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Evaluering av prosjektet Energihovedstaden 2021/2022
Get PDFStavangerregionen har et næringsliv som er tett knyttet til olje- og energibransjen, noe som gir både muligheter og utfordringer. Koronaepidemien våren 2020 viste regionens sårbarhet for svingninger i petroleumsnæringen og med dette viktigheten av å sikre regionen flere ben å stå på. Under epidemien ble det etablert en regional tiltaksgruppe med deltagere fra kommunene Stavanger, Sandnes og Randaberg, Rogaland fylkeskommune, Greater Stavanger, Sparebank 1 SR-Bank, Næringsforeningene, NHO, LO og Innovasjon Norge. Som en del av tiltaksgruppens arbeid ble det fra april til juli 2020 etablert et tidsavgrenset Energihovedstadsprosjekt med mål å påvirke sentrale myndigheter i forhold til fornybare prosjekt og investeringer innen havvind, karbonfangst og utslippskutt på norsk sokkel. Som en forlengelse av dette tidsavgrensede arbeidet ble det i slutten av 2020 vedtatt å opprette et mer omfattende Energihovedstadsprosjekt. Det overordnede mål for Energihovedstadsprosjektet 2021/2022 er å bidra til samkjøring og koordinering av regionens arbeid for å styrke posisjonen som energihovedstad gjennom følgende tre aktiviteter: 1) Opprettelse av et Energiråd med deltakelse fra både næringsliv, politikk, akademia,organisasjoner og næringsklynger. 2) Gjennomføring av en Energihovedstadskonferanse. 3) Bidra med kunnskap og innspill til relevant næringspolitisk arbeid.Evaluering av prosjektet Energihovedstaden 2021/2022publishedVersio
The Multi-Scale Interactions of Atmospheric Phenomenon in Mean and Extreme Precipitation
Get PDFClimate change increases the frequency and intensity of extreme precipitation, which in combination with rising population enhances exposure to major floods. An improved understanding of the atmospheric processes that cause extreme precipitation events would help to advance predictions and projections of such events. To date, such analyses have typically been performed rather unsystematically and over limited areas (e.g., the U.S.) which has resulted in contradictory findings. Here we present the Multi-Object Analysis of Atmospheric Phenomenon algorithm that uses a set of 12 common atmospheric variables to identify and track tropical and extra-tropical cyclones, cut-off lows, frontal zones, anticyclones, atmospheric rivers (ARs), jets, mesoscale convective systems (MCSs), and equatorial waves. We apply the algorithm to global historical data between 2001–2020 and associate phenomena with hourly and daily satellite-derived extreme precipitation estimates in major climate regions. We find that MCSs produce the vast majority of extreme precipitation in the tropics and some mid-latitude land regions, while extreme precipitation in mid and high-latitude ocean and coastal regions are dominated by cyclones and ARs. Importantly, most extreme precipitation events are associated with phenomena interacting across scales that intensify precipitation. These interactions are a function of the intensity (i.e., rarity) of extreme events. The presented methodology and results could have wide-ranging applications including training of machine learning methods, Lagrangian-based evaluation of climate models, and process-based understanding of extreme precipitation in a changing climate.publishedVersio
Limits of 3D target detectability of logging while drilling deep-sensing electromagnetic measurements from numerical modeling
No full textSubsurface energy resources are often found in three-dimensional and non-spatially continuous rock formations that exhibit electrical anisotropy. Deep-sensing tri-axial borehole electromagnetic measurements are currently being used to detect three-dimensional fluid-bearing subsurface formations, but borehole environmental, geometrical and instrument-design factors, together with measurement noise, constrain their practical range of detection and spatial resolution. By understanding the interplay of the above factors on the detectability and sensitivity of borehole deep electromagnetic measurements, one can potentially quantify the uncertainty of both target spatial location (relative to the well trajectory) and electrical resistivity contrast, thereby improving the certainty of three-dimensional well navigation in real time. We implement a finite-volume method to numerically solve Maxwell's equations for three-dimensional electrically anisotropic heterogeneous rock formations in the calculation of magnetic fields measured with deep-sensing tri-axial borehole electromagnetic instruments. The calculated magnetic fields at measurement locations are described as the per cent difference between measurements acquired in rock formations with and without conductive or resistive three-dimensional targets. We quantify the maximum radial distance of detection from the well trajectory and the spatial sensitivity of a commercially available deep-sensing electromagnetic instrument with respect to environmental factors and measurement acquisition parameters by assuming that the borehole electromagnetic instrument can reliably detect offset three-dimensional targets if the corresponding per cent measurement difference exceeds the threshold for measurement noise. Results indicate that commercially available tri-axial deep-sensing borehole electromagnetic instruments can achieve maximum detection distances between a quarter of and a full transmitter–receiver spacing. In addition, we show that radial detection distances vary from 0.3 to 2 skin depths depending on the geological environment, that is, target conductivity contrast with respect to the embedding background, electrical anisotropy of the background formation and targets and measurement acquisition parameters, that is, frequency and transmitter–receiver spacings. The above findings are not only important for instrument design and measurement-acquisition planning but also for the effective implementation of real-time inversion-based measurement interpretation procedures.publishedVersio
Structured analysis of broader GMO impacts inspired by technology assessment to inform policy decisions.
Get PDFIf genetically modified organisms (GMOs) are approved in the EU for experimental release or marketing authorization (placing on the market), a risk assessment (RA) is carried out beforehand to determine whether this may be associated with negative effects on human health, nature or the environment. Applications are reviewed by the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) and the national Competent Authorities of the Member States. However, the potential ramifications of the GMOs that are systematically addressed in the current RA context are limited. Broader consideration can include environmental and health aspects beyond the scope of the statutory RA, as well as societal, ethical and cultural impacts. These other levels of impact may be considered during the comitology process of authorisation, but how this is done is typically not made explicit in a systematic way. However, with the dynamic developments of new kinds of GMOs, these considerations as well as transparency regarding the role of broader considerations in political decision-making become more and more relevant. Against this backdrop, we identified the requirements and suggest the main elements for such a broader assessment. We use insights from the field of Technology Assessment (TA) to explore the requirements for operationalising a rapid but still systematic, transparent and broad case-by-case GMO assessment compatible with the existing legislative framework.publishedVersio
Hvilke forhold påvirker om en henvisning til BUP avvises?
Get PDFMange henvisninger til BUP blir avvist, og det er stor variasjon i andelen avslåtte henvisninger mellom institusjoner, men det er lite systematisk kunnskap om hva som kjennetegner barn og ungdom som får sine henvisninger avvist. Vi bidra med slik kunnskap gjennom å analysere kjennetegn hos pasient/familie og fastlege som påvirker sannsynligheten for at en henvisning blir avvist. I gjennomsnitt avviser HF-ene 22 % av henvisningene til BUP, og andelen henvisninger som avvises varierer fra 3 %-31 %. Analysene indikerer at variasjonen i liten grad kan forklares med ulike egenskaper til pasientene og henvisende fastleger. Vi finner at det er en betydelig sosioøkonomisk gradient i de avviste henvisningene i det sannsynligheten for at henvisningen avvises er i underkant av 10 % høyere for pasienter hvis foreldres høyeste utdanningsnivå er grunn- eller videregående utdanning. Mange førstegangshenviste pasienter som fikk henvisningen avvist re-henvises innen kort tid. 80 % av re-henviste pasienter innvilges rett til helsehjelp.Hvilke forhold påvirker om en henvisning til BUP avvises?publishedVersio
New wine in old bottles: Modification of the Na+/K+-ATPase enzyme activity assay and its application in salmonid aquaculture
Get PDFThe Na+, K+ ATPase (NKA) enzyme is important to generate the transmembrane ion gradient in the gills, intestine, and kidneys, hence, is vital for secondary transport of fluids and different solutes in teleosts. Gill NKA enzyme activity is often used as a proxy for parr–smolt transformation (PST) during which anadromous salmonids prepare for seawater (SW). Increased intensification and production of larger smolts in modern salmonid aquaculture has resulted in reports of gill NKA activity being less reliable as a proxy for smolt quality. Consequently, changes in mRNA nka-α1b/α1a ratios in gills are increasingly used as indicators of PST. However, nka isoform mRNA abundance may not reflect translation into the functional protein, nor the activity of the mature enzyme. This may limit the predictive power of molecular markers under certain environmental conditions, rearing regimes and biological scenarios. During PST, the osmoregulatory transformations necessary for SW tolerance and survival does not only occur in the gills. Equally important are the changes in ion transporting activities, including NKA activity, in the intestine and kidneys. However, to our knowledge, there are no previous studies addressing the timing and concurrent changes in NKA activity in the three osmoregulatory tissue during PST. Here we present modifications and optimization of the NKA enzyme activity protocols for gill, intestinal and kidney tissue and outline how to best utilize NKA activity measurements as part of a more holistic approach to evaluate overall smolt quality in modern aquaculture.New wine in old bottles: Modification of the Na+/K+-ATPase enzyme activity assay and its application in salmonid aquaculturepublishedVersio
The impact of variation in out-of-hours doctors' referral practices: a Norwegian registry-based observational study
Get PDFAbstract Background In a gatekeeping system, the individual doctor’s referral practice is an important factor for hospital activity and patient safety. Objective The aim of the study was to investigate the variation in out-of-hours (OOH) doctors’ referral practice, and to explore these variations’ impact on admissions for selected diagnoses reflecting severity, and 30-day mortality. Methods National data from the doctors’ claims database were linked with hospital data in the Norwegian Patient Registry. Based on the doctor’s individual referral rate adjusted for local organizational factors, the doctors were sorted into quartiles of low-, medium-low-, medium-high-, and high-referral practice. The relative risk (RR) for all referrals and for selected discharge diagnoses was calculated using generalized linear models. Results The OOH doctors’ mean referral rate was 110 referrals per 1,000 consultations. Patients seeing a doctor in the highest referring practice quartile had higher likelihood of being referred to hospital and diagnosed with the symptom of pain in throat and chest, abdominal pain, and dizziness compared with the medium-low quartile (RR 1.63, 1.49, and 1.95). For the critical conditions of acute myocardial infarction, acute appendicitis, pulmonary embolism, and stroke, we found a similar, but weaker, association (RR 1.38, 1.32, 1.24, and 1.19). The 30-day mortality among patients not referred did not differ between the quartiles. Conclusions Doctors with high-referral practice referred more patients who were later discharged with all types of diagnoses, including serious and critical conditions. With low-referral practice, severe conditions might have been overlooked, although the 30-day mortality was not affected.publishedVersio
Overview of the Potential of Energy Harvesting Sources in Electric Vehicles
Get PDFEnergy harvesting, a cutting-edge technology that captures wasted energy from vehicles, constitutes a means to improve the efficiency of electric vehicles. Dissipated energy can be converted into electricity using regenerative energy recovery systems and put to various uses. This study tenders a thorough examination into energy recovery technologies which could be applied to the various types of energy dissipated in electric vehicles. The paper investigates the possible sources of energy recoverable from an electric vehicle, as well as the various types of energy dissipated. It also examines the energy recovery technologies most frequently used in vehicles, categorizing them according to the type of energy and application. Finally, it determines that with further research and development, energy harvesting holds considerable potential for improving the energy efficiency of electric vehicles. New and innovative methods for capturing and utilizing wasted energy in electric vehicles can be established. The potential benefit of applying energy recovery systems in electric vehicles is a vital issue for the automobile industry to focus on due to the potential benefits involved. The ongoing progress currently being made in this field is expected to play a significant role in shaping the future of transportation.Overview of the Potential of Energy Harvesting Sources in Electric VehiclespublishedVersio
Experimental investigation of the rock cutting process and derivation of the 3D spatial distribution of the formation strength using in-cutter sensing
Get PDFRecent advances in downhole measurements allow to accurately measure drilling forces at the drill bit, and estimate the evolution of the rock strength along the well profile. This paper presents an experimental methodology that allows to measure drilling forces, at the cutter scale, with a sensor embedded behind a polycrystalline diamond compact (PDC) cutter, and to infer the 3D spatial distribution of the rock strength. Two experimental campaigns have been performed on a laboratory-scaled drilling rig and complemented with standard mechanical tests to validate rock strength estimations. In the first campaign, homogeneous synthetic rock samples have been prepared. The average rock strength of each sample derived from cutter force measurements and a cutter–rock interaction model, compares well with the one derived from mechanical tests. In the second campaign, heterogeneous synthetic rock samples have been prepared. They are made of two layers of gypsum mixtures of different strengths, separated by a slanted bedding plane. Based on the instrumented cutter measurements, the 3D spatial distribution of the rock strength has been reconstructed along its path. Rock strength estimations are consistent with results obtained from mechanical tests, and the reconstructed geometry of the bedding plane matches well its actual geometry. The experimental methodology and technology presented in this paper lay the foundations for estimating rock properties in 3D, at the drilling stage. It has the potential to provide geoscientists information about complex lithological structures at an early stage, reducing the need for expensive and time-consuming coring and logging operations.publishedVersio
Ten New Insights in Climate Science 2023/2024
No full textNon-technical summary: We identify a set of essential recent advances in climate change research with high policy relevance, across natural and social sciences: (1) looming inevitability and implications of overshooting the 1.5°C warming limit, (2) urgent need for a rapid and managed fossil fuel phase-out, (3) challenges for scaling carbon dioxide removal, (4) uncertainties regarding the future contribution of natural carbon sinks, (5) intertwinedness of the crises of biodiversity loss and climate change, (6) compound events, (7) mountain glacier loss, (8) human immobility in the face of climate risks, (9) adaptation justice, and (10) just transitions in food systems. Technical summary The IPCC Assessment Reports offer the scientific foundation for international climate negotiations and constitute an unmatched resource for climate change researchers. However, the assessment cycles take multiple years. As a contribution to cross- and interdisciplinary understanding across diverse climate change research communities, we have streamlined an annual process to identify and synthesise essential research advances. We collected input from experts on different fields using an online questionnaire and prioritised a set of ten key research insights with high policy relevance. This year we focus on: (1) looming overshoot of the 1.5°C warming limit, (2) urgency of phasing-out fossil fuels, (3) challenges for scaling carbon dioxide removal, (4) uncertainties regarding the future of natural carbon sinks, (5) need for join governance of biodiversity loss and climate change, (6) advances in the science of compound events, (7) mountain glacier loss, (8) human immobility in the face of climate risks, (9) adaptation justice, and (10) just transitions in food systems. We first present a succinct account of these Insights, reflect on their policy implications, and offer an integrated set of policy relevant messages. This science synthesis and science communication effort is also the basis for a report targeted to policymakers as a contribution to elevate climate science every year, in time for the UNFCCC COP.Ten New Insights in Climate Science 2023/2024publishedVersio