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Exploring the potential for music therapy to support 21st Century education goals: interviews with six Norwegian teachers
Get PDFSchool engagement is a global crisis predicted to intensify in the context of COVID-19. As a consequence, education agendas have increasingly adopted whole-child and inclusive approaches, leading to new mandates and curriculums designed to curb the associated individual and social outcomes of school dropout. Yet, teachers are often left to implement these initiatives with little to no support, and within the context of competing neoliberal aims. The subsequent pressure on teachers undermines whole-child and inclusive approaches, and has led to calls for increased teacher support. This includes support in novel teaching and learning approaches which meet the needs of a greater range of students. To investigate the potential role that music can play in this space, the present paper explores the experiences and attitudes of six Norwegian educators who attended two university-accredited continuing education courses on the use of music therapy with adolescents. Interviews sought to explore whether teachers gained new insights into the use of music in the contemporary Norwegian school context. Results showed that teachers did grow their understanding of how music can be used in schools, with a focus on the ability to use music to teach the new Norwegian curriculum. Findings also revealed the challenges faced by teachers wanting to use music in this way. Overall, results suggest music does offer great potential in contemporary school contexts, particularly when its implementation is informed by music therapy theory. Findings have implications for schools, educators, and policymakers.acceptedVersionpublishedVersio
Carbonate compensation depth drives abyssal biogeography in the northeast Pacific
Get PDFAbyssal seafloor communities cover more than 60% of Earth’s surface. Despite their great size, abyssal plains extend across modest environmental gradients compared to other marine ecosystems. However, little is known about the patterns and processes regulating biodiversity or potentially delimiting biogeographical boundaries at regional scales in the abyss. Improved macroecological understanding of remote abyssal environments is urgent as threats of widespread anthropogenic disturbance grow in the deep ocean. Here, we use a new, basin-scale dataset to show the existence of clear regional zonation in abyssal communities across the 5,000 km span of the Clarion–Clipperton Zone (northeast Pacific), an area targeted for deep-sea mining. We found two pronounced biogeographic provinces, deep and shallow-abyssal, separated by a transition zone between 4,300 and 4,800 m depth. Surprisingly, species richness was maintained across this boundary by phylum-level taxonomic replacements. These regional transitions are probably related to calcium carbonate saturation boundaries as taxa dependent on calcium carbonate structures, such as shelled molluscs, appear restricted to the shallower province. Our results suggest geochemical and climatic forcing on distributions of abyssal populations over large spatial scales and provide a potential paradigm for deep-sea macroecology, opening a new basis for regional-scale biodiversity research and conservation strategies in Earth’s largest biome.publishedVersio
Assessing the occurrence of egg stranding for trout and salmon in a regulated river
Get PDFA key challenge in many regulated rivers is to define adequate flow levels to protect aquatic organisms. Provisioning of suitable flow can be pivotal bottlenecks for fishes such as salmon and trout that use the riverbed as an incubation habitat. Additionally, the locations where females spawn will define the probability that embryos will be dewatered during the incubation period in a regulated flow regime. We investigated the water flow, dewatering, and incubation mortality in Atlantic salmon and brown trout in natural nests over 19 years in the regulated Bjoreio River in western Norway. During the study period, different flow strategies were applied to mitigate the dewatering of incubating salmon and trout embryos. Average survival in nests sampled in late winter ranged from 54% to 92% among years and was significantly correlated with the minimum water flow occurring during the incubation period. Mortality was significantly higher in nests in shallow areas, reflecting nests exposed to dewatering. The results demonstrate a strong link between incubation mortality and managed flow regimes for river spawning salmonids. Using detailed information on the nest location and incubation mortality, we estimate minimum flow requirements for this river and demonstrate an approach to effectively mitigate the impact of river regulations on embryo survival in Atlantic salmon and brown trout.publishedVersio
Negative Life Events, Protective Factors, and Substance-Related Problems: A Study of Resilience in Adolescence
Get PDFBackground There is compelling evidence for an association between negative life events (NLE) and substance-related problems (SRP) during adolescence. The literature is, however, still limited with regards to protective factors for SRP among adolescents exposed to NLE. Methods A large population-based survey including 9,611 Norwegian adolescents aged 16 to 19 years, comprised the dataset of this study. The main explanatory variable was NLE. The main outcome variable was SRP, assessed by the CRAFFT scale. Potential protective factors were measured with five subscales from the Resilience Scale for Adolescents (READ) questionnaire. The potential protective factors and sex were explored as moderators for the associations between NLE and SRP. Results NLE were strongly associated with SRP. Four out of five potential protective factors (i.e., Goal Orientation, Self-confidence, Family Cohesion, and Social Support) showed evidence of a protective-stabilizing effect. Even if they had protective effect across all levels of exposure to NLE, these effects were even stronger for adolescents with high exposure. For Family Cohesion a protective-stabilizing effect was only evident for boys, while a direct protective effect was found for girls. Finally, Social Competence was the only factor that did not show any evidence of promoting resilience toward SRP. Conclusions NLE had a strong relation with SRP in this study. Protective factors buffered against SRP for all adolescents – but particularly so for adolescents who had high exposure to NLE. These findings highlight the need for preventive efforts to strengthen protective factors that may promote resilience among adolescents at risk for SRP.publishedVersio
Capital, Inequality, and Volunteering: A Bourdieusian Perspective
Get PDFIn this paper, I adopt Pierre Bourdieu's theoretical and methodological framework to investigate patterns of inequality in volunteering fields and practices in Norway. Multiple correspondence analyses of national survey data indicate a hierarchically structured social space in Norway according to total volume of capital, while the positioning of different volunteer fields and practices seems to be more egalitarian with regard to capital possession, with some exceptions. This resonates well with established notions of the Norwegian civil society model as social democratic and egalitarian. Based on the discussions and findings, and considering growing social, cultural, and economic differences in many societies, I argue for a new volunteering research agenda better tailored for investigating social inequalities and differentiation in volunteering in different societal contexts, providing a new vantage point for understanding and explaining such inequalities.publishedVersio
Sea Ice-Driven Variability in the Pacific Subantarctic Mode Water Formation Regions
Get PDFWell-mixed mode waters that form in the north of the Southern Ocean are particularly important to the ocean absorption of heat and CO2 from the atmosphere. Two types of mode water form in the Pacific sector of the Southern Ocean: a Central pool and a Southeast pool. Both have shown significant year-to-year variability in recent decades. Variability in the regions where these waters form is shown to be due to changes in air-sea fluxes, horizontal advection, and the upward transport of deeper water. Transport of freshwater into the mode water formation regions is shown to be correlated with year-to-year changes in sea ice area in the Ross Sea and in the Amundsen/Bellingshausen seas. The results suggest that it takes around 6 months for sea ice melt from the Amundsen/Bellingshausen seas to reach the southeast mode water region, and up to 2 years for freshwater from the Ross Sea to reach both mode water formation sites. In 2015, Amundsen/Bellingshausen sea ice was particularly high, leading to more freshwater being transported to the southeast mode water site the following spring/summer. A huge decrease in winter sea ice in 2016 then caused the opposite, and salinity at the formation site was unusually high.publishedVersio
The stability of present-day Antarctic grounding lines-Part 1: No indication of marine ice sheet instability in the current geometry
Get PDFTheoretical and numerical work has shown that under certain circumstances grounding lines of marine-type ice sheets can enter phases of irreversible advance and retreat driven by the marine ice sheet instability (MISI). Instances of such irreversible retreat have been found in several simulations of the Antarctic Ice Sheet. However, it has not been assessed whether the Antarctic grounding lines are already undergoing MISI in their current position. Here, we conduct a systematic numerical stability analysis using three state-of-the-art ice sheet models: Úa, Elmer/Ice, and the Parallel Ice Sheet Model (PISM). For the first two models, we construct steady-state initial configurations whereby the simulated grounding lines remain at the observed present-day positions through time. The third model, PISM, uses a spin-up procedure and historical forcing such that its transient state is close to the observed one. To assess the stability of these simulated states, we apply short-term perturbations to submarine melting. Our results show that the grounding lines around Antarctica migrate slightly away from their initial position while the perturbation is applied, and they revert once the perturbation is removed. This indicates that present-day retreat of Antarctic grounding lines is not yet irreversible or self-sustained. However, our accompanying paper (Part 2, Reese et al., 2023a) shows that if the grounding lines retreated further inland, under present-day climate forcing, it may lead to the eventual irreversible collapse of some marine regions of West Antarctica.publishedVersio
Habitatkartlegging av Gaula i Sunnfjord, 2022
Get PDFPå oppdrag fra Gaula Elveeigarlag har NORCE LFI kartlagt den anadrome delen av Gaula. Resultatene fra kartleggingen er benyttet til å identifisere flaskehalser for fiskeproduksjonen, samt å foreslå tiltak for å bedre det fysiske habitatet og dermed også fiskeproduksjonen i vassdraget. I tillegg til kartlegging ble det også gjennomført befaring i noen sidebekker til vassdraget. Gaula har generelt bra med gyteområder for laks- og sjøaure, og den sannsynlige flaskehalsen for fiskeproduksjonen i vassdraget er mangel på skjultilgang for ungfisk. Mangelen på skjul er hovedsakelig naturlig som følge av lav gradient og påfølgende sedimentering av sand. Trolig har også endret arealbruk langs vassdraget (herunder jordbruk, avskoging, veibygging, industri o.l.) bidratt til redusert skjultilgang gjennom økt tilsig av finsedimenter og redusert tilførsel av døde trær, rotvelter og andre strukturer som kan skape skjul i elver med lav gradient. Aktuelle tiltak i vassdrag er å reetablere kantvegetasjon, samt skjulforbedrende tiltak i form av utlegg av døde trær, og evt. også harving/ripping av en delstrekning.Habitatkartlegging av Gaula i Sunnfjord, 2022publishedVersio
Gytefisktelling i Suldalslågen høsten 2022
Get PDFVed drivtelling i Suldalslågen 22-23. november 2022 ble det registrert 1376 laks, fordelt på 280 smålaks, 686 mellomlaks og 410 storlaks, samt 1042 sjøaure. Blant 699 laks som var mulig å observere for merking, var 431 fettfinneklippet (dvs. 62 %), og stammer dermed fra smoltutsettigner fra klekkeriet. Som i tidligere drivtellinger var det en klar oppkonsentrering av fettfinneklippet fisk på elvestrekningen i nærheten av klekkeriet, men det var også en høyere andel fettfinneklippet laks i nedre del av vassdraget enn i øvre del. Tellingene ble gjennomført med fire observatører parallelt i elveprofilen, og observasjonsforholdene var gode. På generell basis vil drivtelling representere et minimumsestimat av gytebestanden, ettersom noe fisk vil kunne unngå tellemannskapet eller kan stå skjult på steder hvor de ikke blir observert. Vi anslår at tellingen fanger opp minimum 80 % av gytebestanden i elva ved undersøkelsestidspunktet.
Suldalslågen var det undersøkte vassdraget i Ryfylke med den høyeste gytebestanden av laks registret ved gytefisktellinger høsten 2022, og var også det mest fiskerike vassdraget dersom en inkluderer fangst (dvs innsig). Antall gytefisk i Suldalslågen er imidlertid lavt i forhold til elvearealet sammenliknet med andre laksebestander i Ryfylke. Gytebestanden består i tillegg av en betydelig andel fettfinneklippet laks med opphav fra smoltutsettinger. Dette tilsier at bestanden av naturlig rekruttert laks er svakere enn i de øvrige laksevassdragene i regionen.publishedVersio