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    Güneş takip sistemli alternatif bir cihaz tasarımı ile atmosfer havasından içilebilir su üretiminin teorik ve deneysel incelemesi

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    Bu çalışma, Irak'ın Kerkük şehrinin iklim koşullarında atmosferik havadan temiz su üretiminin teorik ve deneysel olarak araştırılması amacıyla yapıldı. Kurutucu malzeme olarak mavi silika jel ve kompozit malzeme kullanıldı ve her biri 56 x 68 x 82.5 cm3 boyutlarında birbirinden izole edilmiş iki özdeş kesitten oluşan tek eğimli aparat kullanıldı. Yoğuşma yüzeyi olarak akrilik levha ve kurutucu sıcaklığını artırmak için dahili reflektör kullanıldı. Ayrıca gün boyu güneşı takip etmek için güneş takip sistemi ve cihazı güneşin hareketi ile döndürmek için DC motor kullanıldı. Prosedür, gece boyunca nem adsorpsiyonunu ve gün boyunca su damlacıkları üretmek için nem desorpsiyonunu ve buhar yoğuşmasını içerir. Rejenerasyon işleminin sonuçları MATLAB programında 4. dereceden Runge-Kutta yöntemi kullanılarak teorik olarak tahmin edilmiş ve maliyet analizi kullanarak su üretim maliyeti hesaplanmıştır. Deneyler beş ay boyunca yapıldı ve her iki kurutucu için ayların sonuçları arasında, silika jel ile kompozit malzeme sonuçları arasında ve silika jel için teorik ve deneysel sonuçlar arasında bir karşılaştırma yapıldı. Sonuçlar, teorik birikmiş üretkenliğin toplanandan önemli ölçüde daha yüksek olduğunu, silika jelin üretkenliğinin kompozit malzemeden daha yüksek olduğunu ve yıllık su üretme maliyetinin 2.54 /Loldug˘unugo¨sterdi.Ayrıca,silikajelvekompozitmalzemeic\cinsırasıyla/L olduğunu gösterdi. Ayrıca, silika jel ve kompozit malzeme için sırasıyla %19 ve %10'luk bir sistem termal verimliliği ile en yüksek üretkenlik 160 g/m2 ve 83 g/m2 olarak bulunmuştur.This study was conducted to investigate clean water generation from atmospheric air theoretically and experimentally in the climatic conditions of Kirkuk City, Iraq. Blue Silica gel and a composite material were used as desiccant materials, and a single-slope apparatus composed of two identical sections isolated from each other, having dimensions of 56 x 68 x 82.5 cm3 for each, was employed. An acrylic sheet was used as a condensation surface, and an internal reflector was used to increase the desiccant temperature. Also, a solar tracking system was used to track the sunlight throughout the day, and a DC motor was employed to rotate the device with the sun's movement. The procedure involves humidity adsorption during the night and humidity desorption and vapour condensation to produce water droplets during the day. The results of the regeneration process were predicted theoretically using the fourth-order Rung-Kutta method in the MATLAB program, and the cost of water production was calculated using a cost analysis. The experiments were done for five months, and a comparison was made among the results of the months for both desiccants, between the results of Silica gel and the composite material, and between the theoretical and experimental results of Silica gel. The results showed that the theoretical accumulated productivity was notably higher than the collected one, the productivity of Silica gel was higher than the composite material, and the yearly cost of producing water was 2.54 /L. Also, the highest productivity was found to be 160 g/m2 and 83 g/m2, with a system thermal efficiency of 19 % and 10 % for Silica gel and composite material, respectively

    Investigation of the effect of blast furnace slag on the properties of fly ash based geopolymer brick

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    Yapı ve iç duvarlarında kullanımı yaygın olan tuğla, zaman içerisinde farklı malzemeler ikame edilerek özellikleri iyileştirilmiştir. Bu iyileştirme son zamanlarda daha çok atık malzemelerle yapılmaktadır. Gerek tarımsal atıklar gerekse endüstriyel atıklar tuğla üretiminde önemli girdiler olarak görülmektedir. Bu tez çalışmasında Karabük Demir Çelik Fabrikası atığı olan yüksek fırın cürufu ve Seyitömer termik santrali atığı uçucu kül kullanılarak uçucu kül bazlı geopolimer tuğla üretimi hedeflenmiştir. Çalışma fiziksel ve mekanik açıdan normal tuğlaya göre üstün özelliklere sahip, termal özellikleri daha iyi bir geopolimer tuğla üretimi amaçlanmıştır.Brick, which is widely used in building and interior walls, has improved its properties by substituting different materials over time. This improvement has been made more recently with waste materials. Both agricultural wastes and industrial wastes are seen as important inputs in brick production. In this thesis, it is aimed to produce fly ash-based geopolymer bricks by using blast furnace slag, which is the waste of Karabük Iron and Steel Factory, and fly ash from Seyitömer thermal power plant. In the study, it is aimed to produce a geopolymer brick with superior physical and mechanical properties compared to normal bricks and better thermal properties

    Suggestions for determining the production and marketing opportunities of the geographically (origin) indicated İspir dry bean and increasing its contribution to the country's economy

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    Türkiye'de nüfusun çok büyük bölümünün (%93) kent merkezlerinde yaşıyor olması önemli bir sorun olarak karşımıza çıkmaktadır. Kırsal nüfusun çok düşük olması kır - kent arası sosyal gelişmişlik seviyesini de olumsuz etkilemektedir. Erzurum ili İspir İlçesi, ekonomik değeri oldukça yüksek, coğrafi işaretli ürüne sahip bir ilçe olmasına rağmen nüfus yoğunluğu en az olan ilçeler arasında yer alması araştırma konusu olarak seçilmesinde önemli bir etken olmuştur. Bu çalışmayla İspir kuru fasulyesi üretiminde yaşanan sorunlar tespit edilerek çözüm önerilerinin geliştirilmesi ve ilçe ekonomisinin canlandırılarak tekrar tersine göçün cazip hale getirilmesi amacıyla önerilerin geliştirilmesi hedeflenmiştir. Tez konusu işlenirken önemine ve birbiri ile olan bağlantısına istinaden kırsal kalkınma, yerel/yöresel ürünler ve coğrafi işaret kavramları üzerine odaklanılmaktadır. Ülkenin ekonomik refah seviyesinin artmasının temelinde kırsal kalkınmanın önemli rolü olduğu göz önünde bulundurulduğunda, yerel ürünler daha fazla ön plana çıkmakta, bu ürünlerde kaliteyi, katma değeri ve marka değerini artırıcı unsur olarak da coğrafi işaret tescilinin yapılması gelmektedir. Bu amaç ve hedef doğrultusunda yürütülen bu tez çalışmasında ilçede Çiftçi Kayıt Sistemine kayıtlı 568 çiftçiden yapılan örnekleme hesabıyla 83 kişi ile yüz yüze anket yöntemiyle veri toplanılmıştır. Elde edilen veriler değerlendirildiğinde üretici ortalama yaşının yüksek olduğu, teknolojik imkânların kullanılmadığı, verim ortalamasının düşük olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Yaklaşık 26 milyon TL üretim değeri olan ürünün 400 milyon TL'ye çıkma imkânının olduğu görülmüştür. Yetiştiricilerin üretim, pazarlama ve satış süreçlerinde karşılaşmış oldukları sorunlar; teknoloji kullanımları; örgütlü yapı içerisinde bulunmaları; eğitim faaliyetlerine katılma ve yararlanma düzeyleri hakkında tespitlerde bulunulmuştur. Elde edilen sonuçlar ile kapsamlı tavsiyeler sonuç bölümünde sunulmuştur.Despite the fact that a significant portion of the population (93%) resides in urban centers poses a significant challenge. The low rural population adversely affects the socio-economic development level between rural and urban areas. The district of İspir in Erzurum province owns a product with high economic value and a geographical indication, but is one of the least populated districts. This feature of district has been a significant factor for being a subject of research. This study aims to identify the problems in İspir Dry Bean production, develop solutions, revitalize the district's economy, and make reverse migration appealing once again. During the study, three main concepts are focused upon due to their importance and interconnectedness: rural development, local products, and geographical indications. Considering the crucial role of rural development in increasing the country's economic prosperity, local products gain more prominence, and obtaining geographical indication registration serves as an enhancing factor for quality, added value, and brand value of these products. To achieve the purpose and objectives, this thesis collected data through face-to-face interviews with 83 individuals selected through sampling from 568 farmers registered in the Farmer Registration System in the district. Evaluation of the gathered data revealed that the average age of producers is relatively high, technological opportunities are underutilized, and the average yield is lower. An approximate production value of 26 million TL of the product has the potential to reach 400 million TL. Struggles faced by growers in the production, marketing, and sales processes, their technology usage, inclusion to organizational structures, participation in and making use of training activities were identified. Obtained results and comprehensive recommendations are presented in the conclusion section

    Railways in II. Abdulhamid period (Hijaz and Bagdat railways)

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    Bu tez, Sultan II. Abdülhamit dönemindeki demiryolları konusunu ele almakta olup, Osmanlı Devleti'nin hükümdarlığı döneminde inşa edilen on iki demiryolu hakkında detaylar ve bilgiler vermekte olup, Osmanlı Devleti döneminde kurulmuş, ancak Sultan II. Abdülhamit II. Osmanlı Devleti'nun Arap Yarımadası bölgeleri üzerindeki egemenliğinin devamını temsil ettiğini düşündüğü en önemli iki demiryolunu tamamlamak için büyük zorluklar ve zorluklarla karşılaştı. Padişahın yaratıcılığının, zekasının ve geniş Kapsamlı siyasi görüşlerinin de gösterildiği Hicaz Hattıdır. Bu projelerin önemi, Anadolu'yu Arap ülkelerinin canlı bölümleriyle ilişkilendirmeleri gerçeğinde tecelli ediliyordu. Bu yolcuların taşınmasını, mal alışverişini, ticaretin genişlemesini ve hattın birbirinden geçtiği köylerin, kasabaların ve bölgelerin birbirine bağlanmasına yardımcı oldu. Ayrıca, İngiliz politikasının pusuya yattığı ve çatışmaları kışkırttığı Arap bölgesine hızla ordunun gönderilmesini kolaylaştırıyorlar ve Bağdat hattının önemi burada gösteriliyor. Bu hat aynı zamanda Rusya'nın Akdenize ulaşma umut kapılarını da kapattı. Tezimiz bir giriş, iki bölüm ve bir sonuçtan oluşmaktadır. Demiryollarının önemi, siyasi, ekonomik ve askeri olaylarının seyrini etkileme kabiliyetini kanıtladığı ön planda, Osmanlı Devleti, en belirginleri Sultan II. Osmanlı Devleti'nu izleyen ilk bölüm, demiryolları hakkında bilgilerin verildiği Birinci bölüm II. Abdülhamit zamanında kurulan, ilki Hicaz demiryolu önemi ve Arap toprakları içindeki güzergâhı İstanbul'dan başlamış ve Osmanlı Devleti'na bağımlı hale gelmiştir. Osmanlı devletinin projeyi finanse etmek için yerel kaynaklarına ve hacıların yolundaki niteliksel değişime ve hat alanlarının canlanmasına. İkinci bölüme gelince, Bağdat-İstanbul demiryolunun kökenleri, finansmanı, bu önemli hattı kurmanın zorlukları ve Osmanlı Devleti'nin bölgedeki gücünü Osmanlı Devleti'na karşı empoze etmede sağlayacağı fayda hakkında kaynaklarda ve kitaplarda yer alan bilgiler ışığında; Batılı ülkelerin girişimleri, tehditleri ve Arap bölgesini kontrol etme hayalleriThis thesis, Sultan II. it deals with the issue of railways built during the reign of Abdülhamit and gives detailed information about the twelve railways built by the Ottoman Empire. Sultan II. Abdulhamid thought that the most important, perhaps the first, policy of the domination of the Ottoman Empire in the Arabian Peninsula regions. According to him, one of the conditions for the realization of this policy was to complete two railways and put them into operation. But he faced great difficulties in the construction of these railways. Both railways were made the international subject of foreign powers. But Sultan Abdulhamid was able to complete these railways with his intelligence and wide-ranging political views. By connecting Anatolia to Arab countries, the Hejaz and Baghdad railway projects would ensure unity and development in religious, cultural, political, social, military and other fields. Significant gains such as the transportation of passengers, the exchange of goods, the development of trade, and helping to connect the villages, towns and regions where the railway lines cross each other are vital for the future of Anatolia and the region. However, British politics was the biggest obstacle to these irons. In the Middle East, both the Hejaz Railways and the Baghdad Railways had to grapple with the dangerous and provocative tricks of British politics. Apart from England, France and Russia should not be forgotten. Let's not forget, history reminds us of the past, it also leads what we need to do in our lives. Our thesis consists of an introduction, two chapters and a conclusion. In the introduction, the history of the railways built by the Ottoman Empire until the reign of Sultan Abdulhamid is given. In the second part, the routes, financing, operation and benefits provided to Muslims by the Hejaz Railways, which started from Damascus and completed in Medina, were emphasized. In the third part, the construction of the Baghdad Railways as a joint project of the Ottoman-Germany, the principles to be followed during the construction, the completion of the railway and the political, economic, military, commercial and other gains it will provide are examined. In addition, after the First World War, the fate of these railways was discussed

    Burden of İnfectious Disease Studies in Europe and the United Kingdom: A Review of Methodological Design Choices

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    This systematic literature review aimed to provide an overview of the characteristics and methods used in studies applying the Disability-Adjusted Life Years (DALY) concept for infectious diseases within European Union (EU)/European Economic Area (EEA)/European Free Trade Association (EFTA) countries and the United Kingdom. Electronic databases and grey literature were searched for articles reporting the assessment of DALY and its components. We considered studies in which researchers performed DALY calculations using primary epidemiological data input sources. We screened 3,053 studies of which 2,948 were excluded and 105 studies met our inclusion criteria. Of these studies, 22 were multi-country and 83 were single-country studies, of which 46 were from the Netherlands. Food- and water-borne diseases were the most frequently studied infectious diseases. Between 2015 and 2022, the number of burden of infectious disease studies was 1.6 times higher compared to that published between 2000 and 2014. Almost all studies (97%) estimated DALYs based on the incidence- and pathogen-based approach and without social weighting functions; however, there was less methodological consensus with regards to the disability weights and life tables that were applied. The number of burden of infectious disease studies undertaken across Europe has increased over time. Development and use of guidelines will promote performing burden of infectious disease studies and facilitate comparability of the results. © 2023 Cambridge University Press. All rights reserved

    Virulence Characterization of the Wheat Stripe Rust Pathogen, Puccinia Striiformis F. Sp. Tritici, In Turkey From 2018 To 2020

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    Stripe (yellow) rust caused by Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici (Pst) is the most devastating disease of wheat in Turkey. Virulence characterization of the Pst population is critical to prevent large-scale epidemics, by developing wheat cultivars with durable resistance against the disease. In this study, 38 Pst races, including 25 races that were not previously reported, were identified from 140 isolates obtained from most regions of Turkey from 2018 to 2020 using a differential set containing 18 single Yr gene wheat lines (NILs) of 'Avocet'. Virulence to Yr15 was not observed among any of the isolates. Virulence to the remaining 17-Yr genes was detected at various frequencies. The frequencies of virulence to Yr6, Yr9, Yr7, Yr8, Yr43, YrExp2, Yr44, YrTr1, and Yr27 were high (57.1 to 100.0%), to Yr1, Yr17, Yr32, and YrTye were moderate (24.3 to 42.9%), and to YrSP, Yr24, and Yr10 were low (9.3 to 17.1%). Only one race was virulent to Yr5 (0.7%). Many of the races identified were common among regions, indicating that Pst races migrate throughout Turkey. However, the Black Sea (BS) and the Mediterranean (ME) regions were differentiated from other regions by unique races absent in other regions, and the Yr5-virulent race, respectively. To sum up, the virulences of the races identified and their distributions among regions provided an understanding of pathogen migration and may contribute to the development of resistant wheat cultivars against stripe rust

    More about Persulfate-Assisted Ferrilanthanide-Mediated Photocatalysis of Textile Industry Dye Reactive Black 5: Surface Properties and Structural Assessment

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    Color and organic matter removal from dyehouse effluent remains a challenging issue for the environmentalist and textile dyer. Until now, various treatment processes have been proposed with limited success. In this study, the textile dye and model industrial pollutant Reactive Black 5 (RB5; 20 mg/L) could be rapidly degraded by persulfate (PS)-enhanced photocatalytic treatment using a novel, home-made lanthanum iron oxide (LF; 0.5 g/L). LF-mediated heterogeneous photocatalysis was effective when the solution pH was kept below 4. The photocatalytic degradation of RB5 solution was enhanced in the presence of 0.6 and 1.2 mM PS. The dissolved organic carbon (DOC) content of the aqueous, hydrolyzed RB5 solution (initial DOC = 5.15 mg/L) was effectively reduced by LF/UV-A (LF = 0.5 g/L; 52–54% DOC removal after 150–180 min) and LF/PS/UV-A (LF = 0.5 g/L; 60–66% DOC removal after 120 min) treatments. LF photocatalyst could be reused in four consecutive cycles for complete color and partial DOC removals without significant deterioration of the treatment performance with the LF/PS/UV-A/pH 3 process. Instrumental analyses of LF’s surface morphology/chemical composition and structural features via EDAX/SEM/Raman/FTIR/UV-vis/fluorescence spectroscopy indicated that LF remained practically intact throughout photocatalytic treatment, though slight changes/decreases in particle size/partial surface deformation and agglomeration coverage were observed, particularly during LF/PS/UV-A treatment. The presence of RB5 and its degradation products on the LF surface revealed that surface adsorption played a major role in LF-mediated photocatalysis. The Fe-content did not deviate appreciably from its original value after photocatalytic treatment. © 2023 by the authors

    Structural and spectroscopic characterization, electronic properties, and biological activity of the 4-(3-methoxyphenyl)piperazin-1-ium 4-(3-methoxyphenyl)piperazine-1-carboxylate monohydrate

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    In this study, 4-(3-methoxyphenyl)piperazin-1-ium 4-(3-methoxyphenyl)piperazine-1-carboxylate monohydrate was synthesized and characterized by using spectroscopic (XRD, FT-IR, FT-Ra, and NMR) techniques. Theoretical calculations were performed in the DFT method using the B3LYP functional and the 6–311 + + G(d,p) basis set and compared with the experimental results. It was determined that the geometric parameters and spectroscopic data obtained from the DFT calculations were in high agreement with the experimental results. The HOMO–LUMO energy gap was calculated at 5.19 eV, while this value was experimentally found at 4.26 eV from the UV–Vis absorption spectrum. Although the experimental and theoretical values are different from each other, according to both results, this synthesized structure has low reactivity and a tendency to be stable. Also, the electronic (MEP, Fukuki functions, and charge analyses), nonlinear optical, and thermodynamic properties (heat capacity, entropy, enthalpy change, and Gibbs free energy) of the title complex were investigated. Electrophilic and nucleophilic regions were found to be the same in all of the electronic investigation analyses. The first hyperpolarizability value was calculated to be 25 times (9.27 × 10–30 esu) greater than that of the urea used for comparison. Therefore, it has very good nonlinear optical properties. The change in the values of calculated thermodynamic properties depending on the temperature change shows that the thermodynamic system of the structure changed. Finally, antimicrobial activity studies were carried out to evaluate the biological activity of this synthesized complex, the experimental results were supported by molecular docking studies, and the toxicological and physicochemical properties of the complex were investigated. © 2023, Institute of Chemistry, Slovak Academy of Sciences

    Investigation of temporomandibular disorders in patients with fibromyalgia syndrome: A case-control study

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    Introduction: The aim of this study is to compare the frequency of temporomandibular disorders and to examine the temporomandibular pain and functionality levels between healthy female participants and female patients diagnosed with fibromyalgia. Materials and methods: Our study included 300 participants. Patients were evaluated according to the Diagnostic Criteria for Temporomandibular Disorders: Assessment Instruments (DC/TMD). While evaluating the patients using DC/TMD, TMD Pain Screener and Symptom questionnaire were used within the scope of Axis I, and Graded Chronic Pain Scale, Jaw Functional Limitation Scale-8 (JFLS-8), Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-4) and Oral Behaviors Checklist were applied. Results: Bruxism, tooth grinding and masseter hypertrophy were found to be significantly higher in fibromyalgia patients compared to healthy volunteers (p<0.001). The pain screener, JFLS-8, PHQ-4 and OBC scores and GCPS levels were found to be increased in the fibromyalgia group compared to healthy individuals (p<0.001). Considering the post-examination diagnoses of the participants, the diagnoses of myalgia (p=0.022) and disc displacement with reduction (p<0.001) were significantly higher than healthy individuals. Conclusions: Fibromyalgia is a common pathology, therefore, TMD symptoms, which are more difficult to diagnose and often missed, should be questioned in fibromyalgia patients and should be kept in mind in the management of fibromyalgia patients. © 2022 Elsevier Masson SA

    Ankara Kurak Koşullarında Yazlık Ekilen, Yazlık Ekmeklik Buğdayın Tane Verimi Ve Verim Unsurları Yönünden Değerlendirilmesi

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    Bu araştırma Ankara ekolojik koşullarında CIMMYT tarafından yarı kurak iklim kuşağına yönelik geliştirilen 19 yazlık ekmeklik buğday hattı ve 5 şahit çeşit kuru koşullarda ve erken ilkbaharda ekilmesiyle, verim ve verim unsurları yönüyle nasıl etkileneceği, hatlar arasında bir varyasyonun mevcut olup olmadığını gözlemlemek amacıyla yürütülmüştür. Deneme Ankara’da 2022 yetiştirme yılında tesadüf blokları deneme planında üç tekerrürlü olarak kurulmuş; toplamda 24 genotip kullanılmıştır. Çalışmada genotiplerin verim ve verim bileşenleri, morfolojik ve fenolojik özellikleri ile değerlendirilmiş ve özellikler arası ilişkiler incelenmiştir. Çalışmada ortalama tane verimi 236,1 kg/da olmuştur. Denemede yer alan genotiplerin ortalama verimleri 160,9 kg/da (G 7) ile 312,9 kg/da (G 22) arasında değişmiştir. İncelenen özellikler arasında 210 basit ilişki belirlenmiş, bu ilişkiden 44 adeti istatistiki olarak önemli korelasyon katsayısına sahip olmuş, 25 adeti olumlu ve önemli, 19 adeti ise olumsuz ve önemli şeklinde dağılım göstermiştir. En yüksek seviyedeki ilişki bayrak yaprak boyu ile bayrak yaprak alanı arasında (r=0,9521**) belirlenmiştir. Bu çalışmada orta Anadolu bölgesinde son yıllarda gözlemlenen iklimsel ve yağış dağılımındaki değişimler, ekim zamanı ve ekilecek çeşitler için farklı uygulamaların gerekliliğini ön plana çıkarmıştır. Orta Anadolu bölgesinde erken ilkbaharda doğru seçilen yazlık ekmeklik buğday çeşitlerinin kurak koşullarda değerlendirilebileceği kanaatine varılmıştır

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