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Mechanisms for Settlement of Disputes through Judicial Means in the World Trade Organization
No full textThis study aimed to outline the main features of the judicial dispute settlement mechanism as a “global” procedure applicable to all World Trade Organization (WTO) members, particularly after the failure of the dispute settlement system under the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT). The mechanism involves consultations, the Dispute Settlement Body (2000), arbitration, and the Appellate Body. It is designed as the primary method for resolving disputes between member states, emphasizing a collective approach rather than unilateral action closer to a judicial settlement. The study analyzes ambiguities surrounding the judicial dispute settlement mechanisms in the WTO, as governed by the Understanding on Rules and Procedures Governing the Settlement of Disputes (DSU), and examines their impact on developing countries. This research is structured into two sections: the first section discusses the dispute settlement system in the WTO, and the second section focuses on judicial dispute settlement procedures and the implementation of recommendations
Prophetic Hadiths (Traditions) Considered Defected by Ibn Kathir under the Chapter of the Prophet\u27s Migration in his Work Al-Bidaya wa al-Nihaya and his Methodology in Addressing them
No full textOccasions have become numerous in the Islamic world to the extent that some consider them to be festivals. One such occasion is the Prophet’s Migration, for which many Hadiths (Traditions) have been narrated. Many orators and preachers have taken it upon themselves to mention these narrations, aiming to determine whether they are authentic or fabricated. However, some well-versed scholars dedicated themselves to clarifying the status of these narrations and evaluating their authenticity. One of these scholars was Al-Hafiz Ibn Kathir, who examined them closely in his famous work Al-Bidaya wa al-Nihaya (The Beginning and the End), highlighting which narrations were sound and which were doubtful. I have chosen to explore this topic by presenting Ibn Kathir’s comments on the narrations that he regarded as defective and comparing his evaluations with those of other scholars. The first section discusses Ibn Kathir’s biography, his works, and his method in mentioning narrations. The second section examines closely the narrations evaluated by Ibn Kathir under the chapter of the Prophet’s Migration. The analysis revealed that when mentioning weak narrations, he (Ibn Kathir) committed to indicating the level of their weakness. He explicitly stated that he does not establish anything on his own but relies on the authenticity or good integrity of the chain of narration (isnad). The study concluded with some key findings
The American Media Strategy and its Role in Implementing U.S. Foreign Policy toward Egypt
No full textThe study aimed to investigate the role of the American media strategy as one of the smart power tools in implementing U.S. foreign policy in Egypt. To achieve the study\u27s objectives, it employed a descriptive analytical approach, as well as a historical and interdisciplinary approach. The study reached several key findings: the American media strategy is highly aligned with the American political agenda; research centers, intellectuals, and political leaders play significant roles in shaping U.S. foreign policy and influencing its media strategy; and the strategy\u27s orientation toward the Arab region has contributed to its success as a smart power tool in executing U.S. foreign policy in Egypt. The study recommends the need to develop an Arab media strategy that adopts a clear and specific vision, considering the developments of the modern age from all sides, in order to counter the influence of American media. It emphasizes the importance of focusing on Arab possibilities and capabilities and employing them in a scientific manner according to a clear Arab strategy to counteract the American strategy aimed at dominating the Arab region and its resources. Additionally, it suggests leveraging the potential and capabilities of the Arab region in Arab policies toward the United States to serve Arab interests, aiming to exit chaos and instability through a strategic perspective on U.S. policy toward the Arab region
The Effect of the Hot Seat Strategy on Listening Comprehension Skills in the Arabic Language Subject among Ninth Grade Female Students in Jordan
No full textThe study aimed to investigate the effect of the Hot Seat strategy on listening comprehension skills in Arabic among ninth-grade female students at Al Mazar Secondary Comprehensive School, under the Northern Mazar District Education Directorate. The participants consisted of 67 female students selected by the convenience sampling method. The students were divided into two groups: an experimental group and a control group. Prior to the intervention, all students were pretested in listening comprehension skills at the beginning of the second semester of 2018/2019. The experimental group received training on listening comprehension skills using the Hot Seat strategy, while the control group was taught using traditional methods. The training lasted for 60 days, comprising 16 listening sessions, each lasting 45 minutes. The post-test analysis revealed statistically significant differences in listening comprehension skills, favoring the experimental group
The Relationship between the Level of Optimism and the Performance of Volleyball Players in the Premier League in the West Bank
No full textThe current study aimed to identify the relationship between the level of optimism and the performance of volleyball players in the Premier League in the West Bank. The researchers adopted a descriptive approach to suit the nature of the study. The sample consisted of 45 players, representing 42% of the original population. A measure of optimism, designed by the researchers after reviewing relevant educational literature and previous studies, was administered to the participants. To analyze the data, the researchers used One-Way ANOVA and T-tests. Among the most important findings was that the level of optimism among high-performing volleyball players in the West Bank is high. Additionally, the results indicated that the level of optimism plays a significant role in players’ performance. The study also found that variables such as playing position, years of experience, and age did not influence the level of optimism among these excellent volleyball players. Based on these findings, the researchers recommend conducting further studies on optimism and its relationship to team performance
علاقة أنماط التنشئة الإجتماعية في تشكيل ثقافة الخوف لدى الشباب الأردني
No full textهدفت الدراسة التعرف إلى علاقة أنماط التنشئة الاجتماعية بتشكيل ثقافة الخوف لدى الشباب الأردني، اعتمدت الدراسة على المنهج الوصفي التحليلي، وتكون مجتمع الدراسة من (200) شباب من الشباب الأردنيين من الذكور والإناث في هيئة شباب كلنا الأردن، وتكونت عينة الدراسة من (26) شاباً وشابة ومنهم (13) ذكراً و (13) إناث، وتتراوح أعمارهم من (19-35) من الشباب المتواجدين في هيئة شباب كلنا الأردن، وتم التوصل إليهم من خلال العينة المتيسرة، وتم استخدام المقابلة كأداة لجمع البيانات حيث شملت أربعة محاور. وتوصلت الدراسة إلى أن الشباب الذي يمارس عليهم النمط التسلطي كانت نسبتهم (50%)، في حين أن الشباب الذي يمارس عليهم النمط الديمقراطي كانت نسبتهم (38%)، أما الشباب الذي يمارس عليهم نمط الحماية الزائدة كانت نسبتهم (12%)، وتبين بأن هناك دوراً لكل من النمط التسلطي ونمط الحماية الزائدة في تشكيل ثقافة الخوف لدى الشباب، أما فيما يتعلق بالنمط الديمقراطي، فقد أسهم في تشكيل شخصية مستقلة سوية قادرة على التغلب على الخوف
The study aimed to identify the relationship of socialization patterns with the formation of a culture of fear among Jordanian youth. The study relied on the descriptive analytical approach. The study population consisted of (200) young Jordanians, males and females, in the All Jordan Youth Commission, and the study sample consisted of (26) young men and women, including (13) males and (13) females, their ages range from (19-35), and they were reached through the interview was used as a data collection tool, as it included four axes. The study found that the youth who practice the authoritarian style were (50%), while the youth who practice the democratic style were (38%), while the youth who practice the overprotection pattern were (12%), and it was found that there is a role for both the authoritarian style and the overprotection pattern in shaping the culture of fear among young people, as for the democratic style, it contributed to the formation of an independent personality together capable of overcoming fea
Designing Childhood Spaces: Towards an Architecture that Responds to the Child’s Innate Needs and Enhances Interaction
No full text: The creation of a building for children is no longer just a shelter, but rather a spatial unit for 2020, a diverse and generally direct difference in building the child\u27s personality, which limits the strengthening of control over the child on the one hand, and the direction in which he lives. It is a loud cry, one that is diverse: children have realized us, and the reference to the cry is that we find ourselves participating in dealing properly with children and also in society years later. It is believed that attention to children during the preschool stage significantly impacts their development in physical, mental, and social aspects. Comparative study of physical and mental social elements, meaning recording and monitoring the influence of specific proportions—an appropriate proportion between the child and the space—highlights the distinct, differentiated nature of the two research areas (child and urban perfection). While the framework and its urban product represent human activities of a material nature, the study of the child\u27s environment and its non-material dimensions is based on a conscious and precise perception of the nature within which cultural and societal systems develop. This attempt aims to understand the dimensions between the child and experience, and the extent to which this influences the development of urban design standards. Therefore, the research emphasizes the importance of linking education and play together in creating and shaping a healthy environment for the child, as play is part of the child\u27s dialogue with their own world, using all five senses to develop the concept of perception, whether through touch, smell, or taste. In addition to exploring two main axes, the first axis discusses the educational focus in the comprehensive stage, complementing the child\u27s history and development in all its elements, both physical and mental, at its various stages. It emphasizes the focus on shaping the child\u27s mentality as a whole, and sheds light on the fundamentals of play at each stage, as a basis for the educational, social, and therapeutic importance of play and its impact on the child\u27s mentality. The second axis presents the role of innovative technology as a supportive environment in shaping the child\u27s mentality and acquiring their imaginative abilities through the child\u27s basic needs for various materials, their coordination, and their internal equipment, leading to the general conclusions and recommendations
The Challenges Faced by Teachers in Administering Specially Developed Classes in East Jerusalem Schools
No full textThis study aimed to identify the challenges faced by teachers in administering specially developed classes in East Jerusalem schools from the teachers’ perspective. A descriptive survey approach was employed, targeting a sample of 125 male and female teachers in the region. Data were collected using a questionnaire consisting of 57 items. Three independent variables were examined: teacher’s gender, educational stage, and years of experience. The results indicated that teachers perceived the level of challenges as high. Additionally, significant statistical differences were found at the (α = 0.05) level between the means of two domains—school administration and teacher—in relation to the educational stage variable, with the preparatory school stage showing higher scores in both domains. However, no significant differences were observed in the Curriculum, School Environment, and Parent domains concerning the educational stage variable, nor in the overall instrument. Furthermore, no significant differences were found based on gender or years of experience, either overall or within the specific domains. The study recommends providing training programs aimed at increasing awareness among school administrations in East Jerusalem, parents of students, about special education concepts, and the importance of the developed special class in addressing the issues and challenges faced by students with special needs
Le recours aux procédés de reformulation dans les articles scientifiques de vulgarisation
No full textReformulation as a (metadiscursive) linguistic device is often used by science journalists to convey specific scientific knowledge to often uninitiated readers. It generally consists of repeating the same words, the same discourse in another way. It manifests itself particularly in scientific, media etc. This communication aims to show the importance of reformulation in the transmission of scientific knowledge related to the field of health. Our objective is to see in what circumstances the scientific journalist uses the processes of reformulation. The data analyzed come from a corpus composed of a set of journalistic articles dealing with subjects related to the field of health, written in French and disseminated online. In short, our task is to identify the various means used by the popularizing journalist to transform the source scientific discourse, intended for specialists, into a popularized discourse intended for the lay public
You Tube et les représentations de la femme dans le contexte multilingue marocain
No full textNew forms of communication and expression have emerged through the participatory web and its numerous Digital Social Networks. This infutation is in a constant global progression. Our country has a total of 31.59 million Internet users, 63.4% of which are on social media.
This new digital discursivity has allowed them to express themselves anonymously on all types of subjects and also to openly broadcast their personal representations.
This article will examine how YouTube contributes to the broadcasting of women\u27s representations. We also intend to highlight the correlation between the choice of language, the speaker\u27s gender and the position expressed.
In a multilingual Morocco, this virtual linguistic mobility has a social linguistic but also a social discursive dimension. Through a corpus of conversations selected from You Tube videos, we will demonstrate the relationship between linguistic choice, gender and the suggested vision of women