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Polysemy and philosophy
No full textPolysemy is the linguistic phenomenon where a word has more than one sense. Polysemy is important to philosophy. This article considers four related strands of discussion in philosophy in which polysemy plays a crucial role: (i) Chomsky's argument against externalist semantics; (ii) copredication and zeugma; (iii) semantic accounts of philosophically significant terms; and (iv) metaphysical debates.</p
Headlining justice from coalfields to clean futures:How the Australian newsprint media frames a just energy transition
No full textIncorporating justice considerations into energy transitions dialogues is important. However, what constitutes what is (un)just is perceived differently by different actors and is subject to moral interpretations and influenced by broader landscape factors. The media in particular are considered salient in framing how particular issues are presented, understood and actioned upon. The current study used a framing approach to unpack the conceptualisation of just energy transitions in Australian newsprint media discourse. Australia is a useful case study because of its enduring history of socio-political struggles on climate and energy transition topics. The analysis points towards four underlying notions of justice in energy transition in the Australian context: ‘socio-political’ which places an emphasis on justice as a political responsibility; ‘socio-economic’ focuses on the unjust experiences faced by people and places both from powerplant and mine closures as a consequence of energy decarbonisation; ‘socio-spatial’ attends to social and spatial complexities as well as inequities from climate change, fossil-fuel energy production and use, plus the diverse impacts of energy transitions across different geographies; and ‘whole-of-energy-system’ considers current and future fossil-fuel as well as renewable energy system impacts. Implications include spatial and temporal injustices. The findings highlight that actors mobilized throughout these frames hold differing beliefs and considerations of what is (un)just, what needs to change and who should be involved. In conclusion, by linking theoretical considerations with empirical media analysis our research contributes to the growing just transition discourse by clarifying public debates plus actor positions, underscoring the plurality through which just energy transitions are understood.</p
Preferences for the use of artificial intelligence for breast cancer screening in Australia:a discrete choice experiment
No full textBackground: Breast cancer screening is considered an effective early detection strategy. Artificial intelligence (AI) may both offer benefits and create risks for breast screening programmes. To use AI in health screening services, the views and expectations of consumers are critical. This study examined the preferences of Australian women regarding AI use in breast cancer screening and the impact of information on preferences using discrete choice experiments. Methods: The experiment presented two alternative screening services based on seven attributes (reading method, screening sensitivity, screening specificity, time between screening and receiving results, supporting evidence, fair representation, and who should be held accountable) to 2063 women aged between 40 and 74 years recruited from an online panel. Participants were randomised into two arms. Both received standard information on AI use in breast screening, but one arm received additional information on its potential benefits. Preferences for hypothetical breast cancer screening services were modelled using a random parameter logit model. Relative attribute importance and uptake rates were estimated. Results: Participants preferred mixed reading (radiologist + AI system) over the other two reading methods. They showed a strong preference for fewer missed cases with a high attribute relative importance. Fewer false positives and a shorter waiting time for results were also preferred. Strength of preferences for mixed reading was significantly higher compared to two radiologists when additional information on AI is provided, highlighting the impact of information. Conclusions: This study revealed the preferences among Australian women for the use of AI-driven breast cancer screening services. Results generally suggest women are open to their mammograms being read by both a radiologist and an AI-based system under certain conditions.</p
3D Printing for Accessible Education:A Case Study in Assistive Technology Adoption
No full text3D printing is a mainstream technology enabling the affordable production of 3D models that may enhance access and understanding of graphics for students who are blind or have low vision (BLV). However, the potential usefulness of a new technology does not guarantee its adoption. This paper presents a case study in the adoption of 3D printing as an accessible format for BLV education in Australia and New Zealand. Over the last six years, a community-driven research project engaged in awareness raising, created a community of practice and developed guidelines for the use of 3D printing in education. We evaluate the success of the project using an Implementation Science lens with the RE-AIM framework and identify the key factors for successful adoption. We hope this work will guide the adoption of 3D printing for BLV students and serve as an exemplar for the adoption of other assistive technologies.</p
The multimodal dynamics of “ride-pooling” and metro:spatial-temporal patterns from East Asia
No full text“Ride-pooling” services provided by transportation network companies have gained substantial popularity and demonstrate significant potential for integration with mass rapid transit to form competitive multimodal transportation options. However, data-driven studies on these services, particularly those using spatial-temporal analysis, remain complex and underexplored. This study examines the intricate relationship between ride-pooling and metro services through a large-scale dataset from Suzhou, China, focusing on identifying cooperative and competitive dynamics between the two modes, classifying multimodal trips that include both ride-pooling and metro services, and uncovering spatial-temporal patterns within these interactions. The analytical framework incorporates joint methods such as time-sequence analysis, non-negative matrix factorization, and metro passenger origin-destination matrix inference to achieve the study's objectives. Findings reveal that 4.26 % of all ride-hailing trips were pooled rides, while multimodal trips involving transfers between ride-pooling and mass rapid transit accounted for 13.5 % of total trips, offering economic benefits for users. These multimodal trips primarily cater to commuting demands and exhibit distinct, imbalanced peak-hour usage patterns. Spatial analysis indicates that the majority of these trips occur in suburban and outskirt areas, where mass rapid transit coverage is limited and correlates strongly with “industrial” land use. The distribution of corresponding metro trips shows similar spatial patterns. This research provides new insights into the integration potential of ride-pooling and metro services, highlighting critical multimodal spatial-temporal patterns.</p
"Piecing Data Connections Together Like a Puzzle":Effects of Increasing Task Complexity on the Effectiveness of Data Storytelling Enhanced Visualisations
No full textThe emerging concept of data storytelling (DS) suggests that enhancing visualisations with annotations and narratives can make complex data more insightful than conventional visualisations. Previous works found that DS-enhanced visualisations are more effective than conventional visualisations for simple tasks like identifying key data points or the main message. However, no previous work has explored the extent to which DS enhancements influence task completion across different levels of cognitive complexity. We address this gap by presenting the results of a study where 128 participants completed tasks based on four visualisations (two line charts and two choropleth maps, either with or without DS elements) spanning a range of complexity based on Bloom's taxonomy, which has been applied in data visualisation to categorise tasks hierarchically from lower to higher-order thinking. Results suggest that while DS-enhanced visualisations effectively support lower-order tasks (finding data points and understanding insights), they don't necessarily aid the correct completion of higher-order tasks (application, analysis, evaluation and creation). However, DS enhancements improve how efficiently participants complete complex tasks.</p
Accelerating progress on the SDGs:policy guidance from the global modeling literature
No full textThere is an urgent need to accelerate progress if the world is to achieve the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) by 2030. Global research has identified six transformation entry points as imperative for SDG achievement: well-being, the economy, and food, energy, urban, and environmental systems. Policymakers require evidence on transformative policies to accelerate progress across these entry points. Here, we present evidence on SDG policies from a scoping review of the global modeling literature. We find that policies have been modeled for all six entry points. Most studies model single entry points and have less coverage of urban systems and five of the SDGs. Initial quantitative estimates of policy ambition and costs and policy interactions are available but remain limited and challenging to compare. Future SDG modeling research to inform policy could emphasize modeling multiple entry points and policy interactions as well as policy standardization.</p
Designed & Discovered Euphoria:Insights from Trans-Femme Players' Experiences of Gender Euphoria in Video Games
No full textMany transgender (and cisgender) people experience gender euphoria - satisfaction and relief caused by self-actualization and gender congruence - a term that has been overlooked by the design community. Video games create intense experiences involving identities, bodies, and social interaction, providing opportunities to empower people through gender euphoria. We develop themes for creating and supporting gender euphoria in games within the Design, Dynamics, Experience Game Design Framework from a reflexive thematic analysis of 25 games, with an in-depth analysis of four of them. The analysis combines the authors' positionalities as trans gamers with close reading and content analysis of the games, employing perspectives from critical discourse analysis. We contribute an operational understanding of gender euphoria to support design, in-depth case studies of particularly euphoric game experiences, and identify themes that designers and researchers can use to develop new games and analyze existing ones.</p
GLAT:The generative AI literacy assessment test
No full textThe rapid integration of generative artificial intelligence (GenAI) technology into education requires precise measurement of GenAI literacy to ensure that learners and educators possess the skills to engage with and critically evaluate this transformative technology effectively. Existing instruments often rely on self-reports, which may be biased. In this study, we present the GenAI Literacy Assessment Test (GLAT), a 20-item multiple-choice instrument developed following established procedures in psychological and educational measurement. Structural validity and reliability were confirmed with responses from 355 higher education students using classical test theory and item response theory, resulting in a reliable 2-parameter logistic (2PL) model (Cronbach's alpha = 0.80; omega total = 0.81) with a robust factor structure (RMSEA = 0.03; CFI = 0.97). Critically, GLAT scores were found to be significant predictors of learners' performance in GenAI-supported tasks, outperforming self-reported measures such as perceived ChatGPT proficiency and demonstrating external validity. These results suggest that GLAT offers a reliable and valid method for assessing GenAI literacy, with the potential to inform educational practices and policy decisions that aim to enhance learners' and educators' GenAI literacy, ultimately equipping them to navigate an AI-enhanced future.</p
Methods used to construct disability indicators in linked administrative datasets:a systematic scoping review
No full textBackground: In this scoping review, we aimed to examine evidence on methods used to construct disability indicators in linked administrative datasets and describe the approaches used to assess the validity of the indicators. Methods: Medline (Ovid) and Embase (Ovid) were searched for studies published between January 2010 and June 2023. Original, peer-reviewed studies that aimed to construct a disability indicator using linked administrative data sources were included. Studies identifying any types of disability were included, but not those which defined the target population in terms of specific health conditions. We produced a narrative synthesis of findings related to disability indicator construction methods and validation approaches. Results: Thirty-six relevant studies were included, with 30 of those identifying a cohort of people with intellectual and/or developmental disability. Health data sources were most commonly used for indicator construction, with 33 of the studies using at least one health data source. Disability and education sector data sources were also commonly used. Diagnostic codes were used for disability identification in 34 of the 36 studies; 16 used diagnostic codes alone and 18 used diagnostic codes along with other information. A subgroup of 19 studies had a primary aim to create a disability cohort or estimate disability prevalence. Thirteen of these 19 studies compared their estimated prevalence rates with previously published estimates. Only five studies conducted testing to investigate the extent to which their derived disability indicator captured the intended target population. Discussion: We found a paucity of evidence on methods for identifying a target population of people with diverse disabilities. In the existing literature, diagnostic information is relied upon heavily for disability identification, likely due to a lack of other types of disability-relevant information in administrative data sources. Use of derived disability indicators within linked data holds potential to advance research regarding people with disability. It is crucial, however, to conduct and report validation testing to understand the strengths and limitations of the indicators and inform their use for specific purposes.</p