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Veikart for sirkulærøkonomi i sjømatnæringen
Get PDFProsjektet er finansiert av Fiskeri- og havbruksnæringens forskningsfinansiering (FHF). Prosjektet har fremskaffet et bredt kunnskapsgrunnlag for videre utvikling av sirkulærøkonomi i sjømatnæringen.
Formålet var å levere en grundig kartlegging av status, kunnskapsbehov, muligheter og utfordringer som skal bidra til at næringen når forventningene om bedre ressursutnyttelse og redusere negative miljøeffekter. Det er utarbeidet en fagrapport1 samt dette veikartet. Veikartet peker på hva som skal til for å øke de sirkulære verdikjedene i sjømatnæringen.acceptedVersionpublishedVersio
Developmental learning disorders in children with prenatal/perinatal exposure to hypoxia: A systematic review protocol
Get PDFBackground Developmental learning disorder (DLD) belongs to neurodevelopmental disorders because it results from the developmental neurodiversity of the brain. The main causes of DLD are genetics, but environmental factors, like inadequate supply of oxygen during pregnancy or labor, are considered. Methods Our search strategy will consist of electronic databases (PubMed, PsycINFO, Web of Science, EMBASE, and Cochrane Library) and hand searching. The observational studies including cohort and case-control studies will be included. The primary outcome will be (DLD). Screening and eligibility will be done independently by two reviewers based on pre-specified eligibility criteria. Data extraction will be based on a pre-pilot data extraction form, and conducted by two authors independently. Study quality will be assessed by two authors independently. Any discrepancies identified at any stage of the review will be resolved by discussion or/and consultation with another reviewer. We plan a narrative and tabular summary of the findings. Discussion This systematic review of aetiology follows the traditional approach to evidence-based healthcare. This secondary research will assess the association between hypoxia and DLD by assessing the relationship of health-related event and outcome and examining the association between them. This review can provide information for healthcare professionals and policymakers indicating whether taking into account information about hypoxia should be permanently included in the diagnostic ontogenetic interview in the process of diagnosing neurodevelopmental disorders.publishedVersio
Two centuries of southwest Iceland annually-resolved marine temperature reconstructed from Arctica islandica shells
Get PDFIceland's exposure to major ocean current pathways of the central North Atlantic makes it a useful location for developing long-term proxy records of past marine climate. Such records provide more detailed understanding of the full range of past variability which is necessary to improve predictions of future changes. We constructed a 225-year (1791–2015 CE) master shell growth chronology from 29 shells of Arctica islandica collected at 100 m water depth in southwest Iceland (Faxaflói). The growth chronology provides a robust age model for shell oxygen isotope (δ18Oshell) data produced at annual resolution for 251 years (1765–2015 CE). The temperature reconstruction derived from δ18Oshell shows coherence with May–October local surface temperature records and sea surface temperatures in the North Atlantic region, suggesting it is a useful proxy indicator of water temperature variability at 100 m depth within Faxaflói. Field correlations between the shell-based records and gridded sea surface temperature data reveal strong positive correlations between the 1-year lagged shell growth and temperatures within the subpolar gyre post-1972, suggesting a delayed influence of subpolar gyre dynamics on ecological indicators in southwest Iceland in recent decades. However, the shell growth chronology and δ18Oshell record generally show relatively weak and insignificant correlations with larger region climate indices including the Atlantic Multidecadal Variability, North Atlantic Oscillation, and East Atlantic pattern. Therefore the interannual variations in the newly produced shell-based records appear to reflect more local to regional dynamics around southwest Iceland than large-scale modes of climate variability.publishedVersio
Voluntary work in the shadow of COVID-19: Experiences from a Norwegian-Russian border region in the Arctic
Get PDFThis commentary presents the results of a study on volunteering during the COVID-19 pandemic in two neighbouring regions in the Arctic –– Troms og Finnmark county in Norway and Murmansk oblast in Russia. Our research shows that volunteering is one of the most efficient crisis response tools and that it adds indispensable value to reducing the workload of public health and social care institutions in promoting health and well-being for vulnerable groups. In both Norway and Russia, responses to the pandemic included the rise of the volunteer movement, but volunteering has different traditions and scopes in the two countries. Established NGOs in Troms og Finnmark ounty took on new responsibilities for vulnerable groups. Such organizations were less developed in Murmansk oblast, and new volunteer structures in the form of united regional and municipal volunteer centres were quickly established in addition to existing organizations
On the climatic influence of CO2 forcing in the Pliocene
Get PDFUnderstanding the dominant climate forcings in the Pliocene is crucial to assessing the usefulness of the Pliocene as an analogue for our warmer future. Here, we implement a novel yet simple linear factorisation method to assess the relative influence of CO2 forcing in seven models of the Pliocene Model Intercomparison Project Phase 2 (PlioMIP2) ensemble. Outputs are termed “FCO2” and show the fraction of Pliocene climate change driven by CO2. The accuracy of the FCO2 method is first assessed through comparison to an energy balance analysis previously used to assess drivers of surface air temperature in the PlioMIP1 ensemble. After this assessment, the FCO2 method is applied to achieve an understanding of the drivers of Pliocene sea surface temperature and precipitation for the first time. CO2 is found to be the most important forcing in the ensemble for Pliocene surface air temperature (global mean FCO2=0.56), sea surface temperature (global mean FCO2=0.56), and precipitation (global mean FCO2=0.51). The range between individual models is found to be consistent between these three climate variables, and the models generally show good agreement on the sign of the most important forcing. Our results provide the most spatially complete view of the drivers of Pliocene climate to date and have implications for both data–model comparison and the use of the Pliocene as an analogue for the future. That CO2 is found to be the most important forcing reinforces the Pliocene as a good palaeoclimate analogue, but the significant effect of non-CO2 forcing at a regional scale (e.g. orography and ice sheet forcing at high latitudes) reminds us that it is not perfect, and these additional influencing factors must not be overlooked. This comparison is further complicated when considering the Pliocene as a state in quasi-equilibrium with CO2 forcing compared to the transient warming being experienced at present.publishedVersio
A Stochastic Covariance Shrinkage Approach in Ensemble Transform Kalman Filtering
Get PDFThe Ensemble Kalman Filters (EnKF) employ a Monte-Carlo approach to represent covariance information, and are affected by sampling errors in operational settings where the number of model realizations is much smaller than the model state dimension. To alleviate the effects of these errors EnKF relies on model-specific heuristics such as covariance localization, which takes advantage of the spatial locality of correlations among the model variables. This work proposes an approach to alleviate sampling errors that utilizes a locally averaged-in-time dynamics of the model, described in terms of a climatological covariance of the dynamical system. We use this covariance as the target matrix in covariance shrinkage methods, and develop a stochastic covariance shrinkage approach where synthetic ensemble members are drawn to enrich both the ensemble subspace and the ensemble transformation. We additionally provide for a way in which this methodology can be localized similar to the state-of-the-art LETKF method, and that for a certain model setup, our methodology significantly outperforms it.publishedVersio
Decision making in child protection emergency cases in Norway
Get PDFBackground Research on decision-making factors in child protection emergency cases is scarce, and even less is known about factors that can avert emergency placement. Objective This study aims to explore factors that distinguish emergency cases that conclude in emergency placement (EP) from emergency cases that conclude in averted emergency placement (AEP). Participants and setting The study is based on data from an electronic survey on child protection emergency work, completed by a national sample of child protection leaders (N = 154). Method The survey included questions on external and organisational conditions of the Child Protection Service (CPS), as well as descriptions, activities and assessments related to selected emergency cases. Sixty-three of the selected cases were concluded with EP and ninety-one cases were concluded with AEP. Group differences between EP and AEP cases were analysed using descriptive statistics and logistic regression analyses. Results The findings indicate that the case factor “violence at home/child abuse” and the CPS’s activity of “considering out-of-home measures” at initial assessment phase were significantly associated with EP. Activities like “home visits” and “contact with the network” were significantly associated with AEP. Crucial factors for decision-making according to the leaders were “parents’ opinion” and “resources in the network”, which were both significantly associated with AEP. Conclusions The study has identified several potential important factors for averting emergency placements. Building averting capability in CPS is important to avoid the huge relational and social costs of errors relating to EP decisions.publishedVersio
Deepening of Southern Ocean Gateway Leads to Abrupt Onset of a Deep-Reaching Meridional Overturning Circulation
Get PDFAround 50–34 million years ago, the Southern Hemisphere witnessed a major reorganization of continents. This led to the opening and deepening of two Southern Ocean gateways (OGs)—the Tasmanian Gateway between Australia and Antarctica, and Drake Passage between Cape Horn and the Antarctica Peninsula. During this period Earth's climate went through a major climate transition, from a hot world (“Greenhouse”) to a cold world (“Icehouse”). One hypothesis to explain this dramatic climate transition is that the opening of these ocean gateways led to a major transition in the ocean's overturning circulation (i.e., its vertical circulation) with important consequences for the ocean's capability to store heat and carbon. In this study we use an ocean model to understand how the opening of an OG affects the ocean's overturning circulation. We show that it is small-scale processes, and their ability to transport heat southward and downward, which lead to a sudden increase of the ocean's overturning circulation as soon as the OG opens. Further deepening of the ocean gateways then leads to a decrease in the overturning circulation. This study therefore highlights the crucial role of small-scale processes in changing Earth's climate.publishedVersio
Energy efficiency and thermal comfort of buildings in arid climates employing insulating material produced from date palm waste matter
Get PDFThis study investigates the suitability of using waste material from date palm trees in thermal insulation for buildings in arid climates. Thermal conductivity was experimentally determined from a few samples of bricks containing recycled date palm fiber (DPF) and date palm spikelet (DPS). Among the samples investigated, the one containing 1.36% DPS in weight demonstrated the best characteristics for insulation purposes yielding a thermal conductivity of 0.106 W/m.K. Theoretical and experimental investigations were carried out on walls and roofs built using DPS and DPF material to see what impact it would have on energy efficiency and thermal comfort. The electricity consumption for cooling decreased by up to 64.7% and 41.2%, during the summer months, for DPS and DPF, respectively, compared to buildings erected with sand and clay. It was also concluded that the greatest amount of thermal energy entering the rooms takes place through the roofs. Four roof-materials were tested, namely: Polystyrene, Air gap, DPF, and DPP on three different days. As a thermal insulator, DPF demonstrated the best thermal comfort conditions; polyester yielded poorer thermal comfort conditions and DPP delivered rather weak results.Energy efficiency and thermal comfort of buildings in arid climates employing insulating material produced from date palm waste matterpublishedVersio
