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Warm Advection as a Cause for Extreme Heat Event in North China
Full text linkExtreme heat events (EHEs) often hit North China, resulting in significant losses. The devastating EHE in the 1743 summer, marked as the highest temperature in the past 300 years, led to ∼11,000 fatalities. These historical EHEs prompt us to explore potential mechanisms beyond anthropogenic influences. We employ the Norwegian Earth System Model here to simulate the past millennium climate and then dynamically downscale the July 1743 event using the Weather Research and Forecasting Model. The successful simulation of warming in North China, although it has been a fortunate outcome, is supported by tree-ring records, providing a compelling case study for the event. Through composite and case analyses, we discover a connection between EHEs and active Northeast China Vortexes (NCVs) which induce warm advection, consequently heating the lower atmosphere. Reanalysis further confirms the connection in the modern era. Our study suggests modeling past EHEs, while challenging, is indeed feasible.© 2024. The Author(s)publishedVersio
Registerdataanalyse – sjukefråvær og fråfall frå arbeidslivet
Full text linkKartlegginga av arbeidsretta tiltak blant sjukmelde viste at i perioden 1.1.2011-31.12.2018 var det 56937 tilfelle (4,3 prosent) der eit arbeidsretta tiltak tok til under sjukefråværet. Tiltaksmottakarane er gjennomsnittleg yngre, men elles negativt selekterte på ei rekkje bakgrunnskjenneteikn. Fylkes-tilknytning er ein viktig faktor for sannsynet for tiltak. Mange tiltak startar seint i sjukepengeforløpet. Regresjonsanalysen, der instrument-variabel-metoden (IV) og matching er brukt, viste seg å ikkje gje kausale estimat for effekten av tiltak. Det vi måler, er derfor assosiasjonar. Dei viser at å få eit arbeidsretta tiltak som startar under sjukemeldinga er assosiert med ugunstige utfall (lengre sjukemelding, større sannsyn for overgang til AAP, lågare sannsyn for å gå tilbake til den same jobben og til å vera i jobb året etter sjukemeldinga slutta). Det synest rimeleg å rekna med at seleksjon har påverka resultata i ugunstig retning. Analysen kan ikkje brukast til å konkludera om omfanget av tiltak bør endrast for denne gruppa. Effekten av tilgang til helsetenester har vi analysert både når det gjeld variasjon i ventetid, avviste tilvisingar og tilgang til Rask psykisk helsehjelp (RPH). I desse analysane har vi brukt ulike metodar. Resultata frå ein IV-analyse gjev oss grunn til å tru at lokale ventetider påverkar lengda på sjukefråværet for somme langtidssjukemelde med ein somatisk sjukemeldings-diagnose. Effekten er knytt til fråvær blant sjukemelde med L-diagnosar. I analysen av Rask psykisk helsehjelp har vi brukt tilnærminga differanse-i-differansar. Resultata tyder på at dette helsetenestetilbodet har gunstige effektar på sjukefråværet, særleg for mellomlange fråvær, for menn og for sjukemelde med angstlidingar.Registerdataanalyse – sjukefråvær og fråfall frå arbeidslivetpublishedVersio
Adverse reactions to dental biomaterials: Experiences from a specialty clinic
Full text linkObjectives The Dental Biomaterials Adverse Reaction Unit was initiated by the Norwegian health authorities in 1992 as a response to the public concern regarding the safety of dental amalgam and other dental materials. In this paper, experiences from the Unit are briefly summarized. Methods The Norwegian health authorities’ strategy included four main topics: (i) development of a manufacturer-independent system for monitoring adverse reactions related to dental materials, (ii) funding of a specialty unit for clinical examinations of referred patients, (iii) development of official guidelines for examination and treatment of patients with health complaints attributed to dental materials, and (iv) funding of an experimental treatment project for patients with health complaints attributed to dental amalgam. Results From the start, more than 2700 adverse reaction reports were received. In the initial years, amalgam was the most frequent material mentioned in the reports. Reports about polymer-based composite materials have not increased after the prohibition of amalgam in Norway. Clinical examination of referred patients is complex and time consuming, and it is important to consider differential diagnoses. There are methodological challenges associated with the design of experimental treatments used on patients with adverse reactions attributed to dental materials. However, the results from the treatment project indicate lower symptom load after replacement of amalgam with other dental restorative materials. Significance Producer independent adverse reaction reporting can provide valuable information about the safety of these materials and could serve as a complement to the mandatory reporting system described in the European medical device regulations (MDR).publishedVersio
GLORIA Norge 2023: Overvåkning av vegetasjon, vekstsesong og isbre
Full text linkGLORIA-Norge sitt hovedmål er å overvåke endringer i vegetasjon, fenologi og fysiske faktorer i relasjon til vær- og klimaendringer langs høyde-, snøvarighet- og kyst-/innlandgradienter i fjellområder i Sør- og Nord-Norge. GLORIA-Norge ble opprettet i 2007, og hadde sitt utspring i det EU-finansierte prosjektet GLORIA (Global Research Initiative in Alpine Environments) Europe (2001–2003). GLORIA har utviklet seg til å bli et verdensomspennende nettverk som overvåker endringer i vegetasjon på fjelltopper. I GLORIA-Norge overvåkes seks fjellområder langs gradienter fra skog til topp, fra lang til kort snøvarighet og i flere himmelretninger. I tillegg overvåkes vekstsesongen (fenologi) og isbreer, og det måles jordtemperatur og enkelte steder jordfuktighet.publishedVersio
The role of gender, stress, and social support in parents' pandemic well-being: A cross-national study
Full text linkObjective The goal was to investigate whether and how the well-being of mothers and fathers was differentially affected by the COVID-19 pandemic in four European countries and whether differences in stress and social support explain observed gender differences. Background Previous research documents that the COVID-19 pandemic had a significant impact on many people's lives and that some groups, such as women and parents, were affected more negatively than others. This study investigates potential underlying mechanisms and protective factors. Method In November 2020, 448 parents (218 fathers and 230 mothers, Mage = 41.18, SD = 8.47) from four European countries (Norway, Sweden, Germany, and the United Kingdom) completed an online questionnaire. Parents of elementary schoolchildren reported their stress, well-being, and social support currently and retrospectively for the first lockdown (spring 2020). Results Mothers experienced lower well-being than fathers during the pandemic, and parental well-being differed between countries. In addition, the stress caused by the need to combine paid work and child care partly mediated the relationship between gender and well-being, and social support played a protective role by buffering individuals from the negative impact of stress on well-being. Conclusion The study allows a more differentiated perspective on the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on parental well-being in Europe. Implications Results suggest in future health-related crises, policymakers and practitioners working with families should focus on providing additional support to mothers of young children to maintain their well-being.publishedVersio
Integrated Approach to Reservoir Simulations for Evaluating Pilot CO<inf>2</inf> Injection in a Depleted Naturally Fractured Oil Field On-Shore Europe
Full text linkCarbon dioxide capture and storage (CCS) is a necessary requirement for high-emitting CO2 industries to significantly reduce volumes of greenhouse gases released into the atmosphere and mitigate climate change. Geological CO2 storage into depleted oil and gas fields is the fastest and most accessible option for CCS deployment allowing for re-purposing existing infrastructures and utilizing significant knowledge about the subsurface acquired during field production operations. The location of such depleted fields in the neighborhoods of high-emitting CO2 industries is an additional advantage of matured on-shore European fields. Considering these advantages, oil and gas operators are now evaluating different possibilities for CO2 sequestration projects for the fields approaching end of production. This article describes an integrated approach to reservoir simulations focused on evaluating a CO2 injection pilot at one of these matured fields operated by MND and located in the Czech Republic. The CO2 injection site in focus is a naturally fractured carbonate reservoir. This oil-bearing formation has a gas cap and connection to a limited aquifer and was produced mainly by pressure depletion with limited pressure support from water injection. The article summarizes the results of the efforts made by the multi-disciplinary team. An integrated approach was developed starting from geological modeling of a naturally fractured reservoir, integrating the results of laboratory studies and their interpretations (geomechanics and geochemistry), dynamic field data analysis (pressure transient analysis, including time-lapse) and history matching reservoir model enabling simulation of the pilot CO2 injection. The laboratory studies and field data analysis provided descriptions of stress-sensitive fracture properties and safe injection envelope preventing induced fracturing. The impact of potential salt precipitation in the near wellbore area was also included. These effects are considered in the context of a pilot CO2 injection and addressed in the reservoir simulations of injection scenarios. Single-porosity and permeability reservoir simulations with a dominating fracture flow and black-oil formulation with CO2 simulated as a solvent were performed in this study. The arguments for the choice of the simulation approach for the site in focus are shortly discussed. The reservoir simulations indicated a larger site injection capacity than that required for the pilot injection, and gravity-driven CO2 migration pathway towards the gas cap in the reservoir. The application of the approach to the site in focus also revealed large uncertainties, related to fracture description and geomechanical evaluations, resulting in an uncertain safe injection envelope. These uncertainties should be addressed in further studies in preparation for the pilot. The article concludes with an overview of the outcomes of the integrated approach and its application to the field in focus, including a discussion of the issues and uncertainties revealed.publishedVersio
The 11th Society of Petroleum Engineers Comparative Solution Project: Problem Definition
Full text linkThis article contains the description of, and call for participation in, the 11th Society of Petroleum Engineers Comparative Solution Project (the 11th SPE CSP, https://spe.org/csp). It is motivated by the simulation challenges associated with CO2 storage operations in geological settings of realistic complexity. The 11th SPE CSP contains three versions: Version 11A is a 2D geometry at the laboratory scale, inspired by a recent CO2 storage forecasting and validation study. For Version 11B, the 2D geometry and operational conditions from 11A are rescaled to field conditions characteristic of the Norwegian Continental Shelf. Finally, for Version 11C, the geometry of Version 11B is extruded to a full 3D field model. The CSP has a two-year timeline, being launched at the 2023 SPE Reservoir Simulation Conference and culminating at the 2025 SPE Reservoir Simulation Conference. A community effort is run in parallel to develop utility scripts and input files for common simulators to lower the threshold of participation; see the link to supplementary material on the CSP website. At the time of writing, complete input decks for one simulator are already ready for all three versions.The 11th Society of Petroleum Engineers Comparative Solution Project: Problem DefinitionpublishedVersio
Sea ice in the Nordic Seas: Greenland stadial to interstadial changes
Full text linkSea ice conditions in the eastern Fram Strait between 40 and 36.5 ka b2k (thousand years before the year 2000) are reconstructed in detail, based on biomarker analyses. Following extensive sea ice conditions around the Greenland Interstadial 9/Greenland Stadial 9 transition at 39.9 ka b2k, repeated polynya activity marked Greenland Stadial 9 in the eastern Fram Strait. Nearly perennial sea ice was observed around the Greenland Stadial 9/Greenland Interstadial 8 transition at 38.22 ka b2k, followed by a gradual establishment of seasonal sea ice cover over the research area during Greenland Interstadial 8. Previous studies highlighted sea ice retreat in the southeastern Nordic Seas as a driver of abrupt Greenland Stadial to Interstadial climate change. We document intervals with less sea ice in the eastern Fram Strait during Greenland Stadial 9 and Interstadial 8 than previously suggested. By mapping the variable sea ice extent during Greenland Stadial 9 and Interstadial 8, further constraints are detected that may help define the role of the Nordic Seas sea ice cover in driving abrupt climate change during glacial times.publishedVersio
Kartlegging av sjøørretvassdrag i Ørsta i 2022
Full text link«Mer laks og sjøørret på Sunnmøre» er et prosjekt ledet av organisasjonen Lakseelvene på Sunnmøre og finansiert av Hofseth Aqua AS med en rekke offentlige bidragsytere. Norwegian Research Centre ved faggruppen Laboratorium for ferskvannsøkologi og innlandsfiske (NORCE LFI) er faglig ansvarlig og utfører forskning, overvåking og tiltaksanalyser.
Formålet med prosjektet er å:
1) få bred oversikt over bestandsstatus for laks og sjøørret på Sunnmøre
2) identifisere de viktigste årsakene til negativ bestandsutvikling, både regionalt og for hvert enkelt vassdrag
3) sette inn tiltak for å bedre bestandsstatus
Som en del av prosjektet skal inngrep, habitatforhold og fisketetthet kartlegges i et stort antall små sjøørretvassdrag på Sunnmøre. I 2022 ble 16 bekker i Ørsta kommune undersøkt.publishedVersio
First comprehensive assessment of industrial-era land heat uptake from multiple sources
Full text linkThe anthropogenically intensified greenhouse effect has caused a radiative imbalance at the top of the atmosphere during the industrial period. This, in turn, has led to an energy surplus in various components of the Earth system, with the ocean storing the largest part. The land contribution ranks second with the latest observational estimates based on borehole temperature profiles, which quantify the terrestrial energy surplus to be 6 % in the last 5 decades, whereas studies based on state-of-the-art climate models scale it down to 2 %. This underestimation stems from land surface models (LSMs) having a subsurface that is too shallow, which severely constrains the land heat uptake simulated by Earth system models (ESMs). A forced simulation of the last 2000 years with the Max Planck Institute ESM (MPI-ESM) using a deep LSM captures 4 times more heat than the standard shallow MPI-ESM simulations in the historical period, well above the estimates provided by other ESMs. However, deepening the LSM does not remarkably affect the simulated surface temperature. It is shown that the heat stored during the historical period by an ESM using a deep LSM component can be accurately estimated by considering the surface temperatures simulated by the ESM using a shallow LSM and propagating them with a standalone forward model. This result is used to derive estimates of land heat uptake using all available observational datasets, reanalysis products, and state-of-the-art ESM experiments. This approach yields values of 10.5–16.0 ZJ for 1971–2018, which are 12 %–42 % smaller than the latest borehole-based estimates (18.2 ZJ).publishedVersio