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Impact of stress on mental health: empirical investigation from university graduating students in Nawabshah – Pakistan /
No full textAround 10.7 % of the world population lives with a mental disorder, the most common mental disorders are anxiety and depression. It is estimated that out of 10.7%, around 3.9% live with anxiety, and 3.5 % suffer from depression. This study aimed to check the impact of stress on the mental health of university students in Nawabshah, Pakistan. Data was collected through an online questionnaire, and a sample of 302 students was selected through simple random sampling from three universities (SBBU, PUMHSW, QUEST) of Nawabshah. Students of master's programs at these universities were excluded. Data were analysed to check the relationship and impacts for which this study was conducted. Of 302 students, 130, 116, and 56 were from SBBU, PUMHSW, and QUEST, respectively; the male respondents were 196, and the female respondents were 106. The study found 13.7 per cent, 11.6 per cent, and 19.2 per cent of students with severe stress, severe anxiety, and severe depression, respectively. Moreover, 1.3 per cent, 30.1 per cent, and 11.6 per cent of students were suffering from extremely severe levels of stress, anxiety, and depression, respectively. Regarding mean scores of stress, anxiety, and depression, they fall under the categories of mild, moderate, and moderate, respectively
Effects of diet macronutrient composition on weight loss during caloric restriction and subsequent weight regain during refeeding in aging mice /
No full textCaloric restriction (CR) induces weight loss, but is associated with rapid weight regain upon return to ad libitum feeding. Our aim was to investigate effects of the macronutrient composition of the diet on weight loss and regain in elderly mice. Males, 18 months old, of the C57BL/6J strain were subjected to 4-week 30% CR followed by 4 weeks of ad libitum refeeding on either high-carb (HC), high-fat (HF) or high-protein (HP) diets (n = 22 each). Mice (n = 11) fed a chow diet ad libitum served as a control group (CON). Body mass and food intake were monitored daily. Twenty-four-hour indirect calorimetry was used to assess energy expenditure and substrate oxidation. Muscle and fat mass were evaluated with dissection of the tissues. Serum leptin and ghrelin levels were also measured. CR-induced weight loss did not differ between the diets. Weight regain was particularly fast for HF as mice overshot their initial weight by 12.8 ± 5.7% after 4-week refeeding when HC and HP mice reached the weight of the CON group. Weight regain strongly correlated with energy intake across the groups. The respiratory exchange ratio was lower in HF mice (0.81 ± 0.03) compared to HC (0.94 ± 0.06, p < 0.001), HP (0.89 ± 0.04, p < 0.001) and CON mice (0.91 ± 0.06, p < 0.01) during the refeeding. Serum leptin levels were higher in HF mice (1.03 ± 0.50 ng/mL) compared to HC (0.46 ± 0.14, p < 0.001), HP (0.63 ± 0.28, p < 0.05) or CON mice (0.41 ± 0.14, p < 0.001). Thus, CR induces similar weight loss in aging mice irrespective of the diet’s macronutrient composition. An HF diet leads to excessive energy intake and pronounced gain in body fat in spite of increased fat oxidation and serum leptin during the refeeding after CR
Relationship between physical literacy, physical fitness, and motivation for physical activity among older adults.
No full textThis paper presents an analysis of the association between physical fitness, physical literacy, and motivation for physical activity among older adults aged 65 years and above. Across the globe, insufficient physical activity and low health literacy have emerged as major health concerns that hinder the resolution of various health issues. As a result, researchers have focused extensively on physical activity and the development of preventive measures to enhance health outcomes, promote better quality of life among older adults, reduce social exclusion, facilitate successful integration into community activities, and encourage self-care. The correlation between physical literacy, fitness, and motivation identified in this study can guide the development of targeted physical fitness improvement programs for older adults. By leveraging these findings, these programs can help older adults sustain their engagement in physical activities for an extended duration, and foster greater awareness of physical literacy to enable them to take charge of their health. In summary, this study sheds light on the importance of promoting physical activity, improving physical literacy, and motivating older adults to stay engaged in physical activities. The results of this analysis can guide the development of targeted interventions that address the unique needs of this population and promote healthy aging. Objectives: 1. Assess the physical fitness levels of older adults. 2. Evaluate the physical literacy levels of older adults. 3. Evaluate the motivation levels of older adults for physical activity. 4. Investigate the potential correlation between physical fitness, physical literacy, and motivation for physical activity among older adults. Hypothesis: The outcomes of this study will demonstrate a noteworthy association between physical fitness, physical literacy, and motivation. Furthermore, individuals aged up to 70 years old are likely to display superior physical fitness. Findings: The majority of the physical fitness tests did not exhibit any statistically significant difference between the two age groups, with the exception of upper limb muscle strength, which was higher in individuals aged up to 70 years, along with a larger waist circumference. The older adults demonstrated higher levels of motivation to engage in physical activity for health and enjoyment, but lower levels of motivation to be physically active for social and appearance reasons. In regards to age groups, participants aged up to 70 years demonstrated greater motivation to be physically active for appearance and social reasons, in contrast to older participants. There was no notable correlation between physical literacy and physical fitness results or between physical fitness and motivation for physical activity (p > 0.05). However, a weak but statistically significant relationship was found between age and motivation for physical activity, where older individuals demonstrated less motivation to exercise for appearance (p < 0.05). Conclusions: 1. Individuals aged over 70 years displayed higher upper limb muscle strength and a larger waist circumference compared to the younger age group. 2. The physical literacy of the older participants was found to be average. 3. The older participants displayed higher levels of motivation to engage in physical activity for health and enjoyment, while demonstrating lower levels of motivation to be physically active for social and appearance reasons. 4. The motivation for physical activity varied across age groups, with participants aged up to 70 years exhibiting greater motivation to be physically active for appearance and social reasons
Health strenghtening physical activeness and sleeping quality of students at the 7th-11th grade.
No full textPhysical activity and sleep are two very important components for good life quality, espiacially for children and adolescents. Poor sleep quality may negativily impact physical, mental and emotional health. With lifestyle being faster then ever, technologies reaching new hights and decreased physical activity is driven factors for teachers and education specialist to investigate how it may affect adolescent life style. Thats why it is important to research school students physical activity and sleep quality links. Because of more and more time spent infront of screens for student population it is important to do researches that involves physical activity and aspects of life it may affect. We need to analyze and renew information about current levels of physical activity among adolescents and make suggestions for teachers, education institutioms, parents and other interested parties on how to improve physical activity so we could lesser health risk now and in the future. Purpose of this study is to reveal peculiarities of heath benefiting physical activity and sleep quality among 7-11 grade students. Research tasks: 1. Reveal 7-11 grade student‘s health benefiting physical activity peculiarities. 2. Reveal 7-11 grade student‘s sleep quality peculiarities. 3. Identify 7-11 grade student‘s health benefiting physical activity and sleep quality link. Hypothesis: 7-11 grade boy students will be more physically active compared to girls, girls will have better sleep quality and more physically active students will have better sleep quality. Research methods: literature review, Pittsburg sleep quality index (PSQI) (D.J. Buysse ir kt., 1989); physical activity questionnaire – adolescents (PAQ-A Kowalski K.C. et al., 2004). Participants: 61 participants overall participated in a study 35 (57,4%) males and 26 (42,6%) females. Conclusions: 1. Boys were more physically active during breaks between classes and were more likely participate in activities that demands more physical effort compared to girls (p < 0,05). Girls were more physically active during evenings, mondays and fridays compared to boys (p < 0,05). 2. Girls had better general sleep quality, subject sleep quality, sleep latency and they felt better during the day compared to boys (p < 0,05). 3. Good sleep quality related with being more physically active during physical education classes, sitting during breaks between classes, were 2-3 times active during the week right after classes, in the evenings and on the weekends (p < 0,05). The research consists of introduction, 4 parts (“literature review “, “research methodology “, “results “, “discussion “), conclusions, recommendations, the list of used literature and 5 appendixes. The list of references consists 89 sources
The effect of strength training on the physical ability and psychosocial health of physically disabled persons.
No full textThe popularity of strength training exercises in today's context is increasing, the modifications of fitness equipment are modernizing, and the variety of gyms that can offer strength exercises is expanding. People with disabilities, as well as people without disabilities, participate in strength training, which is increasingly becoming an applied physical activity after acquired or congenital disabilities. Psychosocial health is especially important after a trauma or event. Research on strength development and psychosocial health of physically disabled persons is less studied, there are quite a few studies related to physically disabled persons in Lithuania. This study investigates a consistent strength training method that can increase muscle strength in a short period of time while also reducing the risk of injury. Exercises are performed by consistently decreasing the number of repetitions and consistently increasing the weight, rest intervals are long (> 2 min.). The application of this strength training method may contribute to the further progress of the training program of physically disabled persons in the performance of strength training activities. Strength training of physically disabled persons and psychosocial health components and research are important in organizing applied activity exercises for physically disabled persons. The aim of the thesis – To determine and evaluate the effects of a consistent strength training method on the physical capacity and psychosocial health of physically disabled persons. Work tasks: 1. To determine the effect of a consistent strength training method on the physical capacity of physically disabled persons. 2. To determine the effect of a consistent strength training method on the psychosocial health of physically disabled persons. 3. To determine the correlations of the consistent strength training method of physically disabled persons with psychosocial health. Hypothesis: a consistent strength training method improves the physical capacity of physically disabled individuals and positively influences psychosocial health. Results: individuals who have not played sports before and who have not regularly engaged in strength training exercises and who have a milder physical disability had significant changes in physical indicators and psychosocial health. After 4 weeks of strength training (three training sessions per week), physical indicators increase and psychosocial health scores change positively (compared to those who exercise and engage in strength training regularly and have a more severe physical disability). Conclusions: 1. ● Subjects with milder physical disability, who had never played sports before and who had not regularly engaged in strength training exercises showed changes in their physical indicators after 4 weeks of consistent application of the strength training method. ● Those with a more severe physical disability and those who exercise and engage in strength training exercises regularly did not change the changes in physical indicators after 4 weeks of consistent strength training method. ● In any case, an improving trend of physical indicators is visible between both studied groups. 2. ● Subjects with milder physical disabilities, who had not exercised before and who did not engage in regular strength training exercises after 4 weeks of a consistent strength training method showed positive changes in four areas related to psychosocial health: activity limitations due to physical disabilities, activity limitations due to emotional disorders, vigor and social function. ● Those with more severe physical disability and those who exercise and do strength training regularly after 4 weeks of a consistent strength training method had a negative change in one area related to psychosocial health: activity limitations due to physical disability. ●However, in the group of those who did not exercise before, an improving trend of components related to psychosocial health is observed, while in the group of regular exercisers, both an improving and a worsening trend of components related to psychosocial health can be seen. 3. ● Individuals who have not played sports before and who have not regularly engaged in strength training exercises and who have a milder physical disability have seen positive changes in physical indicators and psychosocial health. After 4 weeks of consistent strength training method (three training sessions per week), correlations between the applied training method and psychosocial health are observed. All examined physical indicators increase and all eight areas of psychosocial health change positively. ● 4 weeks of consistent strength training method (three training sessions per week). Individuals who play sports and engage in strength training exercises regularly and have a more severe physical disability show an improving trend in the parameters of physical indicators. Changes related to psychosocial health are observed in four areas (out of eight), so the connections between the applied training method and psychosocial health were not fully revealed
The effect of a six-day fasting on anthropometry, body composition, perceived stress, and neuromuscular function.
No full textThe problem of our study. Water only fasting ad libitum is an effective intervention for weight loss, disease treatment and improvement of health indicators. However, long-term fasting lasting more than 4 days is not well investigated. As a result of hypoglycemia during fasting, a metabolic switch occurs, when ketone bodies become the main energy source for the body, the activity of the sympathetic nervous system increases, which determines the body's adaptation to stressful conditions, and maintain the motor system active, which is important for survival. However, the effect of prolonged fasting on neuromuscular function have not been well established. Therefore, it is not known how the metabolic switching in the body and the perceived stress during the six-day fasting period can effect individual levels of the neuromuscular system, i.e. the brain and spinal cord (central level) and muscle (peripheral level). The aim of the study. To determine the influence of six-day fasting on anthropometry, body composition, perceived stress and neuromuscular function. Objectives: 1. To evaluate the influence of six-day fasting on anthropometry and body composition. 2. To evaluate the influence of six-day fasting on the perceived stress. 3. To evaluate the influence of six-day fasting on neuromuscular function. 4. To evaluate the influence of six-day fasting on neuromuscular fatigue. Hypothesis. Based on the research data, we believe that six-day fasting will reduce the indicators of body composition, increase ketosis and the activity of the sympathetic nervous system due to stress, but the neuromuscular system functions will not be deteriorated neither at its peripheral or central level. Methods. Ten healthy men completed six-day water only fasting ad libitum. Body composition, heart rate, blood glucose and ketone concentrations, maximal voluntary contraction and nonvoluntary contraction torque, peripheral and central neuromuscular fatigue were evaluated before fasting, after 6 days of fasting and after 7 days of recovery with usual diet. Results. After six-day fasting, body weight, body fat, fat-free mass and total body water were significantly reduced (p 0,05) after fasting. Fasting had no effect on maximal voluntary contraction torque and nonvoluntary contraction torque before fatiguing sustained isometric contraction task (p > 0,05), but did significantly reduced central activation (p 0,05) and significantly reduced peripheral low-frequency fatigue (p < 0,05). Conclusions. A six-day fasting resulted in a significant reduction in body weight due to a decrease in fat and fat-free mass, which remained significantly reduced after 7 days of recovery. Fasting had no effect on autonomic nervous system, maximal voluntary contraction torque and nonvoluntary contraction torque, but reduced central activation before fatiguing sustained isometric contraction task, which recovered after 7 days of recovery. A six-day fasting had no effect on central fatigue and reduced peripheral low-frequency fatigue after fatiguing sustained isometric contraction task, which increased again after 7 days of recovery
Puolimo taktikų dažnumas ir efektyvumas Europos krepšinyje.
No full textIn preparation for the match, coaches must prepare a offence/defence tactical plan. Therefore, we wanted to investigate the occurrence, effectiveness, and impacts of various offensive tactics employed by European men’s basketball teams on game outcomes, and identify the factors that contribute to their success or failure because of lack of scientific researches with this topic. By addressing this research problem, the study will contribute to a better understanding of the strategic aspects of European men's basketball and inform coaching practices and player development programs in the region. We collected, specifically, the “play types” for offensive (Spot Up; P&R Ball Handler; Transition; Isolation; P&R Roll Man; Cut; Offensive Rebounds; Off Screen; Post-Up; Hand Off; Miscellaneous) ball possession ends and dependent variables (%TIME, PPP, PPS, FG%, %TO, %FT, 2FG%, 3FG%), for post-covid (2020/21; 2021/22) and pre-covid (2018/19; 2017/18) seasons, for LKL, ACB, SERIE A, BBL, GBL, LNB and SUPER LIG from the Synergy software. The analysis of the difference between seasons, leagues and ranking (play-off teams vs. non playoff teams) was assessed using linear mixed models. Research results and conclusion: ACB and SERIE A leagues generally had lower scoring efficiency and field goal percentages compared to other leagues like BBL and GBL. Playoffs teams showed higher scoring efficiency and better field goal percentages compared to non-playoffs teams across different leagues. Over the seasons, there have been variations in the points per possession, turnovers, and free throw percentages. Different leagues and seasons had varying levels of possession types, such as isolation, pick and roll, and post ups, affecting the overall scoring efficiency and field goal percentages. In conclusion, the data demonstrates variations in scoring efficiency, field goal percentages, and possession types across different basketball leagues, seasons, and between playoffs and nonplayoffs teams. These findings can be useful for teams and coaches to understand their performance relative to other leagues and help them identify areas for improvement
Effects of varying the number of goals during small-sided games on elite female football players technical-tactical, physical and physiological variables.
No full textObjective: to determine the effect of varying the number of goals on the elite female football players decision-making, technical-tactical skills, running performance and rate of perceived efforts. Methods: The study was conducted under 3 experimental conditions with different numbers of goals: 1 goal, 2 goals, 3 goals. The participants were 16 players of the national women's football team (22.33 ± 2.89 years). All SSG’s were played using an 8x8 format on an artificial pitch (relative pitch area per player 112 m2). Data were collected during all SSG’s. The locomotor activity of the female football players was recorded using GPS devices (Catapult). Meanwhile, technical-tactical variables were collected using a video camera (VEO) and subsequently analyzed in the NACSPORT SCOUT+ software. The Game Performance Evaluation Tool (GPET) was used to assess the players' decision-making and technical-tactical performance. Moreover, an adapted ten-point Borg scale (CR-10) was used to assess the rate of perceived exertion. Results: The analysis of the locomotor performance showed that the football players performed the highest number of accelerations and decelerations in the 2-goal modification than in the other modifications (p 0.05). Furthermore, no statistically significant differences were found between the modifications of the SSG in terms of decision-making and technical-tactical variables of the football players (p > 0.05). On the other hand, the results showed that the 2-goal modification increased the number of shots (d=1.33), however the decision-making in shooting (d=0.86) or dribbling (d=0.64) decreased. Conclusion. In general, varying the number of goals during SSG’s have impact on female football players locomotor demands. Furthermore, coaches can vary the number of goals modification in SSG without affecting players perception of fatigue
Važiavimo dviračiu bendrojo efektyvumo skirtumai ir galimi veiksniai tarp vyrų profesionalų, mėgėjų bei moterų dviratininkių.
No full textCycling gross efficiency (GE) is one of the main factors which define cycling performance, however, the role of muscular strength and muscle tendon-unit mechanical properties in GE variations between elite and amateur cyclists and gender remain unclear. Thus, the aim of this study is to evaluate the role every measured performance variable on cycling efficiency in different groups (male professional vs. male amateur vs. female cyclists). The study’s findings will help us identify the key factors to focus on cycling training for improved performance. Forty-five cyclists (elite male cyclists n= 15, amateur male cyclists n= 15 and trained female cyclists, n= 15) voluntarily participated in this study. Testing procedure was divided in two days. First day, anthropometric measures, TMG for vastus lateralis muscle and VO2max test were performed, while in the second day, passive resistive torque (PRT) and maximal voluntary isometric contraction (MVIC) for knee extensors were performed using Biodex dynamometer, followed by GE test in ergometer at 120W for female and 160W for males and three different intensities from VO2max test (45%, 55% and 65%). Results showed muscle stiffness is the main predictor for amateur male cyclists at each intensity; GE45% (R2 = 0.34), GE55% (R2 = 0.58), GE55% (R2 = 0.49). Main predictor parameters for elite male cyclists were stiffness and MHC-I% for GE45% (R2 = 0.51; R2 = 0.70); GE55% (R2 = 0.52; R2 = 0.63); and just stiffness for GE65% (R2 = 0.70). Main predictors parameters for female cyclists are PPO at GE45% (R2 = 0.32) and stiffness at GE55% and GE65% (R2 = 0.44; R2 = 0.43)
Sportininkų treniruočių valdymas pagal darbingumo kitimą.
No full textThe quantification of training loads and volumes, including internal and external loads, is essential in prescribing the correct resistance training program with the optimal working ranges. However, there is no consensus on how to prescribe correct load in the literature considering the changes in working capacity of athletes. Therefore, the aim of the study is to evaluate the changes in working capacity of athletes to the training load. To analyze athletes’ physiological adaptation to training using heart rate and lactate clearance tests. To quantify the rate of adaptation using linear and non- linear mathematical equations. Six well-trained male subjects (31.6 ± 8.6 years, 75.2 ± 12.4 kg, 179.6 ± 6.8 cm), voluntary participated to the study. Participants were asked to perform bench press exercise under their %70 of 1RM until exhaustion once a week for 6 weeks. Subsequently, heart rate right after (BPM 0 ), 30seconds(BPM 30 ) and 60seconds(BPM 60 ) after the exercise and blood lactate response after 3rd(bLa 3 ) and 13 th (bLa 13 ) minutes were recorded to quantify the rate of recovery. Weekly average progression was shown as mean absolute values and follows from week1 to week 6 as 15.3, 16.0, 16.5, 16.5, 17.0, 17.2. Average heart rate responses increased from week1 to week6 and exponentials of HRR showed a decrease (W1:y = 131.59e - 0.004x ; W6: y = 134.99e -0.002x ). Average peak lactate and clearance values decreased and recovery rates of the lactate from W1 to W6 decreases as linear equations indicate (W1: y = - 0.0967x + 6.1567; W6: y = -0.07x + 5.1433). Overall, adaptations to the given training program can be measured by simple 70%RM test and prospective training can be prescribed accordingly