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Development of a fiber optic sensor for triaxial displacement measurement
No full textHareket algılayıcı sistemlerin tasarımında araştırmacılar, genellikle mekanik prensiplere veya elektromanyetik indüksiyon prensibine dayanan ölçümler üzerine çalışmalar yapmışlardır. Ancak mikrometre boyutunda yer değiştirme ölçmek gerektiğinde hassasiyet son derece düşük olabilmektedir. Ayrıca tespit edilen hareketlerin okunması için ölçüm yapılan bölgeye gidilerek metre, kumpas, mikrometre gibi mesafe ölçerlerle hareket tespitini manuel olarak yapmak gerekir. Oysa pek çok önemli alanda anlık ölçümlerle yer değiştirmeyi algılamak ve elde edilen verileri hızlı bir şekilde dijital ortama aktararak anlamlandırmak avantaj sağlar. Bu sebeple araştırmacılar yer değiştirme ölçümü için elektriksel çözümler üzerine de çalışmışlardır. Ancak bu yapılar elektromanyetik girişime karşı duyarlı yapılardır. Literatürde ve uygulamada sıklıkla haberleşme amacıyla kullanılan fiber optik teknolojisi, son yıllarda algılayıcı yapıların tasarımında da kendine etkin bir faaliyet alanı bulmuştur. Fiber optik algılayıcılar, geleneksel yöntemlere göre daha fazla hassasiyet sağlarlar. Aynı zamanda yapısal özellikleri bakımından mevcut sistemlere uyarlanabilme kabiliyetleri oldukça yüksektir. Fiber optik algılayıcılar, elektriksel ve manyetik olarak yalıtkan cihazlar oldukları için yüksek voltaj, yüksek sıcaklık veya aşındırıcı ortamlarda kullanılabilirler. Bu özelliklerinin yanında; fiber optik algılayıcılar, iletişim sistemleriyle uyumludur ve uzaktan algılama gerçekleştirebilirler. Bu çalışmada, basit tasarımlı, düşük maliyetli, yüksek hassasiyetli, x-y-z eksenlerindeki hareketleri algılayarak online olarak bildirebilen fiber optik üç boyutlu hareket algılayıcı tasarlanmış, geliştirilmiş ve gerçekleştirilmiştir. Tasarlanan ve imal edilen üç boyutlu hareket mekanizmasının her üç ekseni üzerine yerleştirilen POF kuplörler yardımıyla ışık kaynağı ve dedektör arasındaki iletişim sağlanmıştır. Önerilen algılayıcı sistemi, yansıma ilkesine bağlı olarak ışığın genliğinde meydana gelen değişikliklerin analizine dayanmaktadır. Böylelikle geliştirilen algılayıcıyla yer değiştirmenin büyüklüğü ve yönü tayin edilebilmiştir. Bu veriler, mikroişlemciyle tasarlanan devre ve uygun yazılımlarla anlamlı bilgilere dönüştürülmüş ve bilgisayar ekranına anlık olarak aktarılarak online izlemeye imkan tanınmıştır. Yapılan tekrarlı ölçümler neticesinde algılayıcı düzeneği, hareketin oluşmasını ve hareketin yönünü üç boyutlu olarak doğru bir şekilde tespit edebilmiştir.In designing motion-sensing systems, researchers have generally worked on measurements based on mechanical principles or the electromagnetic induction principle. However, the sensitivity can be extremely low when it is necessary to measure displacement at the micrometer scale. In addition, to read the detected movements, it is necessary to go to the measurement area and manually detect the movement with distance meters such as meters, caliper, and micrometer. However, it is advantageous to detect the movement of displacement with instant measurements in many vital areas and make sense of the obtained data by quickly transferring it to the digital environment. For this reason, researchers have also studied electrical solutions for displacement measurement. However, these structures are sensitive to electromagnetic interference. Fiber optic technology, frequently used for communication in literature and practice, has also found an effective field of activity in designing sensor structures in recent years. Fiber optic sensors provide greater sensitivity than conventional methods. At the same time, their adaptability to existing systems is relatively high in terms of their structural features. Because fiber optic sensors are electrically and magnetically insulating devices, they can be used in high voltage, high temperature, or corrosive environments. Besides these features, fiber optic sensors are compatible with communication systems and can perform remote sensing. In this study, a simple-designed, low-cost, high-precision fiber optic three-dimensional motion detector, which can detect and report the movements in the x-y-z axes online, was designed, developed, and realized. The communication between the light source and the detector is provided with the help of plastic optical fiber couplers placed on all three axes of the designed and manufactured three-dimensional movement mechanism. The proposed sensor system is based on the analysis of changes in light amplitude due to the reflection principle. Thus, the magnitude and direction of the displacement could be determined with the developed sensor. This data has been transformed into meaningful information with the circuit designed with a microprocessor and appropriate software, and it has been transferred to the computer screen instantly, allowing online monitoring. As a result of repeated measurements, the sensor assembly could accurately detect the occurrence of motion and the direction of motion in three dimensions
Assessment of physical activity during pandemic periods: Development of the questionnaire, determination of primary validity and psychometric properties (APAP)
No full textBu çalışmada pandemi döneminde sağlıklı bireylerin fiziksel aktivite seviyesini belirlemek için "Pandemi Dönemi Fiziksel Aktivite Ölçeği" nin geliştirilmesi hedeflendi. Araştırma, Kırşehir genelinde dâhil edilme kriterlerine uyan bireylere yüz yüze uygulanarak 10.07.2021- 10.06.2022 tarihleri arasında yapıldı. Çalışmaya başlamadan önce etik kurul izin belgesi alındı. Çalışmaya katılma kriterlerine uyan 583 kişiyle görüşüldü ve çalışmanın önemi ile amacı anlatılıp katılımcılardan bilgilendirilmiş gönüllü olur formu ile yazılı onam alındı. Araştırma verileri "Sosyo-Demografik Anket Formu", "Uluslararası Fiziksel Aktivite Kısa Formu", "Tampa Kinezyofobi Ölçeği", "Koronavirüs Anksiyete Ölçeği", "Salgın Hastalık Kaygı Ölçeği", "Uzman Değerlendirme Formu" ve geliştirdiğimiz "Pandemi Dönemi Fiziksel Aktivite Ölçeği" ile toplandı. Veriler SPSS 22 ve Lisrel 9.1 programları kullanılarak analiz edildi. İstatistiksel analizde anlamlılık değeri p<0,05 olarak kabul edildi. Tanımlayıcı istatistikler olarak sayısal değişkenler için ortalama standart sapma, medyan, minimum, maksimum; kategorik değişkenler için ise sıklık (n) ve yüzde (%) değerleri verildi. Normal dağılıma uygunluk Kolmogorov-Smirnov Testi ile değerlendirildi. Literatür taraması ve kompozisyon çalışması sonrası 325 soru havuzunu içeren taslak form oluşturuldu. Kapsam geçerliliği doğrultusunda taslak formu uzmanlar tarafından "Uzman Değerlendirme Formu" ile değerlendirildi. Değerlendirme formunun kapsam geçerliliği Davis tekniği ile yapıldı ve her maddenin Kapsam Geçerlilik İndeksi hesaplandı. İndekse göre bazı maddeler çıkartıldı ve uzman tavsiyesi ile sonunda 58 maddeden oluşan Ön Uygulama Formu oluşturuldu. Bu form, örneklem grubunu temsil eden 221 kişiye uygulandı. Ön uygulama sonucu elde edilen verilere iç tutarlılık analizi ve madde analizi uygulandı. Analiz sonucu ile uzman tavsiyesi üzerine bazı maddeler çıkartıldı ve son aşamada 34 sorudan (30 kapalı uçlu soru; 4 açık uçlu soru) oluşan nihai Pandemi Dönemi Fiziksel Aktivite Ölçeği oluştu. Ölçeğin Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin katsayısı 0,947 ve Bartlett küresellik testi anlamlı (p<0,001) olup faktörleşmeye uygun olduğu görüldü. Uygulanan Açımlayıcı Faktör Analizleri sonucunda toplam varyansın 61,704'ünü açıklayan, özdeğeri 1'in üstünde 3 alt boyut ve 31 (27 kapalı uçlu soru; 4 açık uçlu soru) maddeden oluşan ölçek elde edildi. Ölçeğin modelini test etmek amacıyla uygulanan Doğrulayıcı Faktör Analizi sonucu uyum değerlerinin ?2/Sd: 2,343; RMSEA: 0,048; IFI: 0,955; CFI: 0,954; GFI: 0,912; NFI: 0,923; NNFI: 0,950; AGFI: 0,896; RMR: 0,060; SRMR: 0,047 olarak uyum indekslerinin kabul edilebilir düzeyde olduğu görüldü. Benzer ölçekler ile korelasyon katsayısına bakıldığında Salgın Hastalık Kaygı Ölçeği ile -0,464 (p<0,001), Koronavirüs Anksiyete Ölçeği ile -0,368 (p<0,001); Tampa Kinezyofobi Ölçeği ile -0,511 (p<0,001) anlamlı negatif korelasyonlar tespit edildi. Ölçeğin güvenilirliği için iç tutarlık analizi yapılıp Cronbach alfa katsayılarını hesaplandı. Birinci faktörün 0,953; ikinci faktörün 0,915; üçüncü faktörün 0,829 olduğu görüldü. Ölçeğin toplam Cronbach Alfa katsayısı ise 0,912 olarak oldukça güvenilir bulundu. Test-tekrar test güvenilirliğinde ölçeğin sınıf içi korelasyon katsayısı 0,958 olarak yüksek korelasyonda bulundu; Cronbach alfa katsayısı 0,864 olarak yüksek güvenilirlikte hesaplandı (p<0,001). 27 maddenin test önce-sonrası korelasyon değerleri incelendiğinde değerlerin 0,576 ile 0,853 arasında değiştiği görüldü (p<0,001). Yapılan analizler sonucunda geliştirdiğimiz Pandemi Dönemi Fiziksel Aktivite Ölçeği'nin geçerli ve güvenilir bir ölçme aracı olduğu, pandemi döneminde fiziksel aktivite seviyesini ölçmek için kullanılabileceği sonucuna varıldı. Anahtar Sözcükler: Fiziksel Aktivite, Ölçek Geliştirme, Pandemi, PsikometriIn this study, it was aimed to develop the "Pandemic Period Physical Activity Scale" in order to determine the physical activity level of healthy individuals during the pandemic period. The research was conducted between 10.07.2021- 10.06.2022 by applying face-to-face to individuals who met the inclusion criteria around Kırşehir. Ethics committee permission was obtained before starting the study. 583 people who met the criteria for participating in the study were interviewed and the importance and purpose of the study were explained and written consent was obtained from the participants with an informed consent form. Research data were collected from "Socio-Demographic Questionnaire Form", "International Physical Activity Short Form", "Tampa Kinesiophobia Scale", "Coronavirus Anxiety Scale", "Epidemic Disease Anxiety Scale", "Expert Evaluation Form" and "Pandemic Period Physical Activity Scale". Data were analyzed using SPSS 22 and Lisrel 9.1 programs. The significance value was accepted as p<0.05. Mean standard deviation, median, minimum, maximum for numerical variables as descriptive statistics; frequency (n) and percentage (%) values were given for categorical variables. Normal distribution was evaluated with the Kolmogorov-Smirnov Test. After the literature review and composition study, a draft form was created containing a pool of 325 questions. In accordance with the content validity, the draft form was evaluated by experts with the "Expert Evaluation Form". The content validity of the evaluation form was performed with the Davis technique and the Content Validity Index of each item was calculated. Some items were removed according to the index, and a "Preliminary Application Form" consisting of 58 items was created with expert advice. This form was applied to 221 people representing the sample group. Internal consistency analysis and item analysis were applied to the data obtained as a result of the pre-application. According to the result of the analysis and expert advice, some items were removed and in the final stage, the "Pandemic Period Physical Activity Scale" consisting of 34 questions (30 closed-ended questions; 4 open-ended questions) was formed. The Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin coefficient of the scale was found to be 0.947 and the Bartlett sphericity test was significant (p<0.001) and it was found to be suitable for factorization. As a result of the Exploratory Factor Analyses, a scale consisting of 3 sub-dimensions and 31 (27 closed-ended questions; 4 open-ended questions) items with an eigenvalue above 1 explaining 61,704 of the total variance was obtained. As a result of Confirmatory Factor Analysis applied to test the model of the scale, it was found that the fit indices ?2/Sd: 2.343; RMSEA:0.048; IFI: 0.955; CFI: 0.954; GFI: 0.912; NFI: 0.923; NNFI: 0.950; AGFI: 0.896; RMR: 0.060; SRMR: 0.047 were at an acceptable level. When looking at the correlation coefficient with similar scales, with the scale of an epidemic of anxiety -0.464 (p<0.001), with coronavirus anxiety scale -0.368 (p<0.001); Kinezyofobi Tampa scale -0.511 (p<0.001) significant negative correlations were detected. For the reliability of the scale, internal consistency analysis was performed and Cronbach's alpha coefficients were calculated. The first factor was 0.953; the second factor is 0.915; the third factor was found to be 0.829. The total Cronbach Alpha coefficient of the scale was found to be quite reliable as 0.912. The in-class correlation coefficient of the scale was found to be highly correlated as 0.958 in the test-retest reliability study; the Cronbach alpha coefficient was calculated as 0.864 in the high reliability study (p<0.001). When the before-post-test correlation values of 27 items were analyzed, it was seen that the values ranged between 0.576 and 0.853 (p<0.001). As a result of the analyzes conducted, it was concluded that the Physical Activity Scale of the Pandemic Period that we developed is a valid and reliable measurement tool that can be used to measure the level of physical activity during the pandemic period. Keywords: Physical Activity, Scale Development, Pandemic, Psychometric
Examination of BDNF, GDNF, and neurotrophin 3 levels and brain volumes in men working shifts
No full textGiriş: Uyku, neredeyse tüm canlıların yaşadığı periyodik olarak belirlenmiş bir zaman dilimidir. Nöbetli çalışanlarda uyku bozuklukları görülmektedir. Uyku bozukluğunun öğrenme, bellek ve bilişsel fonksiyonlarda görevli olan nörotrofin düzeylerini etkilediğini ileri süren çalışmalar bulunmaktadır. Nörotrofinler, nöronal ve nöronal olmayan hücrelerin proliferasyonu, farklılaşması, yaşaması ve ölümünü etkileyen bir grup polipeptid büyüme faktörü ailesidir. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), Glial-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) ve Nörotrofin 3 bu ailenin üyelerindendir. Yeni sinaps oluşumu ve sinaptik plastisiteyi tetikleyerek öğrenme ve bellek oluşumundan sorumludurlar. Amaç: Bu çalışmanın amacı nöbetli çalışan erkeklerde BDNF, GDNF ve Nörotrofin 3 düzeylerinin ve beyin hacimlerinin incelenmesidir. Yöntem: Bu araştırma, prospektif gözlemsel bir çalışmadır. Çalışmaya Kırşehir Ahi Evran Üniversitesi Klinik Araştırmalar Etik Kurulu'ndan 06.04.2021 tarih ve 2021-07/78 numarası ile etik kurul onayı alındıktan sonra başlanmıştır. Çalışmaya en az 1 yıldır nöbetli çalışan 49 erkek dahil edilmiştir. Nöbetli çalışmada yalnızca yaklaşık 16.00 itibaren başlayan gece çalışmayı kapsayan vardiya (?4gün/1 ayda minimum) esas alınmıştır. Vardiyalı çalışma süresine göre Grup 1 (kısa süredir çalışanlar (1-5 yıl)) (n=25) ve Grup 2 (uzun süredir çalışanlar (5 yıl üzeri)) (n=24) olarak iki grup yapılmıştır. Kişilerin sosyodemografik bilgileri ve vardiyalı çalışma ile ilgili bilgileri alınarak, uyku kalitesini değerlendirmek amacı ile PUKİ uygulanmıştır. Bilişsel performansı değerlendirmek için MOCA ve İz Sürme Testi, anksiyete düzeyini değerlendirmek için Beck Anksiyete Ölçeği uygulanmıştır. 1 adet EDTA'lı tüpe yaklaşık 5 cc kan alınarak plazma BDNF, GDNF ve Nörotrofin 3 düzeyleri incelenmiştir. 3 Teslalık cihaz çekimi olan MRI görüntülerinde T1 ağırlıklı aksiyal görüntü grubu kullanılarak MR görüntüsü işleme programlarından olan Matlab 7.10.0 ile analiz edilebilir hale getirilen verilerler hacim ölçüm programlarından Volbrain (84) ve MriCloud (85) uygulaması kullanılarak hacim ölçümü yapılmış ve raporlanmıştır. Bulgular: Çalışmamız sonuçlarına göre Grup 2 nin BDNF ve NT-3 düzeylerinde anlamlı (p0.05) bir azalma olduğu belirlenmiştir. İki grup arasında ilgili beyin bölgeleri hacimlerinde anlamlı bir farklılık olmadığı belirlenmiştir (p>0.05). PUKİ sonuçlarına göre her iki grubunda kötü uyku kalitesi olduğu ve gruplar arasında istatistiksel bir anlamlılık olmadığı belirlenmiştir (p>0.05). İki grup arasında Beck Anksiyete Ölçeği ve İz Sürme Testi sonuçlarının istatistiksel olarak anlamlı olmadığı belirlenmiştir (p>0.05). MOCA değerleri bakımından iki grup arasındaki farklılık istatistiki olarak anlamlıdır (p0.05) decrease in GDNF levels. It was determined that there was no significant difference in the volumes of the relevant brain regions between the two groups (p>0.05). According to the PUKI results, it was determined that both groups had poor sleep quality and there was no statistical significance between the groups (p>0.05). It was determined that the results of Beck Anxiety Scale and Trail Making Test were not statistically significant between the two groups (p>0.05). The difference between the two groups in terms of MOCA values was statistically significant (p<0.05). Group 1 MOCA values were found to be lower than Group 2. Conclusion: It was determined that the sleep quality was poor in men working with both short-term and long-term shifts. The decrease in BDNF, GDNF and NT-3 levels of long-term employees shows that the shift work system may cause negative effects on learning and memory. Augst 2022, 93 Pages. Keywords: Brain, Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor, Glial Cell Line-Derived Neurotrophic Factor, Neurotrophin 3, Shift-Work, Sleep Disorder
Characteristics of tuberculosis-related deaths and risk factors: a retrospective cohort study in Samsun province of Turkey
Get PDFObjectives: Tuberculosis (TB) remains one of the top ten leading causes of death worldwide despite effective therapy. The present study aims to examine the characteristics of TB-related deaths in Samsun Province and to determine the risk factors. Methods: In this retrospective registry-based cohort study, the medical records of patients registered with Samsun Tuberculosis Control Dispensary between 1 January 2018 and 31 December 2019 were retrospectively reviewed. The Cox proportional-hazards model was used to determine the factors associated with the risk of death in patients with TB. Results: The treatment outcomes of a total of 382 patients were reviewed. It was found that the treatment was successful in 346 patients (90.6%), and 31 patients (8.1%) died before or during TB therapy. The median survival time of patients who died during the therapy was 1.86 months (95% CI = 0.07–5.17 months), and more than 50% (13/25) of the deaths occurred in the first two months of the treatment. Age above 70 years (HR 15.06 (3.33–67.95)), male gender (HR 2.74 (1.02–7.33)), pulmonary TB (HR 2.92 (1.002–8.52)), multidrug-resistant (MDR) tuberculosis (HR 1.69 (1.22–12.75)), and a delay in the treatment of more than ten days (HR 2.71 (1.22–6.04)) were identified as risk factors associated with mortality in TB patients (p < 0.05). Conclusion: The majority of deaths in our cohort occurred within the first two months after starting the treatment. Advanced age, male sex, a new diagnosis of TB, pulmonary TB, MDR-TB, and a treatment delay of more than ten days after diagnosis increased the risk for mortality during antituberculosis treatment. © 2022 Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group
Quantum Chemical Calculations of 5-Diethylamino-2-{[4-(3-Methyl-3-Phenyl-Cyclobutyl)-Thiazol-2-yl]-Hydrazonomethyl}-Phenol Single Crystal Containing Heteroatoms
Get PDF5-Diethylamino-2-{[4-(3-methyl-3-phenyl-cyclobutyl)-thiazol-2-yl]-hydrazonomethyl}-phenol single crystal was synthesized and by using FT-IR, NMR and UV-Vis spectral techniques and X-ray diffraction method were characterized. It has adopted an enol-imine tautomeric form with a strong intramolecular O-H center dot center dot center dot N and intermolecular N-H center dot center dot center dot N hydrogen bond interaction. The compound has a photochromic property and is not planar. NMR chemical shift values, FT-IR and UV-Vis spectra of the title compound were theoretically calculated using density functional theory (DFT) and the spatial magnetic property known as visual ICSS employing the NICS concept was calculated. Using the TD-DFT method, the electronic absorption spectrum was calculated and determined to be in good agreement with the experimental UV-Vis values. It has been found that the title compound may have two tautomer structures (enol-imine and keto-amine). Tautomeric structures of the title compound were used to investigate corrosion inhibition effect on Cu and Fe metal atoms. Some quantum chemical parameters such as HOMO and LUMO orbital energies, electron affinity (IE), ionization potential (EA), electronegativity (chi), global hardness (eta) and global softness (S) were calculated. Using these parameters, the fraction of electrons (delta) transfer from inhibitor to metal was calculated to investigate the corrosion inhibition effects of Cu and Fe metals of the two tautomer structures. The corrosion inhibition effects of these structures were compared with the help of calculated quantum chemical parameters, and the relationships between quantum chemical parameters and the corrosion inhibition mechanism were analyzed. Electrophilic and nucleophilic attack sites of these tautomers also were examined using Fukui functions. In addition, optimized structure of the title compound in the solid phase was obtained using Quantum ESPRESSO under periodic boundary conditions (PBC)
The Effect of Acromial Morphology on the Functional Outcomes of Degenerative Rotator Cuff Tear Surgery
Get PDFPurpose: The aim of this study was to investigate how the critical shoulder angle (CSA) and acromion index (AI) affect the outcome of arthroscopic rotator cuff tear (RCT) repair. Methods: A total of 287 patients, who underwent arthroscopic surgery due to degenerative rotator cuff tear, were evaluated. The Constant Shoulder Score (CSS), Oxford Shoulder Score (OSS) and Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) were evaluated preoperatively and postoperatively. The AI and CSA were measured on true anteroposterior shoulder radiographs. The patients were separated into two groups according to their CSA and AI values (control group ≤ 38°, increased CSA > 38°, and control group ≤ 0.7, increased AI > 0.7). The relationship between CSS, OSS and VAS was examined in all the groups. Result: The evaluation was made of a total of 287 patients with a mean age of 60.29 ± 8.55 years. The mean duration of follow-up of the patients was 34.00 ± 18.97 months (range 12–80 months). There was a statistically significant difference between the preoperative and postoperative clinical scores of the patients (p 0.05). The interobserver ICC for CSA and AI were determined to be 0.962 and 0.967, respectively (95% CI) indicating a high correlation (p < 0.001). Conclusion: CSA and AI do not affect functional outcomes in the postoperative period, so they are not significant at the time of degenerative arthroscopic rotator cuff repair decisions. © 2021, Indian Orthopaedics Association
Morphological and biochemical changes in shoot and root organs of common vetch (Vicia sativa L.) after exposure to drought stress
Get PDFMorphological and biochemical responses of shoot and root organs of post-drought stress vetch plant were investigated. Vetch seedlings were exposed to drought stress (100 g/l PEG(6000)) under in vitro conditions. Parameters were measured on 14-day-old seedlings. Under drought stress, shoot and root length, fresh weight, and water content were decreased. The dry matter ratio (DMR) increased in both the root and the shoot, and an increase in root dry weight was detected. Moreover, drought induced changes in activities of antioxidant enzymes including catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), and glutathione reductase (GR) in both organs. Enzymes analysis revealed a reverse association between CAT and SOD with APX and GR activities. The inverse relationship between these antioxidant enzyme activities may depend on the plant's growth period. An increase in proline and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents was detected. Overall, the increase in morphological and biochemical parameters indicates that the root organ had a stronger response than the shoot organ under drought stress. The basic scientific knowledge obtained from this study could benefit future studies, such as breeding, in vetch plants
Expectations and level of satisfaction of university students from the higher education system
Get PDFThis study aims to determine the expectations of university students on the part of the Higher Education System and to
what extent these expectations are met. Phenomenological approach, which is counted among qualitative research models, was
utilized as the research model. The data obtained from student interviews were analyzed by content analysis. Findings were
presented as themes and categories. The research participants consist of 21 students studying at different universities and
programs in the 2020-2021 academic year. This study ascertained that the opinions of participating students in terms of themes,
categories and codes and their satisfaction levels vary depending on the university they attend. Students expect from the Higher
Education System that it enables them to get to their dream job, curricula and materials based on their needs, qualified lecturers, a
foreign language education, academic freedom, a democratic environment, equal opportunities in education, an substructure, sociocultural and physical-material opportunities, international interaction, practice-oriented opportunities for training/internship and
participation in administration. The faculty or program choice is highly determined by the condition of a country, the gained scores
in the central examination system, surroundings, offered orientation assistances in secondary education, the quality-perceptions of
students related to universities, acquisition of employment and the sufficiency of universities to acquire a profession. Findings of
this research made clear, that the level of The Higher Education System responding to the expectations of the students differs
according to the possibilities of universities
Preparation and activity evaluation of B4C/ZnO composite photocatalyst
Get PDFIn this study, B4C/ZnO composite photocatalysts were obtained by the heat treatment of polyvinyl borate composite, synthesized using the crosslinking reaction of polyvinyl alcohol and boric acid in the presence of ZnO nanoparticles. The photocatalytic activity ofB(4)C/ZnO was evaluated by photocatalytic degradation of a model dye, methylene blue. The relationship between the photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue and the temperature of the reaction medium, and the pH of the reaction medium was also studied. The structural and optical properties of B4C/ZnO photocatalyst were characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) analysis, fluorescence spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and UV-Vis absorption spectroscopy. The B4C and B4C/ZnO composite nanoparticles were synthesized successfully, which was proven by the FTIR, XRD, and SEM analyses. The photocatalytic degradation experiments illustrated that the photocatalytic activity of the composite photocatalysts was higher than that of B4C on the photocatalytic degradation of the model dye. The heterojunction structure formed between ZnO and B4C might have decreased the recombination rate, which was determined by the fluorescence spectroscopy. The B4C/ZnO composites possessed wider optical bandgap compared to pure B4C, which was determined by Tauc's plot analysis. When compared with pure B4C, approximately three times faster degradation rate was obtained by the B4C/ZnO composite. After four cycles of the photocatalytic degradation experiments, approximately 26% loss in the photocatalytic degradation efficiency was observed. Based on the scavenger experiments to reveal the photocatalytic degradation mechanism, the photoinduced holes, the superoxide radicals, and the hydroxyl radicals were the main active species for the degradation of methylene blue
Determination of Proper Turning Frequency to Increase for Hatching Results in Hatching Eggs With Abnormal Shape Index
Get PDFThe aim of this study was to determine the optimum turning frequency for increasing the hatchability results in hatching eggs with abnormal shape index. For this purpose, 4050 hatching eggs obtained from 56 weeks old ATAK-S hybrid hens were used. Shape index was divided into 3 groups as 71 and smaller, 72 - 76, 77 and higher. The research was conducted according to a completely randomized factorial experimental design. The hatching eggs were incubated with turning frequency of 30, 60 and 120 minutes. In the present study, fertility rate, hatchability, hatch of fertile, early, middle, late embryonic mortality, discard chick rate, chick quality, malformation and malposition rates were determined. The turning frequency was found to have a significant effect on hatch of fertile eggs and late embryonic mortality. It was found that turning frequency and shape index had no significant effect on the hatching results regarding discarded chicks, early embryonic mortality, malposition, malformation rate, and chick quality. Interaction between egg shape index and turning frequency did not influence hatching traits and chick quality. It was determined that there was no interaction effect between turning frequency and shape index on all the characteristics discussed. According to the results obtained from the research, it was observed that the 30 and 120 minute turning frequency of hatching eggs with different shape indexes had a negative effect on the hatchability of fertile eggs and late embryo mortality. It was concluded that even if the shape index of the hatching eggs were different, the optimum turning frequency should be every 60 minutes