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Leveraging Large Language Models for Natural Language Processing Based Tasks in the Legal Domain: A Short Survey
No full text25th International Conference on Computational Science and Its Applications, ICCSA 2025-- -- Istanbul -- 334769The integration of natural language processing techniques (NLP) into the legal domain has opened up new possibilities for automating, analyzing, and improving access to legal information. However, the complex and specialized terminology of legal texts has always been a significant challenge for the NLP area. To overcome this challenge, research studies in the law domain conducted with NLP techniques can be categorized into the following tasks: classification, information extraction, summarization, information retrieval, legal judgment prediction. Recent advancements in large language models (LLMs) have significantly contributed to NLP tasks across various domains, including the aforementioned tasks in the legal domain. The ability of large language models to reason and understand the deep context of texts has shown promising capabilities for understanding legal language and overcoming legal challenges. Therefore, this paper explores the existing tasks addressed by NLP in the legal domain and delves into LLM-based approaches which address these NLP tasks. Moreover, the datasets and evaluation criteria for LLMs have been examined, and the challenges and key limitations of LLMs in the legal domain have been identified. Hallucination, lack of domain-specific knowledge, and lack of interpretability have been determined as the challenges for the reliable application of large language models in the legal field. Finally, opportunities for future research have been discussed. © 2025 Elsevier B.V., All rights reserved
Modulated Model Predictive Torque Control of Induction Motor Without Weighting Factors
No full textDelta; et al.; GE Aerospace; Lotus Wireless; Mitsubishi Electric; Typhoon Hil17th IEEE Energy Conversion Congress and Exposition Asia, ECCE-Asia 2025-- -- Bengaluru; Hilton and Hilton Inn Embassy Manyata, Business Park -- 211383Model predictive control (MPC) stands for a strong candidate against mature control techniques in the control of electric drives, particularly direct MPC schemes, which are quite popular in the research community. However, challenges related to weighting factor adjustment (WF), high current harmonics and torque ripples, and variable switching frequency pose barriers to their widespread adoption. To address these issues, this paper proposes a modulated model predictive torque control (MPTC) scheme without WFs. A modulation scheme is integrated into MPTC to fix the switching frequency and reduce current harmonics and torque ripples. In addition, a decision-making-based method is included to address issues caused by WFs. The proposed drive system is tested under various operating conditions and the resulting control performance confirms its effectiveness. © 2025 Elsevier B.V., All rights reserved
Sultan Mecid Ganizâde'nin hayatı ve eserleri üzerine bir inceleme
No full textModernleşme hareketleri, Rusya Müslümanları arasında XIX. yüzyıl sonu başlamış, XX. yüzyılda ise büyük bir hız kazanmıştır. Bu süreç doğal olarak eğitim alanını esas almaktadır. Toplumu eğitmeyi amaç edinen aydınlar eğitime yönelmiş, edebiyat ise aynı amaç doğrultusunda işlevsel olarak aydın kesime hizmet etmiştir. Bu süreçte Maarifperver realist adlı bir akımın ortaya çıktığı görülmektedir. Çalışmamız, maarifperver realist akımın temsilcilerinden biri olan e itimci-yazar Sultan Mecid Ganizâde'nin hayatı ve eserlerini inceleyerek Azerbaycan edebiyatı ve pedagoji çalışmalarına katkı sağlamayı amaçlayan bir monografi denemesidir. Bu çalışma doğrultusunda Türkiye ve Azerbaycan sahalarında literatür taraması yapılmış, elde edilen veriler tasnif edilerek yazarın hayatı ve eserleri incelenmiştir. Çalışma; Giriş, Hayatı, Eğitim Faaliyetleri, Siyasi Hayatı ve Sanat Anlayışı, Eserleri, Hakkında Süreli Yayınlarda Çıkan Yazılar, Sultan Mecid Ganizâde'nin Düşüncelerinden Eserlerine Yansıyan Temel Meseleler, Sultan Mecid Ganizâde Bibliyografyası, Sonuç, Ekler olmak üzere sekiz bölümden oluşmaktadır. XIX-XX. Yüzyıl Azerbaycan Sahasında Yenileşme Hareketleri ve Azerbaycan Edebiyatı başlığını taşıyan giriş bölümünde yazarın yaşadığı dönemdeki siyasi ve kültürel olaylar ile edebi şahsiyetlere yer verilerek dönemin ruhunu anlamak ve Ganizâde'nin düşünce yapısının şekillenmesine olan katkısını görmek amaçlanmıştır. Hayatı, Eğitim Faaliyetleri, Siyasi Hayatı ve Sanat Anlayışı, Eserleri, Hakkında Süreli Yayınlarda Çıkan Yazılar bölümlerinde ise öğretmen, okul müdürü, müfettiş, yazar, şair, sözlükçü, dramaturg, çevirmen olarak çok yönlü bir kişiliğe sahip olan Ganizâde'nin hem edebiyat hem de pedagoji alanlarındaki çalışmaları ile hakkında çıkan yazılar incelenmiş, yazarın ilklere imza attığı görülmüştür. Ayrıca yazarın eserlerinde özellikle üzerinde durduğu konular tasnif edilmiş ve düşünce dünyası ele alınmıştır. Ganizâde hakkında sonradan yapılacak çalışmalara kolaylık sağlamak amacıyla da yazarın eserleri ve hakkında yapılmış olan çalışmaların künyeleri derlenerek Sultan Mecid Ganizâde Bibliyografyası hazırlanmıştır. Böylelikle eğitim camiasının farklı kademelerinde görev yapmış Sultan Mecid Ganizâde'nin Azerbaycan'ın sadece edebiyat ve pedagoji alanlarında değil, kültürel tarihinde de önemli bir şahsiyet olduğu yaptığımız çalışma ile gösterilmiştir.Modernization movements began among Russian Muslims at the end of the 19th century and gained momentum in the 20th century. This process naturally focused on the field of education. Intellectuals who aimed to educate society turned to education, and literature served the intellectual class in a functional manner in line with the same goal. During this process, a movement called Maarifperver realist emerged. Our study is a monograph that aims to contribute to Azerbaijani literature and pedagogical studies by examining the life and works of Sultan Mecid Ganizâde, an educator and writer who was one of the representatives of the Maarifperver realist movement. In line with this study, a literature review was conducted in Turkey and Azerbaijan, and the data obtained was classified and used to examine the author's life and works. The study consists of eight chapter: Introduction, His Life, His Educational Activities, His Political Life and His Understanding of Art, Works, Articles about him in Periodicals, Fundamental Issues Reflected in Sultan Mecid Ganizâde's Work from His Thoughts, Sultan Mecid Ganizâde Bibliography, Conclusion, Appendices. The introductory section, titled Reform Movements and Azerbaijani Literature in Azerbaijan in the XIXth and XXth Centuries, aims to understand the spirit of the period by discussing the political and cultural events of the author's lifetime and literary figures, and to see how they contributed to the formation of Ganizâde's way of thinking. In the sections on His Life, His Educational Activities, His Political Life and His Understanding of Art, Works, Articles about him in Periodicals, Ganizâde's multifaceted personality as a teacher, headmaster, inspector, writer, poet, lexicographer, playwright, and translator is examined, along with his work in the fields of literature and pedagogy and the articles published about him. It is noted that the author was a pioneer in several areas. Additionally, the topics he particularly emphasised in his works have been categoried, and his intellectual world has been examined. To facilitate future studies on Ganizâde, a bibliography of his works and studies conducted on him has been complied, resulting in the Sultan Mecid Ganizâde Bibliography. Thus, our study has demonstrated that Sultan Mecid Ganizâde, who served at various levels of the education community, was an important figure not only in the fields of literature and pedagogy but also in the cultural history of Azerbaijan
Evidence-Based Practices in Recurrent Pregnancy Loss
No full textTekrarlayan gebelik kaybı (TGK), iki veya daha fazla gebeliğin kaybı olarak tanımlanmaktadır. TGK için kadının yaşı, önceki gebelik kayıpları, kromozomal anormallikler, uterus anomalileri, endokrin anormallikler, antifosfolipid sendromu (AFS) ve kalıtsal trombofili gibi risk faktörleri bulunmaktadır. TGK, kadınlar ve eşleri için fizyolojik ve psikolojik sıkıntı yaratan bir durumdur. TGK yaşayan bireylere verilen sağlık hizmetlerinde iyi kalitede kanıtlar sınırlıdır ve kanıt yetersizliği, klinisyenleri hastalara ne önerecekleri konusunda ikilemlere sokar. TGK'nin araştırılması ve yönetimi için öneriler konusunda tartışmalar mevcuttur. Avrupa İnsan Üreme ve Embriyoloji Derneği (ESHRE), tekrarlayan gebelik kaybı yaşayan kadınlara ve eşlerine sunulan sağlık hizmetinin kalitesini iyileştirmeye yönelik klinik öneriler sağlamak için klinik uygulama rehberi geliştirmiştir. Profesyonel bir meslek olan hemşirelikte kanıta dayalı uygulamaları hemşirelik bakımına entegre etmek en güncel kanıtları kullanarak yenilikçi hasta bakımı sunmayı sağlar. Bu derleme, tekrarlayan gebelik kaybı yaşayan kadınların tanı, tedavi ve bakımına yönelik kanıta dayalı, güncel uygulamaları ortaya koymak amacıyla yazılmıştır.Recurrent pregnancy loss (RPL) is defined as the loss of two or more pregnancies. There are risk factors for RPL such as the woman's age, previous pregnancy losses, chromosomal abnormalities, uterine anomalies, endocrine abnormalities, antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) and hereditary thrombophilia. RPL is a condition that creates physiological and psychological distress for women and their partners. Good-quality evidence on health care for individuals experiencing RPL is limited, and the lack of evidence puts clinicians in dilemmas about what to recommend to patients. There is controversy regarding recommendations for the investigation and management of RPL. The European Society of Human Reproduction and Embryology (ESHRE) has developed clinical practice guidance to provide clinical recommendations to improve the quality of healthcare provided to women experiencing recurrent pregnancy loss and their partners. Integrating evidence-based practices into nursing care, which is a professional profession, enables providing innovative patient care using the most up-to-date evidence. This review was written to reveal evidence-based, current practices for the diagnosis, treatment and care of women experiencing recurrent pregnancy loss
Lisanslı Taekwondo Sporcularında Hareket Korkusunun Yaralanma Sıklığı ve Kas İskelet Sistemi Ağrısı ile İlişkisi
No full textAmaç: Bu çalışma taekwondo sporcularında hareket korkusunun yaralanma sıklığı ve kas iskelet sistemi ağrısı ile ilişkisini incelemeyi amaçlamaktadır. Gereç ve Yöntem: Kesitsel çalışmamıza yaşları 15-29 arasında değişen 37 lisanslı taekwondo sporcusu katıldı. Katılımcıların sosyo-demografik ve sporla ilişkili özellikleri ile yaralanma öyküleri kaydedildi. Sporculara Tampa Kinezyofobi Ölçeği, Spor Yaralanmaları Kaygı Ölçeği ve Cornell Kas İskelet Sistemi Rahatsızlığı Anketi uygulandı. Değişkenler arasındaki ilişki Pearson ya da Spearman korelasyon analizleri ile incelendi. Bulgular: Sporcuların %64,8’ i son bir yılda, %86,4’ü spor hayatları boyunca en az bir kez taekwondoya bağlı yaralanma geçirdiklerini belirtti.Yaralanma sıklığı ortalama değeri 1000 atletik performans saati başına 27,2 (24,4) idi. En sık yaralanan bölge ayak bileği (%35,1); en sık karşılaşılan yaralanma tipi kontüzyondu (%34,4). Hareket korkusu, yaralanma sıklığı (r=0,431, p=0,008), acı çekme ve yeniden yaralanma kaygı ölçeği alt skoru ile korele idi (r=0,547, p=0,006, r=0,721, p<0,001). Bel ağrısı olan sporcularda ağrının işle ilgili algısı, hareket korkusu (r=0,446, p=0,017) ve zayıf algılanma kaygısı (r=0,481, p=0,010) ile ilişkili bulundu. Ayak bileği ağrısı tanımlayan sporcularda ağrının sıklığı (r=0,693, p=0,002) ve derecesi (r=0,539, p=0,026) hayal kırıklığına uğratma kaygısı ile ilişkiliydi. Sonuç: Çalışmamız taekwondo sporcularında hareket korkusu mevcut olduğunu ve hareket korkusunun yaralanma sıklığı ve özellikle bel ağrısının işle ilgili algısı ile ilişkili olduğunu göstermiştir. Bu sebeple hareket korkusunun yaralanma sıklığı üzerindeki etkisinin, sporcuların performansını optimize etmek için önemli olduğu ve değerlendirilmesinin sporcu sağlığıyla çalışan profesyonellere yol gösterici olacağı görüşündeyiz
Evaluation of Three Soybean Genotypes under Drought Stress
No full textDrought stress significantly affects the growth and yield of soybeans. For this reason, this study was carried out to determine the drought tolerance of soybean genotypes in terms of growth characteristics and grain yield under conditions where water is limited in the field. This research used a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications in 2020 and 2021. The first factor, soybean variety, consists of 3 genotypes: Umut 2002, Cinsoy, and Ar & imath;soy. Factor 2 is the drought stress condition: well-watered (control) and drought stress. Drought stress was applied by keeping the soil moisture, which was monitored via soil moisture sensors, at 50% field capacity. On a yearly basis, the effect on the examined traits was insignificant, and a significant water treatment genotype interaction was observed in terms of plant height, relative water content, and grain yield. According to the results, the yield of varieties in 2020 and 2021 varied from 1583.5-1764.0 kg.ha-1 and 1026.7-1458.2 kg.ha-1, respectively. Among the genotypes, Umut 2002 showed greater drought tolerance with a higher yield and relative chlorophyll content under drought conditions in terms of the two-year average. Therefore, it is recommended that soybeans be grown in a moderately drought-affected environment
Novel Barium-Enhanced 3-Dimensional-Printed Spine Model for Pedicle Screw Training: A Cost-Effective Solution and Educational Validation
No full textBACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES:Training in pedicle screw placement is crucial for neurosurgery residents, yet access to high-fidelity training models is often limited by cost and availability. This study introduces a novel, cost-effective barium-enhanced 3-dimensional (3D)-printed L4-5 spine model visible under fluoroscopy, aiming to validate its effectiveness as a training tool for novice residents in pedicle screw placement.METHODS:A barium-enhanced 3D-printed L4-5 spine model was developed to simulate human bone density and provide radiopacity under fluoroscopy. Ten neurosurgery residents with no prior experience in pedicle screw placement participated in a structured training program using this model. Each resident completed three training sessions, placing four pedicle screws per session, totaling 120 screw placements. Surgical duration, screw placement accuracy, and fluoroscopy usage were recorded. Screw placement accuracy was assessed by two independent blinded evaluators using both a visual grading method and the computed tomography-based Gertzbein-Robbins classification.RESULTS:The analysis demonstrated significant improvement in surgical time across sessions (P <.0001), decreasing from 20:44 ± 4:32 minutes to 13:17 ± 4:04 minutes. The median number of fluoroscopic images decreased from 8.5 (range: 5-18) to 6.0 (range: 5-10), although not statistically significant (P =.312). Visual assessment scores improved, with median breach scores decreasing from 0.25 (0.00-3.00) to 0.00 (0.00-0.25). Similarly, the median Gertzbein-Robins grades improved from 0.50 (0.12-2.88) to 0.12 (0.00-0.62). Visual and computed tomography-based assessments showed excellent correlation (intraclass correlation coefficients = 0.978, 95% CI: 0.953-0.989, P <.001).CONCLUSION:The barium-enhanced 3D-printed spine model ($1.61/session) provides a highly cost-effective training tool for novice residents, demonstrating significant improvements in surgical efficiency. Although accuracy measures showed promising trends, more extensive studies may be needed to establish definitive improvements in placement precision. The model's radiopacity allows for realistic fluoroscopic imaging, bridging the gap between basic models and more expensive alternatives, which is particularly valuable in resource-limited settings. © 2025 Elsevier B.V., All rights reserved
Mangan ve niyobyum alaşım elementlerinin Fe-Cr-C esaslı sert dolgu kaplamalarının mekanik özelliklerine ve korozyon davranışına etkisinin incelenmesi
No full textSert dolgu kaplamalar malzemelerin sertliğini, aşınma direncini ve korozyon direncini yükseltmek için kullanılan bir yöntemdir. Kaynaklı imalat yöntemleri bu kaplamaların üretiminde kritik bir öneme sahiptir. Sert dolgu kaplama uygulaması ekonomik olması, aşınması durumunda onarılabilmesi, malzeme ömrünü uzatması ve arıza süreleri ile yedek parça stok seviyesini minimize etmesi sebebiyle oldukça verimli bir yöntemdir. Bu tezde sert dolgu kaplamaların üretiminde, ağırlıkça %40 demir esaslı dolgu teli ve %60 ferro alaşım toz karışımı metal ark kaynağı yöntemi ile ergitilerek düşük karbonlu çelik üzerine kaplanmıştır. Ferro alaşım toz karışımı, ferrokrom, ferroniyobyum ve ferromanganın farklı oranlarda eklenmesiyle oluşturulmuştur. Kaplamaların karakterizasyonunda, mikroyapı incelemeleri, sertlik, aşınma, korozyon ve kavitasyon testleri gerçekleştirilmiştir. XRD ve SEM-EDX analizleri ile oluşan fazların tayini gerçekleştirilmiştir. Mangan ilavesi ile korozyon direncinde kayda değer bir fark gözlenmezken aşınma direncinin arttığı görülmüştür. Niyobyum ilavesinin ile sertlik ve aşınma direncinde artış görülmüştür.Hardfacing is a method used to improve the hardness, wear resistance, and corrosion resistance of materials. Welded manufacturing methods are critical in the production of these coatings. Hardfacing is a highly efficient method because it is economical, can be repaired in case of wear, extends material life, and minimizes downtime and spare parts stock levels. In this thesis, in producing hardfacing coatings, 40 wt% iron-based filler wire, and 60 wt% ferro alloy powder mixture were melted by metal arc welding method and coated on low carbon steel. The ferro alloy powder mixture was formed by adding ferrochromium, ferroniobium, and ferromanganese in different proportions. For the characterization of the coatings, microstructure investigations, hardness, wear, corrosion, and cavitation tests were carried out. XRD and SEM- EDX analyses were performed to determine the phases formed. With the addition of manganese, no significant difference in corrosion resistance was observed, while wear resistance increased. The addition of niobium increased hardness and wear resistance
Kahve Telvesinin Toprak Verimliliği ve Turp (Raphanus sativus L.) Beslenmesini Artırmada Ekolojik Bir Gübre Olarak Değerlendirilmesi
No full textGlobally, rising coffee consumption has led to an increase in coffee grounds waste. This study evaluated the feasibility of using spent coffee grounds (SCG) as an alternative fertilizer in agriculture from an environmental perspective. To this end, various application rates of coffee grounds (0, 7.5, 15, and 30 t ha-1) were tested to determine their effects on the yield and nutrient content of red radish, as well as on selected physical and chemical soil properties. Coffee grounds applications significantly increased the organic matter content and the amounts of N, P, K, Mg, and Zn in loamy sand soil following radish cultivation. Compared with the control, 30 t ha-1 of SCG raised soil organic matter by 50% and enhanced P, Mg, and Mn contents by 27.5%, 14.6%, and 55.5%, respectively. SCG treatments significantly improved the P, Mg, Zn, and Mn contents in radish leaves and tubers, as well as K and vitamin C levels in the tubers. Notably, the 30 t ha-1 dose increased tuber Mg and Mn contents by 32% and 55%, respectively, while the 15 t ha-1 dose increased vitamin C content by 35%. However, these applications did not affect radish tuber yield, dry matter content, leaf N, Fe, and Cu levels, or tuber N, Ca, and Fe concentrations. Consequently, the application of spent coffee grounds enriched the mineral profile of radish, an important nutritional source, thereby enhancing its overall nutritional value. The findings indicate that spent coffee grounds applications to soil can improve the mineral content of both plants and soil while also enhancing soil properties, suggesting significant potential as an alternative fertilizer. Additionally, repurposing large quantities of coffee grounds in agriculture contributes to sustainable soil fertility and offers environmental benefits. © 2025 Elsevier B.V., All rights reserved
The fourth report of the European Registry for Patients with Mechanical Circulatory Support (EUROMACS) of the European Association for Cardiothoracic Surgery: focus on standardized outcome ratios
No full textOBJECTIVES: This 4th report aimed to provide insights into patient characteristics, outcomes and standardized outcome ratios of patients implanted with durable Mechanical Circulatory Support across participating centres in the European Registry for Patients with Mechanical Circulatory Support (EUROMACS) registry. METHODS: All registered patients receiving durable mechanical circulatory support up to August 2024 were included. The expected number of events was predicted using penalized logistic regression. Standardized outcome ratios (Observed/Expected events) were presented in plots to assess 30-day and 1-year mortality, ischaemic stroke and major bleeding outcomes. Expected events were estimated using penalized logistic regression using demographics and comorbidities as predictors. Centres with <90% follow-up completeness were excluded from standardized outcome ratio assessment. RESULTS: Analysis included 6962 implants in 6408 patients (457 patients underwent repeated implants) registered in EUROMACS from 17 countries (32 centres) (median age: 58 years, 83% males, 17% Interagency Registry for Mechanically Assisted Circulatory Support class 1). Thirty-day mortality, major bleeding and ischaemic stroke probabilities were 9.6, 12.6% and 2.1%, respectively. Standardized mortality ratios showed variability between centres, ranging from 0 (95% CI 0-0) to 1.4 (95% CI 1.2-1.7). Higher standardized bleeding outcome ratios correlated with higher standardized ischaemic stroke ratio's (Spearman r: 0.56, P = 0.008). CONCLUSIONS: Most included centres perform as expected given the demographics and comorbidities of patients. A positive correlation was found between standardized bleeding and ischaemic stroke ratios, reflecting the need of continuously monitoring of adverse events by quality improvement programs