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The Rite of Incubation and the Interpretation of Dreams in Egyptian Cults
No full textObred inkubacije i iscjeljenja u egipatskim je kultovima označavao skup praksi i rituala s ciljem namjernog izazivanja sna. Svrha snova je tada bila komunikacija s božanskim svijetom koje je rezultiralo ozdravljenjem ili proročanstvom. Iako je proces bio osoban i različit za svakog pristupnika rituala, sadržavao je i određene elemente koji se ponavljaju. Većinom je to bilo mjesto odvijanja inkubacije, točnije hram, i uključivanje božanstva. Obredi su također sadržavali brojna pravila, od prehrambenih ograničenja do određenih aktivnosti prije i tijekom samog procesa. Nakon primitka sna, trebalo ga je i protumačiti. Za to su najčešće bili zaduženi hramski svećenici, dok kasnije nailazimo i na profesionalne tumače snova koji su također djelovali u hramovima, ali i izvan njih u okviru cijelog svetišta. Analizom literarnih i epigrafskih izvora potvrđuje se prisutnost tumačenja snova od faraonskog razdoblja Egipta do grčko-rimskoga. Miješanjem egipatske i grčke tradicije ove prakse, dolazi do usavršavanja obreda u kasnijem razdoblju, s naglaskom na iscjeljivanje i božanski savjet. U radu se analiziraju tri najpopularnija egipatska božanstva: Imhotep, Izida i Serapis, kao i lokaliteti na kojima su djelovali. Većina izvora, za sva tri božanstva, dolazi iz Sakare gdje je pronađen arhiv svećenika Hora koji sadrži velik broj izvora vezanih uz spavanje i snove. Uz Imhotepa se analizira i bog Amenhotep i njihov zajednički lokalitet Deir el-Bahari. Kao novi fenomen, također se javlja i inkubacija u svrhu plodnosti, ponajviše vezana uz boga Imhotepa, ali i božicu Izidu. Izvori vezani uz Izidu i Serapisa ne potvrđuju konkretan obred inkubacije, već samo zapise o snovima. Nadalje, rad analizira i nastavak tradicije obreda i praksi kod kršćanskih svetaca i uspoređuje ih s prethodnim poganskim ritualima. Na samom kraju se usredotočuje na hrvatski povijesni prostor i Jaške toplice gdje se analizira mogućnost nekakvog oblika spavanja i iscjeljenja, s obzirom na potvrdu prisutnosti kultova Izide i Serapisa.The ritual of incubation and healing in Egyptian cults referred to a set of practices and rituals aimed to induce sleep. The purpose of dreams was communication with the divine world, resulting in healing or prophecy. Although the process was personal and different for each participant in the ritual, it also contained certain recurring elements. Most often, these included the place where incubation occurred, specifically the temple, and the involvement of a deity. The rituals also contained numerous rules, from dietary restrictions to specific activities before and during the process itself. After receiving a dream, it also needed to be interpreted. This task was usually performed by temple priests, but later on professional dream interpreters also appeared, working both inside and outside temples. Analysis of literary and epigraphic sources confirms the presence of dream interpretation from the Pharaonic period of Egypt to the Greco-Roman era. With the blending of Egyptian and Greek traditions, these practices were further developed in later periods, with an emphasis on healing and divine counsel. The paper analyzes the three most popular Egyptian deities: Imhotep, Isis, and Serapis, as well as the locations where they were worshipped. Most of the sources, regarding all three deities, come from Saqqara, where the archive of the priest Hor was found. It contained many sources related to sleep and dreams. Alongside Imhotep, the god Amenhotep and their common site of Deir el-Bahari are also discussed. As a new phenomenon, incubation for fertility purposes emerged, mostly linked to the god Imhotep and the goddess Isis. Sources relating to Isis and Serapis do not specifically confirm a incubation ritual, but only records about dreams. Furthermore, the paper also analyzes the continuation of the tradition of rituals and practices with Christian saints and compares them to previous pagan rituals. Finally, it focuses on the Croatian historical area and Jaške Toplice, analyzing the possibility of some kind of sleep and healing rituals, given the confirmed presence of Isis and Serapis cults
Ikonografija prikaza zmija i guštera u antičkom svijetu
No full textZmije i gušteri predstavljaju sveprisutne motive u vizualnoj umjetnosti antičkoga svijeta, od minojskog razdoblja do kasne antike i početaka kršćanstva i prisutni su u djelima raznih umjetničkih medija. Prikazi zmija javljaju se u sklopu naturalističkih do fantastičnih nemani, koje mogu biti jednostavne, višeglave ili kompozitne, te pojedinim slučajevima simboliziraju herojstvo no mogu simbolizirati podzemni svijet, smrt, liječništvo, zaštitu ili regeneraciju. U rimskoj i kršćanskoj tradiciji, njihov simbolizam ponekad poprima negativnu konotaciju. Gušteri su također višeznačni simboli, prisutni uz bogove u i funerarnim prikazima, povezani s kalendarom, berbom grožđa, regeneracijom, zemljom i ktoničkim elementima. Analiza ikonografije zmija i guštera pokazuje kako su ove životinje bile ne samo dekorativni motiv, već i važan kulturni i religijski simbol, reflektirajući shvaćanje prirode, života, smrti i božanskog u antičkom svijetu.Serpents and lizards were widespread motifs in the visual culture of the ancient world, from the Minoan period to Late Antiquity and the rise of Christianity, and they appear across a variety of artistic media, from jewelry and cult objects to sculpture and painting. Snake depictions range from naturalistic forms to fantastic creatures that can be giant, multi-headed, or composite, and could symbolize heroism, the underworld, death, healing, protection, or regeneration. In Roman and later Christian traditions, however, snakes sometimes took on negative meanings. Lizards likewise carried layered symbolism. They appear with gods, in funerary contexts, and in relation to the calendar, the grape harvest, regeneration, the earth, and chthonic powers. The study of their iconography shows that these animals were not only decorative motifs but also meaningful cultural and religious symbols, expressing ancient understandings of nature, life, death, and the divine
Challenges of Sharing Smartwatch Data: Perception, Fear, and Functionality
No full textCilj istraživanja bio je dobiti uvid u različite perspektive o funkcionalnosti pametnih satova, subjektivnoj usklađenosti informacija koje pružaju te spremnosti na dijeljenje prikupljenih podataka s trećim stranama. U istraživanju je sudjelovalo osam osoba različitih profila - korisnici pametnih satova, nekorisnici, liječnici i stručnjak iz područja informatičke tehnologije. Korištena je metoda fokus grupe, a istraživanje je provedeno u online okruženju. Prikupljeni kvalitativni podaci analizirani su refleksivnom tematskom analizom. Utvrđeno je kako sudionici pametne satove smatraju pomoćnim alatom, ali ne i neophodnim uređajem. Nadalje, podaci dobiveni pametnim satom djelomično su usklađeni s osobnim i profesionalnim očekivanjima sudionika, što narušava povjerenje u uređaj i motivaciju za korištenjem. Sudionici su najspremniji dijeliti podatke sa sata sa svojim liječnikom, dok dijeljenje s ostalim trećim stranama vežu uz narušavanje vlastite autonomije i privatnosti. Ipak, dijeljenje podataka s pametnih satova ne zabrinjava ih u većoj mjeri u odnosu na dijeljenje podataka s drugih uređaja ili putem aplikacija i društvenih mreža, što ukazuje na sve veću normalizaciju dijeljenja privatnih podataka
Linguostylistic and Multimodal Analysis of Tabloidisation Elements on Examples of Croatian News Portals
No full textU ovom se diplomskom radu iz perspektive lingvostilistike i multimodalne stilistike istražuje tabloidizacija kao sveprisutan proces u suvremenom medijskom krajoliku na primjeru pet najčitanijih digitalnih novinskih portala u Hrvatskoj (Index, 24sata, Jutarnji list, Tportal, Dnevnik). Kao polazište istraživanja služi tvrdnja Gordane Vilović (2003), prema kojoj u Hrvatskoj ne postoje tabloidi u pravom smislu riječi, već se od osamostaljenja države može govoriti o tabloidizaciji, devijaciji od tradicionalnih novinarskih standarda u smjeru senzacionalističkog pristupa koja zahvaća razna novinska izdanja. Najprije se donosi pregled pojma tabloida i tabloidizacije iz povijesne, sociološke i mediološke perspektive. Zatim se na temelju proučene literature izdvajaju jezično-stilske, diskursne i vizualne strategije tipične za tabloidni stil, koji se promatra kao specifičan podstil novinarsko-publicističkog funkcionalnog stila. Te strategije uključuju, primjerice, personalizaciju, intimizaciju, kolokvijalizaciju, seksualizaciju, specifičnu retoriku brojeva itd. Potom se na korpusu sačinjenom od novinskih članaka na spomenutim hrvatskim portalima ispituje jesu li u njemu navedene karakteristike prisutne i postoje li određene razlike ili lokalne specifičnosti u zastupljenim primjerima. Istražuje se kako se aspekti tipično vezani uz tabloide i tabloidizaciju, kao što je senzacionalizam, konkretno manifestiraju na razini jezika, stila i vizuala radi što boljeg razumijevanja te difuzne pojave koja mijenja lice suvremenog hrvatskog novinarstva. Osim značajki tabloidizacije navedenih u pregledu literature, u korpusu su primijećene i strategije poput fikcionalizacije sadržaja ili upotrebe kulturno specifičnih referenci, kao i osjetan stilski raskorak između udjela tabloidnih elemenata u naslovima i u samim tekstovima članaka itd. Uz to, izdvojeni su tzv. tabloidizmi, ustaljeni izrazi karakteristični za tabloidni podstil, pri čemu se nastoje odrediti domene iz kojih potječu te razjasniti njihova uloga u razumijevanju te specifične vrste novinskog diskursa. Naposljetku se donosi nova definicija tabloidizacije, utemeljena na jezično-stilskim i vizualnim strategijama koje ju određuju, i poziva na daljnja istraživanja tog procesa u okviru teorije medija i svih povezanih disciplina, kao i veće zastupljenosti pojma tabloidizacije u sklopu podučavanja o medijskoj pismenosti.This thesis investigates the phenomenon of tabloidisation through the lens of linguistic and multimodal stylistics, with a focus on the five most widely read digital news websites in Croatia—Index, 24sata, Jutarnji list, Tportal, and Dnevnik. The study is grounded in Gordana Vilović’s (2003) assertion that tabloids in the traditional sense do not exist in Croatia; rather, since the country’s independence, one can observe a process of tabloidisation—a departure from conventional journalistic standards in favour of a sensationalist approach that permeates various news outlets. The paper begins by contextualising the concept of tabloidisation through historical, sociological, and media-theoretical frameworks. It then draws on existing scholarship to delineate a set of linguistic, stylistic, discursive, and visual strategies characteristic of the tabloid style, conceptualised here as a distinct substyle of the journalistic functional style. These strategies include, among others, personalisation, intimisation, colloquialisation, sexualisation, and a specific rhetoric of quantification. Building on a corpus of news articles from the selected Croatian news websites, the analysis examines the extent to which these tabloid features are present, exploring both general patterns and local specificities. Particular attention is paid to the ways in which sensationalism—one of the hallmarks of tabloid discourse—manifests across linguistic, stylistic, and visual dimensions, with the aim of shedding light on this diffuse phenomenon that continues to reshape the landscape of contemporary Croatian journalism. In addition to the tabloid features identified in the literature, the corpus reveals further strategies such as the fictionalisation of content and the use of culturally specific references, as well as a pronounced stylistic disjunction between the sensationalist tone of headlines and the comparatively restrained language of article bodies. The thesis also isolates a set of so-called tabloidisms—fixed or semi-fixed expressions emblematic of tabloid discourse—seeking to identify their domains of origin and elucidate their role in constructing this specific journalistic substyle. Ultimately, the thesis proposes a revised definition of tabloidisation grounded in the linguistic, stylistic, and visual strategies that constitute it. It also advocates for further interdisciplinary research into this evolving process and argues for its more prominent inclusion in media literacy education
Perceived authoritarian maternal and paternal behavior, environmental sensitivity and adolescent internalizing difficulties
No full textMentalno zdravlje adolescenata sve je izraženiji društveni problem posljednjih godina, a kvalitetan odnos s
roditeljima jedan je od ključnih čimbenika dobrobiti u ovom razvojnom razdoblju. Iako brojna istraživanja ispituju
povezanost okolinskih čimbenika s ponašanjem i razvojem djece i adolescenata, često se zanemaruje činjenica da
pojedinci iste okolinske uvjete doživljavaju i tumače na različite načine. Osjetljivost na okolinu jest osobina koja
obuhvaća individualne razlike u lakoći primjećivanja i dubini obrade signala iz okoline, kao i u specifičnoj reaktivnosti
na podražaje te se sve češće prepoznaje kao važan moderator u povezanosti različitih okolinskih čimbenika s psihičkim
zdravljem mladih. Cilj istraživanja bio je ispitati ulogu roda, dobi, osjetljivosti na okolinu te percipiranog autoritarnog
ponašanja majke i oca u objašnjenju individualnih razlika u internaliziranim teškoćama srednjoškolaca, kao i provjeriti
moderira li osjetljivost na okolinu povezanost između percipiranog autoritarnog ponašanja majke i oca te
internaliziranih teškoća srednjoškolaca. Podaci su prikupljeni u zagrebačkim srednjim školama, a učenici su pristupili
online upitniku putem QR koda. Sudjelovalo je 465 učenika u dobi od 14 do 18 godina. Upitnik je obuhvaćao
sociodemografska pitanja te mjere osjetljivosti na okolinu, percipiranog roditeljskog ponašanja i internaliziranih
teškoća. Rezultati su pokazali da su rod, osjetljivost na okolinu te percipirano autoritarno ponašanje majke i oca
značajni prediktori internaliziranih teškoća adolescenata. Djevojke, adolescenti osjetljiviji na okolinu te oni koji
roditelje percipiraju kao autoritarnije, izvještavaju o višim razinama internaliziranih teškoća. Dob se nije pokazala
značajnim prediktorom. Također, interakcije osjetljivosti na okolinu i percipiranog autoritarnog ponašanja majke ili
oca nisu se pokazale značajnima u predviđanju internaliziranih teškoća. Ovi nalazi podupiru potrebu za ciljanim
programima podrške usmjerenim na najranjivije skupine, posebice visoko osjetljive učenike i djevojke te naglašavaju
važnost edukacije roditelja.Adolescent mental health has become an increasingly prominent social issue, and a quality relationship with
parents is one of the key factors for well-being during this period. Although numerous studies examined the relation
between environmental factors and the behavior and development of children and adolescents, the fact that individuals
perceive and interpret the same environmental conditions in different ways is often overlooked. Environmental
sensitivity is a trait that encompasses individual differences in the ease of noticing and the depth of processing
environmental stimuli, as well as in the specific reactivity to such stimuli. It is increasingly recognized as an important
moderator in the relation between various environmental factors and youth mental health.The aim of this study was to
examine the role of gender, age, environmental sensitivity, and perceived authoritarian parenting of mothers and
fathers in explaining individual differences in adolescents’ internalizing difficulties, and to test whether sensitivity
moderates the link between perceived authoritarian parenting and such difficulties. Data were collected in high schools
in Zagreb, and students completed an online questionnaire via QR code. A total of 465 students aged 14 to 18
participated in this study. The questionnaire included sociodemographic questions, and measures of environmental
sensitivity, parental behavior and internalizing difficulties. The results showed that gender, environmental sensitivity,
and the perception of authoritarian parenting are significant predictors of internalizing difficulties. Girls, more
sensitive adolescents, and those who perceive their parents as more authoritarian report higher levels of difficulties.
Age was not a significant predictor. The interaction effect of sensitivity and perceived authoritarian parenting of
mother or father was not significant. These findings highlight the need for targeted programs addressing the most
vulnerable groups, especially highly sensitive students and girls, and emphasize the importance of parent education
Diachronic changes of verb valency in the history of Slavic languages with particular regard to Russian and Croatian languages
No full textU ovome radu analizirana je dijakronijska mijena valentnosti 104 etimološki istovjetnih glagola u povijesti slavenskih jezika s posebnim osvrtom na hrvatski i ruski jezik. Podaci o glagolskoj valentnosti u starijim razdobljima slavenskih jezika ekscerpirani su iz starohrvatskog i staroruskog korpusa te iz rječnika staropoljskog, staročeškog, staroslavenskog i hrvatskog crkvenoslavenskog jezika. Starohrvatski i staroruski korpus izrađeni su za potrebe ovog istraživanja. Starohrvatski korpus sastoji se od 10 tekstova napisanih na narodnom jeziku staročavske osnovice između 12. i 15. stoljeća. Staroruski korpus također sadrži 10 tekstova koji su napisani na staroruskom jeziku u razdoblju od 11. do 14. stoljeća. U uzorak nad kojim je provedeno istraživanje uvršteni su najčestotniji etimološki istovjetni glagoli u starohrvatskom i staroruskom korpusu koji su pri tome sačuvani i u suvremenom hrvatskom i u suvremenom ruskom jeziku. Svi glagoli iz uzorka podijeljeni su u značenjske klase. Valencijska obilježja istraživana u ovom radu obuhvaćaju značenjsku i morfosintaktičku razinu glagola. Značenjska razina obuhvaća semantičke uloge te taksonomske klase. Morfosintaktička razina obuhvaća opis morfosintaktičkih (padežnih, infinitivnih, rečeničnih) načina ostvaraja semantičkih uloga te morfoloških obilježja glagola. Značenjska i morfološka razina glagola predočena je pomoću valencijskih okvira, odnosno shematskog prikaza morfosintaktičkog ostvaraja pojedine semantičke uloge u korpusu. Svakom primjeru upotrebe istraživanih glagola u starohrvatskom i staroruskom korpusu pridružen je jedan valencijski okvir. Pri anotaciji primjera u starohrvatskom i staroruskom korpusu izdvojene su i kolokacijske sveze. U istraživanju su istaknuti svi valencijski okviri zabilježeni i u starohrvatskom i u staroruskom korpusu. Nakon toga je provjereno koja su zajednička valencijska obilježja u strarohrvatskom i staroruskom jeziku zabilježena i u rječnicima staropoljskog, staročeškog, staroslavenskog i hrvatskog crkvenoslavenskog jezika. Valencijska obilježja potvrđena u najmanje jednom istočnoslavenskom, južnoslavenskom i zapadnoslavenskom jeziku smatrana su praslavenskima. Usporedbom valencijskih obilježja etimološki istovjetnih glagola u najstarijim jezičnim razdobljima s istim obilježjima u suvremenom hrvatskom i ruskom jeziku utvrđeno je koje su se dijakronijske mijene odvile na značenjskoj i morfosintaktičkoj razini. Posebno su istaknute dijakronijske mijene glagolske valentnosti koje su se odvile u povijesti oba proučavana jezika. U istraživanju dijakronijske mijene valentnosti provjereno je u kojoj mjeri pripadnost glagola određenoj značenjskoj klasi uvjetuje tip promjene na značenjskoj i morfosintaktičkoj razini glagola.
Rezultati ovog rada uključuju opis zajedničkih valencijskih okvira te kolokacijskih sveza u starohrvatskom i staroruskom korpusu. Ti rezultati mogu biti polazište za pouzdanu rekonstrukciju praslavenskih značenjskih i sintaktičkih obilježja glagola. Osim toga, u radu su opisane mijene u morfosintaktičkom ostvaraju različitih semantičkih uloga u povijesti hrvatskog i ruskog jezika. U istraživanju je pokazano da su se tri istovjetna procesa dijakronijske mijene glagolske valentnosti odvile u povijesti hrvatskog i ruskog jezika. U povijesti hrvatskog i ruskog jezika brojni su glagoli izgubili mogućnost morfosintaktičkog iskazivanja dopuna besprijedložnim padežima te se u valencijskim okvirima glagola smanjio broj različitih morfosintaktičkih ostvaraja dopuna. Slično tako, u povijesti oba proučavana jezika glagoli gube obilježje sintaktičke prijelaznosti. Usporedba promjena koje su se odvile u povijesti samo jednog od dvaju proučavanih jezika pokazala je da suvremeni hrvatski jezik u većoj mjeri čuva starija značenjska i sintaktička obilježja od suvremenog ruskog jezika.This thesis analyses the diachronic change in the valency of 104 etymologically identical verbs in the history of Slavic languages, with particular regard to Modern Croatian and Russian languages. Data on verb valency in older periods of Slavic languages were excerpted from the Old Croatian and Old East Slavic corpora and dictionaries of Old Polish, Old Czech, Old Church Slavonic, and Croatian Church Slavonic. The Old Croatian and Old East Slavic corpora, on which this research was conducted, were created for this research. The sample on which the research was conducted included the most frequent etymologically identical verbs in the Old Croatian and Old East Slavic corpora, preserved in both Modern Croatian and Modern Russian. In this research, all verbs in the sample were divided into semantic classes. The valency features investigated in this research include the semantic and morphosyntactic levels. The semantic level includes the semantic roles and taxonomic classes. Taxonomic class denotes a category of extralinguistic reality to which a particular semantic role belongs (e.g., human being, time, mental state) (Padučeva, 2004). The morphosyntactic level includes a description of the morphosyntactic coding of semantic roles and the morphological features of the verb. The semantic and morphological levels of the verb are presented using valency frames, i.e., a schematic representation of the morphosyntactic coding of a particular semantic role. Each example of using the studied verbs in the Old Croatian and Old East Slavic corpora is annotated with a valency frame. When annotating the examples in the Old Croatian and Old East Slavic corpora, collocation phrases that a particular verb enters are also distinguished. Valency features confirmed in at least one East Slavic, South Slavic, and West Slavic language were considered Proto-Slavic. By comparing the valency features of etymologically identical verbs in the oldest linguistic periods with the same features in Modern Croatian and Russian, it was determined which diachronic changes took place at the semantic and morphosyntactic levels. The paper describes common and individual changes in the morphosyntactic coding of various semantic roles in the history of the Croatian and Russian languages. In the study of diachronic changes in valency, the extent to which certain semantic classes determine the type of change at the semantic and morphosyntactic levels was checked.
Goals
This research has five basic goals. The first goal is to describe the valency features of the etymologically identical verbs in the Old Croatian and Old East Slavic corpora. iii The second goal is to determine which verb meanings and valency frames are part of the common Proto-Slavic heritage based on a comparison of valency features in the Old Croatian and Old East Slavic corpora and on dictionaries of Old Polish, Old Czech, Old Church Slavonic, and Croatian Church Slavonic languages. Since the verb valency features have been analysed exhaustively only in the Old Croatian and Old East Slavic corpora, the obtained results represent only one of the first steps in a reliable reconstruction of verb meanings and valency frames in the Proto-Slavic language.
The third goal of this thesis is to describe changes in the verb valency features in the history of the Croatian and Russian languages. In doing so, it was indicated which diachronic changes have taken place in the history of both examined languages and which are typical for the history of only one of them.
The fourth goal is to investigate to what extent the verbs of the same semantic class are prone to the same diachronic changes. Given the results of previous research (Kuteva, 1999; Heine and Kuteva, 2004; Majsak, 2005; Devitt, 1990; Camilleri and Sadler, 2020), we assume that the same or similar verb meanings are subject to the same or similar diachronic changes in valency features.
The fifth goal of this research is to examine how the semantic features of verbs affect the diachronic change in syntactic transitivity. Considering previous research (Hopper and Thompson, 1980; Tsunoda, 1985; Kemmer, 1993; Malchukov, 2005), we assume that verbs that describe prototypically transitive events do not change their syntactical transitivity through time. Also, we assume that verbs that do not describe prototypically transitive events will change the feature of syntactic transitivity to a greater extent than the prototypically transitive verbs in the history of the Croatian and Russian languages.
Methodology
The Old Croatian corpus comprises 10 non-liturgical written monuments. It consists of more texts translated from Latin and Italian (73.4%) than texts originally written in Old Croatian (26.6%). The most significant part of the Old Croatian corpus is made up of religious texts (69.3%), followed by legal texts (21.4%), poetry (5.2%), and literary prose (4.1%). The Old East Slavic corpus consists of 10 written monuments initially written in the Old East Slavic language between the 11th and 14th centuries. The most significant part of the Old East Slavic corpus is made up of chronicles (76.3%), followed by religious (16.3%) and secular prose texts iv (7.4%). Previously digitized works were included in the Old East Slavic corpus. Ten works were scanned and OCRed by the ABBYY FineReader program to create the Old Croatian corpus. The list of the most frequent verbs was obtained by using a Python script and manual lemmatization.
In this study, all occurrences of all verb lemmas from the sample were annotated at the semantic and morphosyntactic levels. When determining the verb meaning, we relied on lexicographic sources, critical editions of the texts, and translations of the studied works into modern Slavic languages. Since it is impossible to apply tests to distinguish between arguments and adjuncts and their obligatory status in research on older linguistic periods and since it is impossible to rely on one's linguistic competence, arguments and adjuncts are not distinguished in this paper nor their obligatory status. The semantic level of the verb is represented using 17 semantic roles mostly taken from VerbNet (Kipper et al., 2008). Each semantic role in a particular example is associated with a taxonomic class. The set of taxonomic classes associated with semantic roles is taken from the semantic annotation of Russian National Corpora (Kustova et al., 2005). The morphosyntactic coding is represented by the coding frame schema used in the typologically orientated valency databases ValPal and PaVeDa (Hartmann et al., 2013; Zanchi et al., 2022). After all examples of verb usage in the corpus were annotated in Excel, the frequency of use of each verb meaning and valency frames was calculated. Using tables, we presented data on the frequency of each meaning and valency frame in the corpora.
When analysing verbs' meanings and valency frames in the Old Croatian corpus, we considered the possibility of calquing semantic and morphosyntactic features of Latin and Italian languages. The common meanings and valency frames of verbs in the Old Croatian and Old East Slavic corpora were compared with the same features of verbs in the modern Croatian and Russian languages. Through this comparison, we have concluded about the diachronic change in verb valency in the history of the Croatian and Russian languages.
Results
The results of this paper include a description of common meanings, valency frames, and collocation phrases in the Old Croatian and Old East Slavic corpora. These results can be a starting point for a reliable reconstruction of Proto-Slavic semantic and syntactic verb features. Also, the paper describes changes in the morphosyntactic realization of different semantic roles in the history of the Croatian and Russian languages. The research shows that three identical v processes of diachronic change in verb valency have occurred in the history of the Croatian and Russian languages.
The loss of bare case coding affected the greatest number of verbs. In the Old Croatian and Old East Slavic languages, the bare genitive was used systematically with all the verbs with prefixes *do- ‘to’ *jьz- ‘from’ and with most verbs with the prefix *otъ- ‘from’. Apart from verbs with the prefixes *do- ‘to’, *jьz- 'from', and *otъ- ‘from’, the bare genitive case was used in the valency frames of many reflexive verbs. Verbs used with the bare genitive case belong to different semantic classes. So, the usage of bare genitive case is more influenced by morphological features of the verbs, namely the prefixes *do- ‘to’, *jьz- ‘from’ and *otъ- ‘from’ and the reflexive marker *sę, than by the verb semantics. The verb with prefixes *do ‘to’, *jьz ‘from’ and *otъ ‘from’ replaced the bare genitive case with prepositional phrases *do ‘to’ + , *jьz ‘from’ + and *otъ ‘from’ + correspondently. In the valency frames of reflexive verbs, the bare genitive is either preserved or lost, where the bare genitive is not replaced by the prepositions *do ‘to’ + , *jьz ‘from’ + and *otъ ‘from’ + . Therefore, the most important factor influencing the preservation of the bare genitive case in the valency frames of verbs is the reflexive marker sę. The bare dative in Old Croatian and Old East Slavic language was mainly used to code recipient and goal semantic roles. The bare dative case used for coding the semantic role goal was gradually replaced by the preposition *kъ ‘to’ + in the history of the Russian and Croatian languages.
The bare dative case with motion verbs in the history of the Russian language has been preserved for the longest time with toponyms (Pravdin, 1956: 6-19; Borkovskij, 1968: 189 195; Pičhadze: 1996). The loss of the bare dative case affected a specific semantic class and was not conditioned by the morphological features of the verb. Unlike the genitive and dative, the loss of the use of the accusative in the valency framework of the verb was not accompanied by the replacement of the accusative by a particular set of prepositional phrases. Only four verbs in the history of the Croatian language and five verbs in the history of the Russian language have lost the possibility of being used with the accusative. Some of these verbs in modern languages can only be used with the accusative when prefixed. That indicates that in modern Croatian and Russian languages, the accusative coding in the valency frames is more related to the prefixation than in the Old Croatian and Old East Slavic languages. However, given that this tendency was observed in a few verbs, it must be further proved in future research. A few verbs that have lost the accusative coding belong to the semantic classes of emotion and mental activity verbs. That shows that the loss of the accusative coding is vi somewhat connected with the verb meaning but that the verb meaning is not a decisive criterion for the loss of the bare accusative.
The use of the bare locative was typical for almost all old Slavic languages (Old Church Slavonic, Old East Slavic, Old Bulgarian, Old Czech and Old Croatian) (Toporov, 1961: 285 347; Reinhart, 2014; 334; Mihaljević, 2018: 89). In this research, examples of the use of the bare locative were recorded only in the Old East Slavic corpus. Just like the bare dative, the bare locative was preserved for the longest time with toponyms, and during the 13th century in the Old East Slavic language, it was replaced by the prepositional locative (Toporov, 1961: 285-294). The replacement of the prepositional locative with the prepositions *na ‘on’ + and *vъ ‘in’ + affected all prepositional locatives regardless of the semantic or morphological features of the verbs (ibid.). In this study, no cases of replacement of the bare instrumental by the prepositional instrumental case were recorded.
Along with the loss of bare case coding, in the history of the Croatian and Russian languages, there has been a reduction in the number of different morphosyntactic coding patterns in the verb valency frames. Several factors are responsible for more morphosyntactic coding patterns in the Old Croatian and Old East Slavic languages. In the Old Croatian and Old East Slavic corpus, three systematic morphosyntactic alternations have been recorded: do ‘to’ + /, otъ ‘from’ + /, and kъ ‘to’ + /. These alternations in the valency frames of different verbs most likely testify to the active process of replacing the older morphosyntactic coding pattern with the younger one. The spread of alternations to semantic classes that were not initially affected by them contributed to an increase in the number of different morphosyntactic coding patterns. In the Old Croatian corpus, numerous morphosyntactic coding patterns are calqued from the Latin and Italian languages. The reduction in the number of different morphosyntactic coding patterns was influenced by the process of language standardization, which in the history of Croatian and Russian began in the second half of the 18th century and continued throughout the 19th century (Malić, 1997; Brozović, 2008; Gorškova and Haburgaev, 1981; Živov, 2017).
The third systematic change in morphosyntactic coding in the history of the Croatian and Russian languages concerns syntactic transitivity. More verbs were syntactically transitive in the Croatian and Russian languages than in modern Croatian and Russian. Therefore, syntactic transitivity has died down in the history of Croatian and Russian languages. Also, the accusative, more often than other morphosyntactic coding patterns, remained the only coding vii pattern in valency frames in which several different morphosyntactic coding patterns were recorded in Old Croatian and Old East Slavic languages. The assumption that verbs describing prototypically transitive events will retain the feature of syntactic transitivity has proven to be correct in the history of Croatian and Russian. The loss of syntactic transitivity has affected some emotion and mental verbs (*mysliti ‘to think’, *věrovati ‘to believe’, *kajati ‘to mourn’ and *plakati ‘to cry’).
Some diachronic changes occurred only in the history of one of the two examined languages. In the history of the Russian language, two verbs, *stati and *aviti (sę), began to be used as copulative verbs with nominal predicates. Although both verbs retain their original meanings in modern Russian, *stati ‘to stand’ and *aviti ‘to show’, they are used much more often as copulative verbs (Moldovan, 2010; Rudnev, 2014b; Stojnova, 2016; Pen’kova, 2021; Rudnev, 2006; Kudrjavceva, 2020). The frequency of their use in the copulative function increases significantly during the 18th century (Rudnev, 2006; Pen’kova, 2021). Corpus research shows that the frequency of using the nominal predicate in the Russian language sharply increased in the 18th century (Rudnev, 2014b). In addition, the 18th century is also the period during which the verb быть ‘to be’ in the present tense (forms есть ‘is’ and суть ‘are’) ceases to be used in the copulative function, which may have significantly influenced the increased development of the copulative function of other verbs (Rudnev, 2006).
In the history of the Russian language, the frequency of usage of many verbs has significantly changed. The verbs *učiniti ‘to make’, *sъtvoriti ‘to create’, *mysliti ‘to think’, *věrovati ‘to believe’, *pomysliti ‘to think of’, *orzuměti ‘to understand’, *počęti ‘to start’ in the Old East Slavic corpus are among the two hundred most frequent verbs. In modern Russian, none of these verbs are even among the thousand most frequent verbs (Ljaševskaja and Šarov, 2009). In the history of the Croatian language, there have not been so many significant changes in the frequency of use of etymologically identical verbs as in the history of the Russian language. That does not mean, however, that innovations are typical only for the Russian language. Compared to the Old Croatian and Old East Slavic, the frequency of Dative Infinitive Construction in modern Croatian has significantly decreased. In modern Croatian, Dative Infinitive Construction is attested (Katičić, 2002: 506-507; Raguž, 1997: 379) but it is extremely rare and archaic. The loss of dative-infinitive constructions in the history of the Croatian language could have been influenced by the appearance of the modal verbs morati ‘must’ and trebati ‘have to’, which are not recorded in modern Russian. However, the causes of the loss of this construction in the history of the Croatian language should be further viii investigated. Also, several important semantic and syntactic changes took place in the semantic class of mental verbs in the history of the Croatian language. The verbs *učiti sę ‘to learn’ and *naučiti sę ‘to learn’ in the modern Croatian language are no longer used with the reflexive marker *sę. That means that the causative meaning ‘to teach’ and the non-causative meaning ‘to learn’ of the verbs *učiti (sę) and *naučiti (sę) i are expressed similarly, i.e., without a reflexive marker. This same feature of the verbs *učiti (sę) ‘to learn/to teach’ and *naučiti (sę) ‘to learn/to teach’ in the modern Croatian language is also typical of the modern Bulgarian language (RBE), which may indicate that the loss of the reflexive marker is also characteristic of other South Slavic languages. The verb *znati in the history of the Croatian language has developed the habitual meaning of ‘to become accustomed to’ when used with infinitives. The habitual meaning of the verb *znati has been recorded since the 18th century (ARj, 23: 54-60). The habitual meaning of the verb *znati has also been recorded in Modern Serbian, Bosnian, and Macedonian (Hellman, 2005; Bužarovska, 2012; 2013) but not in East Slavic and West Slavic languages. An overview of the semantic and syntactic changes in only one of the two languages studied shows that modern Croatian largely preserves older semantic and syntactic features.
Common valency patterns and meanings of etymologi
AI literacy
No full textOvaj rad istražuje pojam pismenosti u području umjetne inteligencije kao sve važniju kompetenciju u digitalnom dobu. U prvom dijelu analiziraju se definicije, povijesni razvoj i primjena UI tehnologija u svakodnevnom životu. Središnji dio rada posvećen je definiranju UI pismenosti kao višedimenzionalnog koncepta koji obuhvaća tehničku, praktičnu i etičku razinu znanja, te njezinoj povezanosti s drugim oblicima pismenosti poput digitalne, znanstvene i podatkovne. Također se stavlja naglasak na generativnu umjetnu inteligenciju i deepfake sadržaje. Opisani su izazovi koje te tehnologije donose u kontekstu etike, privatnosti i širenja dezinformacija. Nadalje, razmatra se uloga obrazovanja u razvoju kompetencija UI pismenosti kroz sve dobne skupine, od predškolskog do visokoškolskog obrazovanja. U sklopu rada predstavljeni su rezultati istraživanja provedenog među studentima Sveučilišta u Zagrebu, koji pokazuju osnovnu razinu informiranosti o UI, kao i potrebu za dodatnom edukacijom o etičkoj i odgovornoj primjeni tih tehnologija. Zaključno se ističe potreba za sustavnim uključivanjem UI pismenosti u obrazovne politike radi pripreme pojedinaca za odgovorno i aktivno sudjelovanje u današnjem društvu.This paper explores the concept of artificial intelligence (AI) literacy as an increasingly important competence in the digital age. The first part analyzes definitions, the historical development, and the application of AI technologies in everyday life. The central section of the paper focuses on defining AI literacy as a multidimensional concept encompassing technical, practical, and ethical knowledge, as well as its relation to other forms of literacy such as digital, scientific, and data literacy. Special attention is given to generative artificial intelligence and deepfake content. The challenges posed by these technologies are described, particularly in relation to ethics, privacy, and the spread of disinformation. Furthermore, the role of education in developing AI literacy competencies across all age groups is examined, from early childhood to higher education. The paper also presents the results of a study conducted among students at the University of Zagreb, which reveals a basic level of awareness about AI and highlights the need for further education on its ethical and responsible use. In conclusion, the paper emphasizes the need for the systematic integration of AI literacy into educational policies in order to prepare individuals for responsible and active participation in today’s society
Overview of Swedish phraseology and examples of Swedish phraseological units with celestial bodies
No full textFraseologi är en relativt ung men mycket produktiv disciplin som studerar idiomatiska fraseologiska enheter – fasta ordkombinationer med specifik semantik som återges i en färdig form etablerad genom lång användning. De förekommer i nästan alla språk i världen och utgör ofta problem för dem som vill lära sig ett andraspråk. Inledningen till detta arbete definierar fraseologi och idiomatiska uttryck. Det andra kapitlet beskriver fraseologins början i Europa, närmare bestämt i Sovjetunionen och Schweiz, och går sedan vidare till att redogöra för utvecklingen av fraseologi i Sverige, från det första omnämnandet i början av 1900-talet till utvecklingen under 1970-talet och framåt. Det tredje kapitlet beskriver i detalj fyra typer av fraseologiska enheter – idiom, liknelser, ordspråk och talesätt. Förutom beskrivningarna av de fraseologiska enheterna finns även en tabell med exemplar på en respektiv typ av fraseologiska enheter som innehåller namn på himlakroppar. Slutsatsen innehåller en sammanfattning av uppsatsens innehåll. Den primära litteraturen var Emma Sköldbergs bok – Korten på bordet, artiklar av fraseologen Zvonimir Novoselec samt Hrvatsko-romansko-germanski rječnik poredbenih frazema av Željka Fink Arsovski.Frazeologija jest relativno mlada, ali izrazito plodna lingvistička disciplina koja istražuje idiomatske frazeološke jedinice – ustaljene sveze riječi specifične semantike koje se reproduciraju u gotovu obliku ustaljenu dugom uporabom. Pojavljuju se u gotovo svakom svjetskom jeziku i često predstavljaju probleme ljudima koji žele naučiti drugi jezik. U uvodnom poglavlju ovoga rada definira se frazeologija i frazeološke jedinice. Drugo poglavlje opisuje početke frazeologije u Europi, točnije rečeno u SSSR-u i Francuskoj, a zatim se opisuje razvoj frazeologije u Švedskoj, od prvog spominjanja na početku 20. stoljeća, do razvoja 1970-ih godina i nadalje. Treće poglavlje detaljno opisuje četiri tipa frazeoloških jedinica – idiomatski izrazi (eng. idiom), poredbeni frazemi, poslovice i izreke. Uz opise tipova frazeoloških jedinica, nalazi se i tablica koja sadržava švedske frazeološke jedinice s primjerima nebeskih tijela. U zaključku se nalazi rezime završnog rada. Primarna literatura bila je knjiga Emme Sköldberg – Korten på bordet, članci frazeologa Zvonimira Novoseleca te Hrvatsko-romansko-germanski-rječnik poredbenih frazema Željke Fink Arsovski.Phraseology is a relatively young but extremely fruitful linguistic discipline that studies idiomatic phraseological units – established word combinations of specific semantics that are reproduced in a ready-made form established by long use. They appear in almost every language in the world and often pose problems for those who want to learn a second language. The introduction to this essay defines phraseology and idiomatic phrases. The second chapter describes the beginnings of phraseology in Europe, more precisely the USSR and France, and then describes the development of phraseology in Sweden, from the first mention at the beginning of the 20th century, to the development in the 1970s and onwards. The third chapter describes in detail four types of phraseological units – idioms, similes, proverbs and sayings. In addition to the descriptions of phraseological units, there is also a table containing example of the respective type of phraseological units containing the names of celestial bodies. The conclusion contains a summary of the essay’s content. The primary literature was Emma Sköldberg's book – Korten på bordet, articles by phraseologist Zvonimir Novoselec and Hrvatsko-romansko-germanski rječnik poredbenih frazema by Željka Fink Arsovski
Expressing consequence at the (supra)syntactic level in Croatian
No full textU ovom diplomskom radu prikazano je izražavanje posljedičnog značenja na (supra)sintaktičkoj razini. Cilj je bio prikazati različite načine na koje se značenje posljedice ostvaruje na pet jezičnih razina: na razini riječi i spoja riječi, na razini jednostavne rečenice, na razini složene rečenice, kako na razini koordinacije tako i na razini subordinacije, te na razini teksta.
Teorijski okvir rada oslanja se na gramatiku zavisnosti i kognitivnu gramatiku, a posebno mjesto zauzima prikaz knjige Luke Vukojevića (2008a) koji je u kroatističkoj literaturi donio najopsežniji prikaz posljedične kategorije. Iako Vukojević pristupa ovoj kategoriji vrlo detaljno i široko, u ovom smo radu njegove postavke saželi, neke revidirali u skladu s pristupom kognitivne gramatike te izdvojili one konstrukcije u kojima posljedično značenje ima primarnu funkciju.
Analiza je provedena na primjerima iz stvarne jezične uporabe korištenjem Hrvatskog mrežnog korpusa (hrWaC) i alata Sketch Engine. Rezultati pokazuju da se značenje posljedice može izraziti nizom leksičkih i gramatičkih sredstava, čime se nadilazi tradicionalno poimanje posljedice kao strogo ograničene na priložnu oznaku unutar jednostavne rečenice ili na posljedične zavisnosložene rečenice u okviru subordinacije.
Također je uočeno da se posljedično značenje često prepleće s drugim značenjima, poput značenja načina, stupnja ili mjere i dr. što dodatno potvrđuje njegovu višeznačnost i kontekstualnu prilagodljivost. Takvi rezultati dovode u pitanje ograničenja tradicionalnih opisa i otvaraju prostor za pristupe koji u obzir uzimaju dinamičnu povezanost sintaktičke strukture, značenja i komunikacijske situacije.This thesis examines the expression of consequential meaning at the (supra)syntactic level. The aim was to present the various ways in which consequence is realized across five linguistic levels: the level of the word and word combinations, the level of the simple sentence, the level of complex sentences — both coordination and subordination — and the level of discourse.
The theoretical framework is grounded in dependency grammar and cognitive grammar, with particular emphasis on the work of Luka Vukojević (2008a), who provided the most comprehensive account of the category of consequence in Croatian linguistics. While Vukojević offers an extensive and detailed treatment of this category, this thesis summarizes his main positions, revises some of them in accordance with the cognitive grammar approach, and isolates those constructions in which consequential meaning plays a primary role.
The analysis was conducted on examples from actual language use, employing the Croatian Web Corpus (hrWaC) and the Sketch Engine tool. The results show that consequential meaning can be expressed through a wide range of lexical and grammatical means, thus exceeding the traditional view of consequence as being limited to adverbial modifiers in simple sentences or to subordinate consequential clauses.
It was also observed that consequential meaning often overlaps with other meanings, such as manner or degree/measure, which further confirms its semantic fluidity and contextual adaptability. These findings challenge the limitations of traditional grammatical descriptions and open the door for approaches that take into account the dynamic interplay between syntactic structure, meaning, and communicative context
Analysis of student profession guidance contents found on official webpages of high schools
No full textOvim radom nastojala se pokazati i objasniti povezanost pedagoga, njihovog savjetodavnog rada u hrvatskim srednjim školama, njihovih savjetodavnih sposobnosti i vještina sa sadržajima posvećenim profesionalnom usmjeravanju učenika koje se nalaze na mrežnim stranicama škole. Predstavljanjem pedagoške teorije literaturom relevantnom za savjetodavni rad i profesionalno usmjeravanje i povezivanjem iste s aktualnim globalnim problemima kristalizirali su se uvidi u pojedine aspekte pedagoškog djelovanja pedagoga u srednjoj školi. Pedagog kao stručnjak koji metodu razgovora koristi za pomaganje učenicima ispostavio se kao idealni profesionalac za profesionalno usmjeravanje srednjoškolskih učenika (u radu su to primarno učenici završnih razreda srednjih škola). Definirano je pedagoško savjetovanje, identificirano je kao vrijedan alat pedagogu. Profesionalno usmjeravanje učenika detaljno je opisano iz raznih kutova gledanja (zakonski, profesionalni, učenički...). Profesionalno usmjeravanje u Hrvatskoj uspoređeno je s profesionalnim usmjeravanjima, karijernim sugestijama i dr. Njemačke, Sjedinjenih Američkih Država i Japana - uočile su se razlike u pristupu profesionalnom usmjeravanju koje mogu biti iz novčanog, teorijskog ili nekog trećeg razloga (poput npr. kulture ili slike djeteta). Mrežne stranice srednjih škola su pretražene s ciljem nalaženja sadržaja profesionalnog usmjeravanja ili njemu srodnih pojmova. Rezultati su prikazali tek nekolicinu škola sa sadržajima profesionalnog usmjeravanja, a taj nedostatak sadržaja komentiran je u raspravi (administrativni razlozi, manjak vremena, fokus na državnu maturu ili projekte...) i kasnije u zaključku.This paper sought to show and explain the connection between pedagogists, their counsel (or advisory) work in Croatian high schools, their advisory abilities and skills and the content dedicated to profession guidance for students which can be found on the official websites of the school. There have been insights into certain aspects of the pedagogical work achieved by pedagogists by presenting relevant sources and theory about advisory work, professional guidance and connecting those to global problems. Pedagogists have emerged as the ideal professionals for profession guidance for students (mainly those about to finish high school) and their main way of doing so (method) which has helped them achieve that is conversation. Pedagogical counseling has been defined and identified as a valuable tool for pedagogists. Profession guidance for students has been described in detail coming from different angles (legal, professional, the student’s perspective...) Profession guidance in Croatia has been compared to profession guidance, career help and so on happening in Germany, the United States of America and Japan – differences have been observed in the approach to profession guidance which may have monetary, theoretical and other reasons being them (cultural differences or the way a child is portrayed by certain cultures/nations). In an attempt to find profession guidance content or other forms of related content webpages of high schools have been searched. Only a few schools showed signs of profession guidance content. This lack of content has been commented on in the discussion part of this paper, and later in the conclusion