantly enhances efficiency but increases NOx, while Thermol-P performs poorly in terms of emissions
Performance Enhancement of EV Drive System under Open-Phase Fault Using Reinforcement Learning with MPC
No full textImproving the operation of electric vehicles (EVs) under fault is a very important subject because it increases their ability to operate in case of an emergency. This paper proposes a fault-tolerant control methodology for an EV drive system under open phase fault (OPF). The 5-ph interior permanent magnet synchronous motor (IPMSM) is employed in the drive system because it has several merits, such as high efficiency and reliability. The proposed technique is based on utilizing a reinforcement learning (RL) control algorithm, based twin-delayed deep deterministic policy gradient (TD3) algorithm, to operate the motor at maximum torque per ampere under OPF. This technique is compared with the PI-online tuning method that employs fuzzy logic control (FLC). The torque ripples are minimized using the model predictive control with a constructed cost function. The European drive cycle (ECE-15) is used to test the performance of the proposed technique. This technique is verified by obtaining simulation results using the MATLAB Simulink package. The results of the simulation indicate that the proposed control strategy results in superior performance as it achieved lower values of mean square error, integral square error, and percentage overshoot compared with the classical PI online tuning using FLC
Multi-Modal COVID-19 Detection Using Cough Sounds and Medical Information with Attention-Enhanced Deep Learning
No full textThe COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted the need for fast, non-invasive, and cost-effective diagnostic tools. Cough sounds, as a prominent symptom of respiratory diseases, present a promising modality for automated COVID-19 detection. In this study, we propose a novel multi-modal deep learning framework for COVID-19 detection that leverages cough sounds and patient-specific medical information. Our approach extracts two types of acoustic features—Mel-Frequency Cepstral Coefficients (MFCCs) and Mel spectrograms—and integrates them with clinical metadata to improve diagnostic ac-curacy. The MFCC branch employs 1D convolutional layers followed by Efficient Channel Attention mechanism. The Mel spectrogram branch utilizes ResNet-50 combined with ECA to capture spatial and frequency-level patterns. Medical information is processed through fully connected layers. Outputs from all three branches are concatenated and passed through fully connected layers for final classification. The framework was evaluated on publicly available datasets, including COUGHVID and Coswara. Experimental results show that our method achieves an average Area Under the Receiver Operating Characteristic Curve (AUC) of 90.1%, outperforming existing approaches in the literature, which report average AUCs of 88.5% and 77.1%. These findings highlight the potential of the proposed approach as a reliable and accessible tool for COVID-19 detection
Cyclic combustion pressure dynamics of a diesel engine operating on waste frying oil biodiesel blends using wavelets
No full textThis paper investigates the cyclic combustion pressure dynamics of a single-cylinder diesel engine burning waste frying oil biodiesel blends, employing statistical analysis and continuous wavelet transform (CWT) to evaluate combustion stability. Experiments were conducted at a constant engine load (90%) and speed (1500 rpm), with in-cylinder pressure data collected over 400 consecutive cycles for conventional diesel (RD) and biodiesel blends (UB10, UB30, UB50). Results demonstrate that biodiesel blends marginally reduce average peak cylinder pressure (PP) by 0.3–3.8% while lowering PP variability, evidenced by declining coefficients of variation (COV-PP: 1.27–1.48%), attributed to biodiesel’s elevated viscosity promoting consistent fuel-air mixing. Conversely, mean indicated pressure (MIP) variability (COV-MIP: 3.15–4.64%) increases with biodiesel content, though remaining below the 10% threshold for operational instability. Wavelet analysis reveals distinct combustion dynamics: diesel exhibits high-frequency, intermittent oscillations, whereas biodiesel blends display sustained low-frequency periodicities linked to prolonged combustion phasing. Global wavelet spectrum (GWS) values rise progressively (7.01–12.9) with biodiesel content, quantifying amplified cyclic variability. These findings validate waste-derived biodiesel as a sustainable alternative, balancing environmental benefits with acceptable engine performance. The integration of wavelet-based signal processing advances combustion diagnostics, offering insights for optimizing alternative fuels in compression ignition engine
The Competencies Required for Teachers of the Gifted Education Resource Rooms in Jordan in Light of International Standards for Gifted Education
No full textThe study aimed to identify the future competencies required for teachers of the Jordanian gifted resource rooms, considering international standards for gifted education. The sample consisted of 70 male and female principals from schools containing gifted resource rooms, and 309 educational supervisors. The results showed that the field of vocational education ranked first, with a mean score of 3.69. The educational environment ranked second with a mean of 3.66, followed by growth characteristics of learning in third place with a mean of 3.65. Next was the field of evaluation, which ranked fourth with a mean of 3.64, and lesson planning in fifth place with a mean of 3.63. The results indicated statistically significant differences at the significance level (α = 0.05) based on educational qualification, favoring the Bachelor’s and Master’s categories. Regarding the variable years of experience, differences were significant, favoring teachers with less than 5 years of experience and those with more than 10 years. For the variable region, differences were also significant, favoring the south. No statistically significant differences were found concerning the variables job title, gender, and job rank. The study concluded with a recommendation for enrolling male and female teachers of the Jordanian gifted resource rooms in specialized training courses related to giftedness.
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