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The importance of visual feedback of young hearing-impaired persons' balance control during dual task performance /
No full textDE-PASS best evidence statement (BESt): determinants of adolescents’ device-based physical activity and sedentary behaviour in settings: a systematic review and meta-analysis /
No full textAlthough physical activity (PA) is associated with significant health benefits, only a small percentage of adolescents meet recommended PA levels. This systematic review with meta-analysis explored the modifiable determinants of adolescents’ device-based PA and/or sedentary behaviour (SB), evaluated in previous interventions and examined the associations between PA/SB and these determinants in settings
Pagyvenusių žmonių pusiausvyros elgesio vertinimas atliekant dvigubą užduotį.
No full textThis research focuses on the balancing behaviors of the elderly in dual-task settings, which combine cognitive and motor tasks. The growing global elderly population underscores the urgency of understanding and addressing the heightened vulnerability to falls, which significantly impacts their overall well-being For the elderly population to be independent and to be in general good health, they must be able to walk, carry out daily duties, and move through a variety of activities that call for simultaneous motor coordination and cognitive engagement. Aim: To assess the impact of dual-task environments on the balance capabilities of older individuals. Objectives To Evaluate the Impact of Dual-Tasking on Gait To Propose Tailored Interventions for Dual-Task Challenges Methods: A mixed-methods approach was utilized, combining qualitative interviews with quantitative balance assessments. Qualitative data were collected through semistructured interviews focusing on personal experiences with dual-task activities, while quantitative data involved using adapted versions of the Berg Balance Scale and the Functional Reach Test to measure balance under various task conditions. Results: The findings reveal that dual-task settings significantly impair balance and gait among the elderly, with cognitive tasks leading to greater disruptions than motor tasks. Conclusions: The study confirms that dual-task settings pose significant challenges to the elderly's balance
The effect of a tourism website on a consumer's purchase decision.
No full textThe problem of the study. What does the impact of tourist websites determine the consumer's decision to buy? Aim. To determine the impact of tourist websites on the user's decision to make a purchase. Tasks. 1. Analyze the benefits of buying tourism products and services via the Internet. 2. Examine the factors and functions of tourism websites that influence the consumer's decision to make a purchase. 3. Disclose how websites influence the user's decision to make a purchase. Hypothesis. The impact of tourism intern's websites is a significant aspect of the consumer's decision to buy. Research methods. 1. Scientific analysis of the literature 2. Quantitative survey- questionnaire survey Results. Community sites (Facebook/Instagram) were found to have the highest frequency of visits among those surveyed (83,8 proc.). Tourism goods or services were purchased online more than once (61,9 proc.) of respondents, and their purchase in more than half (54,3 proc.) is well thought out in advance. The greatest influence not to buy a tourist product or service on the Internet is made by negative reviews (70,9 proc.) and unclear product quality and visuals (66,7 proc.). Negative reviews have the greatest impact on respondents aged 66 and older not buying, when the least influence is exerted on respondents aged 56-65 (p<0.05). The most important functions of websites are the security of information on the site, and it does not matter at all or of little importance, the ability to subscribe to news about special offers. Conclusions. The greatest influence on the consumer's decision to buy is the feedback from other buyers in the comments and photos / visual materials on social networks. The greatest influence not to buy was found due to negative reviews and unclear product quality and visuals. The most influential factors are the reliability of the company, the quality of the information provided, customer service, convenient menu of the website. As always, the respondents singled out the security of information on the website, the ordering, booking and payment of the service in the internet
Links between physical education teachers emotional intelligence and ability to empower students.
No full textObjective – to reveal the connections between the physical education teachers emotional intelligence and ability to empower students. Tasks: 1. To determine the emotional intelligence of physical education teachers according to gender, work experience (tenure) and age. 2. To investigate the ability of physical education teachers to empower students according to students' gender and age (from the students' point of view). Hypotheses: an empowering classroom environment created by a physical education teacher is positively related to higher emotional intelligence. Research methods: 1. The questionnaire „Teacher-created Empowering and Disempowering Motivational Climate Questionnaire in PE“ (Milton, Appleton, Duda & Bryant, 2018) is used, which is designed to determine how students value the empowering environment created by the physical education teacher in the physical education lesson. 2. „The Assessing Emotions Scale“ (Schutte, Malouff & Bhullar, 2009) is used to assess the physical education teacher's emotional intelligence. This questionnaire measures a person's emotion awareness and ability to manage their own emotions, as well as other people's emotion management and use of emotions. Results and conclusions: 1. The study revealed that 52.6 percent physical education teachers have high emotional intelligence and 47.4% physical education teachers have average emotional intelligence. Women have a higher perception of emotions (3.57 points) than men (3.49 points). 2. Analyzing students' answers about physical education teachers' ability to empower students during lessons, it was found that students value the enabling environment created by the 6 teacher more favorably (3.7 b.) than the non-empowering one (2.7 b.). Older students (15-19 years old) value the enabling environment created by the teacher better (3.80 points) than younger students (12-14 years old) (3.68 points) 3. A weak inverse relationship between ego-involvement and self-emotion management was found, that physical teacher's better emotion management reduces ego-involvement during physical education classes
The effect of strength training on the quality of life and cognitive functions of elderly people /
No full textBackground: The evidence from research shows positive effects of physical exercise, both aerobic and resistance training, and their combination, on cognitive performance. Possible biological mechanisms that may underlie the effectiveness of physical exercise include increased blood flow in the brain, changes in neurotransmitter release, and the process of neurogenesis (Sumińska, 2021). However, there is still a lack of sufficient research on the relationship of physical exertion and aging, and their interaction. New research is looking for the best tools and methods to improve the quality of life of older people. Methods: This study evaluated 65 non-exercising men over the age of 60. The participants were divided into groups of restricted blood flow training (BFRT), concentric training (MDRT) and control groups. Strength training in which leg pressing, leg bending and leg extension exercises were performed lasted 12 weeks. The short version of the World Health Organization (WHO 100) Quality of Life Questionnaire was used to assess quality of life, the subjects’ physical abilities were evaluated using the Fullerton Test set, and ANAM4 cognitive function tests were used to assess cognitive functions Results: When comparing restricted blood flow, concentric training and control groups, the results of the functional test evaluation were improved statistically significantly: standing and walking, standing up from a chair (p<.001). The result of the hand grip test did not change significantly. The results of the quality of life assessment deteriorated statistically significantly in all the groups: in the areas of physical health, social relations and environment (p <.001), and in the area of psychological health (p=0.001). When evaluating cognitive functions we found that only inhibition function (Go/No Go) improved significantly (p<.001). Conclusion: The study found that regardless of the type of strength training, the quality of life of elderly did not improve. Both types of training resulted in statistically significant improvements in cognitive inhibitory function in older adults
Echoes of stress: maternal psychological distress in the intersection of work and pregnancy within Pakistani higher education /
No full textPregnancy involves a diverse set of physical and emotional challenges for women, and these challenges are intensified further for working women. Domestic and professional roles for working women pose severe impediments in antenatal phases. The present study aimed to explore the experiences of antenatal women working in an academic setting in Pakistan, with a focus on the challenges posed during pregnancy. Methodology: A qualitative analysis was conducted through interviews with three academic staff members. This approach provided key themes regarding the challenges faced by these women during pregnancy. Results: The analysis revealed several key themes. Absence of Inclusive Infrastructure and Administrative Support: This contributes to a heightened glass ceiling effect. Ergonomic Concerns: Physical fatigue from moving within the campus area, coupled with a lack of medical facilities, intensifies psychological distress, posing severe challenges for improved maternal well-being. Ambiguous and Discriminatory Workplace Policies and Attitudes: These further contribute to emotional stress for these women. Conclusions: This research highlights the need for a persistent and comprehensive organizational structure that includes inclusive policies, support systems, and flexible scheduling options. Such measures are necessary to address the multilayered nature of stress encountered during the antenatal period by working women, thereby fostering a conducive and holistic work environment
Introduction of the digital gaming relationship /
No full textIn recent decades, there has been a growing interest in studying the appeal of digital games. However, there is still a call for further research, especially on the theoretical and methodological advancements. Hence, a novel approach and a concept of the Digital Gaming Relationship (DGR) is presented. The DGR model is adapted from earlier work on physical activity and with the central concept as “meaning,” it provides an alternative perspective to motivation‐oriented literature for the field of game studies. With this approach, the fundamental view is that each person has a varying relationship with digital games and gaming over their life span. The relationship builds on the individual’s encounters with the social world of digital gaming and its cultural meanings. In the long term, accruing digital gaming‐related knowledge, experiences, and emotional connections contributes to a rich tapestry of meaning, thus creating a deep and meaningful relationship capable of shaping one’s actions, behaviors, and even identity. The framework theorizes the mechanisms of an individual’s socialization process to the digital gaming world and illustrates that the relationship with digital games includes much more than just playing them. In this article, the theoretical roots and key concepts of the DGR are introduced, and the practical applicability of the approach is discussed
Management of young talent in the Lithuanian basketball market.
No full textBasketball is an integral part of Lithuanian sports, which promotes not only the country’s patrio-tism, but also plays an important role in the development of young athletes. In order to improve the overall results of Lithuanian basketball, it is important that young basketball players are trained and developed properly. This includes not only the physical aspects, but also the psychological and emotional support for young players so that they can reach their full potential. To achieve high results in basketball and become an athlete at a high level, it is necessary to take into account different factors, such as anthropo-metric, physiological, technical, tactical, psychological and environmental aspects (Ribeiro et al., 2021). In order for these results to be achieved, methods must be used that will confidently bring good luck. One such method is the observation of young athletes and the proper assessment of their talents. In basketball practice, timely analysis of the selection process and the potential abilities of young basketball players is required in order to provide an opportunity to use their full potential. Talent identification and selection processes in basketball include the assessment of abilities, qualities, knowledge skills and habits that are important for a successful basketball career (Trunic & Mladenovic, 2014).Attracting talent is perhaps the most important aspect and in order to bend athletes to their side, it may be necessary not only to see the perspective in it, but also to have and give opportunities for them to fulfil their potential. According to Huml, Pifer, Towle and Rhodes (2018), when luxury sports faci-lities are being built, competitions are being launched to attract competitions and convince new talent, competing to create an ever bigger and better sports infrastructure. This becomes a strong argument for attracting potential talent. So, it is important to understand that the conditions provided to athletes also have a great importance and influence in choosing where they would like to develop. The aim of the study is to identify the most important managerial factors of young talent in the Lithu-anian basketball market.The object of the research is the managerial factors of young talent in the Lithuanian basketball market.Research methodology. The study was conducted on 2024-02-08–2024-02-28. Three intervantes were interviewed remotely via the messenger app and recorded conversations with the phone’s voice recorder. Two other interns were interviewed at their workplaces. During the study, five intervants were interviewed. Two of them are basketball coaches working with children and young people, two are ba-sketball agents who help young talent provide the best conditions for development, and one of the inter-viewees is the head of the basketball team’s youth programme.In the Lithuanian basketball market, experts emphasise that attention and effort are important for the management of young talents. They emphasise the development of the individual player and the matching of needs. In addition, experts recognise that adequate funding and infrastructure are essential factors for the discovery of talent and their further development. Cooperation with schools and sports clubs, as well as connection with local communities, are considered important factors that contribute to the expression and identification of talent. From the point of view of experts, it is also important to pro-mote ethical and professional standards in the management of young talent in order to ensure their heal-thy development and successful integration into the world of basketball. However, experts also note that the Lithuanian basketball market may lack resources and attention to the development of young talent, especially compared to larger sports countries
Asmeninių ir sportinės veiklos vertybių vaidmuo ketinimams švariai varžytis arba sukčiauti.
No full textRelevance of the research. Cheating is defined as the voluntary violation of established rules, characterized by an element of deception (Green, 2006). The opposite of cheating is clean sport (Petróczi et al., 2021). When athletes are 'clean', their sports potential is reached because of proper training, nutrition, and rest, and not because of banned substances (USADA, 2012). Recently the phenomenon of cheating has attracted more and more attention from researchers due to the increased cheating scandals, match-fixing and doping in sports (Kavussanu, 2014; Petróczi & Boardley, 2022; Petróczi et al., 2021; Ponseti et al., 2012; Šukys et al., 2019). It means that anti-doping violations are not the only form of cheating in sports. There are other forms of cheating, such as match-fixing (Schöber & Stadtmann 2022). Match-fixing is an attempt to deliberately distort the outcome of a sports game in order to gain material benefits (Huggins, 2020). Therefore, cheating athletes may lie, deceive, use doping, and commit other violations of the rules not only for their own benefit but also for the benefit of other in order to gain some advantage (Vorstenbosch, 2010). When examining cheating in sports, special attention is paid to doping. Doping is an intentional violation of established sports rules and one of the forms of cheating in sports (Kavussanu , 2019). A recent study revealed that up to 57.1 % athletes are using doping (Ulrich et al., 2018). It is much higher than 1-2%. athletes who are usually caught committing anti-doping violations (World Anti-Doping Agency, 2021). Scientific research of the topic. Cheating in sports can create a variety of ethical issues. Therefore, in the last decade, the interest of researchers in moral behavior in sports has increased (Kavussanu, 2019), especially emphasizing prosocial and antisocial behavior. Antisocial behavior is associated with cheating (Sage, Kavussanu, & Duda , 2006). Researchers have found that cheating is associated with both external and internal factors. External factors include moral climate, (Spruit, Kavussanu, Smit & IJntema, 2019), team influence (Bartholomew, Ntoumanis & Thøgersen-Ntoumani, 2010), parental influence (Šukys, Karanauskienė, & Šmigelskaitė, 2019) and motivational climate created by a coach (Leo et al., 2009; Kavussanu et al., 2020). Internal factors include personality traits (Nicholls et al., 2017), moral identity (Hurst et al., 2023; Ring, Kavussanu, & Hurst, 2018; Sukys et al., 2021), moral disengagement (Kavussanu & Ring, 2017), doping self-regulatory efficacy (Ring & Kavussanu, 2018) and attitudes towards doping (Miškulin, 2020). Problem of the research. Cheating in sports is associated with various factors mentioned above, but a particularly important however less studied internal factor is values. Based on Schwartz's (1992) theory of universal values, four higher-level value dimensions are identified: self-enhancement (power, achievement, hedonism), self-transcendence (universalism, benevolence), openness to change (stimulation, selfregulation), and conservation (conformity, tradition, and security). Lee et al. (2008) found that values influence decision-making and behavior. Depending on which values are more important to athletes, they may be inclined to behave one way or another, for example, to cheat in sports or not to cheat. Ring, Kavussanu, and Gürpınar (2020) revealed that athletes who value self-enhancement values are more likely to cheat in sports, while athletes who value self-transcendence and conservation values are less likely to cheat. However, not only personal values can influence the intentions and behavior of athletes, but also sports values. Lee et al. (2000, 2007, 2008) identified such sports values: moral, competence and status. Moral, competence and status values can influence athletes' attitudes and choices. Lee et al. (2008) found that moral and competence values are positively related to prosocial attitudes, and moral values are negatively related to attitudes toward cheating. Status values have been found to be positively related to antisocial attitudes, such as attitudes toward cheating in sports. A study by Kavussanu (2019) found a negative relationship between athletes' moral values and the likelihood of doping. It is important to emphasize that there are few scientific studies that examine the relationship between athletes' values and cheating in sports. In other words, it is a new topic, and researchers are just beginning to examine the connections between personal and sports values and athletes' antisocial behavior (Ring et al., 2023). In addition, uncovering the relationship between athletes' values and cheating could contribute to the development of educational doping prevention programs. This assumption is supported by studies revealing the influence of integrated values in sports on the likelihood of reducing doping (Kavussanu et al., 2020). In addition, anti-doping organizations integrate value-based educational programs to promote clean sport, such as “100% ME” (UKAD, 2018), “TrueSport” (USADA, 2012) and “Sport Values in Every Classroom” (WADA, 2019). Therefore, it is important to know which values have a greater influence on athletes' decision to cheat. Scientific research examining the issue of cheating in sports has so far delved more into the issue of doping. But since cheating in sports is not only related to doping, there is a lack of knowledge and understanding in order to find out the factors that lead to cheating. Hence, it is necessary to study the influence of values on cheating in addition to the other already examined factors. Object of the research is the relationship between athletes' values and their intentions to compete clean or to cheat. Questions: What are athletes' personal and sports values and how are they associated with intentions to compete clean or to cheat? How are athletes' personal and sports values associated with intentions to compete clean or to cheat, taking into account other internal and external factors? How do athletes and coaches perceive cheating and clean sport? Purpose of the research is to reveal the role of values in athletes' intentions to compete clean or to cheat in sport. Aims of the research: 1. To examine the concept of cheating in sport and the factors that determine it. 2. To determine the expression of athletes' personal and sports values and their relationship with intentions compete clean or to cheat. 3. To determine the relationships of athletes' moral identity, doping self-regulatory efficacy, attitudes towards cheating and the empowering or disempowering motivational climate created by a coach with intentions to compete clean or to cheat. 4. To identify the impact of personal and sports values, as well as internal and external factors, on athletes' intentions to compete clean or to cheat. 5. To reveal how athletes and coaches perceive the factors that are associated with clean sport and cheating. Research hypotheses: H1. We hypothesize that athletes who value self-enhancement, openness to change and status values will have positive attitudes toward cheating and negative intentions to compete clean. Accordingly, athletes who value self-transcendence, conservation, moral and competence values will have negative attitudes toward cheating and positive attitudes toward clean sport. Values of self-transcendence and conservation will influence a higher moral identity. In contrast, self-enhancement and status values will influence lower moral identity. Athletes with higher moral identity are more likely not to engage in cheating in sports. Conversely, athletes with lower moral identity are more likely to engage in cheating in sports. H2. The higher doping self-regulatory efficacy, the less likely athletes are intended to cheat in sports and more likely they are to compete clean. Conversely, the lower doping self-regulatory efficacy, the more likely athletes are intended to cheat in sports and less likely to compete clean. H3. Athletes with positive attitudes toward cheating are more likely to cheat in sports. Conversely, athletes with negative attitudes toward cheating are more likely to compete clean. H4. Athletes who perceive their coach to create a disempowering motivational climate are more intended to cheat in sports and less intended to compete clean. In contrast, athletes who perceive their coach to create an empowering motivational climate are less intended to cheat in sports and more intended to compete clean. Theoretical provisions of the research There is a relationship between values and cheating behavior in sports (Ring et al., 2020; Ring et al., 2022), therefore this dissertation is based on Schwartz's theory of universal values (1992). Schwartz identified ten different types of values, which were divided into four higher-level dimensions: self-enhancement, self-transcendence, openness to change, and conservation. This theory of universal values not only explains personal values, but also explains sports values, which were identified by Lee and Cockman (1995). Other theoretical provisions that are used in this dissertation are achievement goal theory (AGT) and self-determination theory (SDT). Based on these theories, the concept of empowering and disempowering motivational climate created by a coach was developed. Novelty of the research The novelty of the dissertation is characterized by the fact that it delved into the relationships between personal and sports values and cheating. It analysed how these values are related to intentions to compete clean in sports. In addition, other factors such as moral identity, doping self-regulatory efficacy, attitudes towards doping/cheating and the empowering or disempowering motivational climate created by a coach were examined. We examined not how individual factors are related to cheating in sports, but rather analysed the relationship of all these factors with cheating in a complex manner. Moreover, we examined how these above-mentioned factors influence intentions to cheat and compete clean in sports. This study reveals new results highlighting that personal and sports values have significant relationships with both intentions to cheat in sports and intentions to compete clean. It is also revealed that moral identity, doping self-regulatory efficacy and the empowering or disempowering motivational climate created by a coach are also related to intentions to compete clean and intentions to cheat. These are new and important results that demonstrate the importance of both external and internal factors in cheating in sports, with particular emphasis on the role of internal factors. This study reveals new findings that are relevant to the development of effective anti-doping strategies to combat cheating in sports. Practical significance This dissertation contributes to the improvement of anti-doping education. Factors that are associated with cheating in sports can be included into athletes’ education about clean sport. When contributing to the education of athletes, it is particularly important to emphasize the role of values in order to reduce the prevalence of cheating in sports. Antidoping education should include values education for athletes in educational programs, as well as encourage coaches to create an empowering motivational climate. CONCLUSIONS 1. Cheating in sports is perceived not only as doping, but also as match-fixing, illegal sports betting, fraudulent violation of sports regulations and threats to competitors. Athletes and coaches perceive doping as one among several forms of cheating in sports, rather the than sole form. Cheating is related to various factors, both internal, such as personal and sports values, doping self-regulatory efficacy, moral identity, attitudes towards doping, intentions to cheat, and external, such as the empowering and disempowering climate created by a coach. The study revealed that athletes generally are not inclined to engage in cheating behavior. Moreover, athletes are more inclined to compete clean in sports rather than to cheat. 2. The most important personal values for athletes are related to self-transcendence. Self-enhancement and openness to change values are positively related to intentions to cheat and negatively related to intentions to compete clean. In contrast, self-transcendence and conservation values have a negative relationship with intentions to cheat and a positive relationship with intentions to compete clean. The most important sports values for athletes are competence values. A positive, statistically significant relationship was revealed between moral and competence values and intention to compete clean, while a negative relationship was found with the intention to cheat. In contrast, status values are positively related to intentions to cheat and negatively related to intentions to compete clean. 3. Moral identity and doping self-regulatory efficacy are positively related to intentions to compete clean and negatively related to intentions to cheat. Statistically significant relationships were found between athletes' attitudes towards cheating and both intentions to cheat and intentions to compete clean. In other words, the more negative attitudes towards cheating are, the more athletes tend to compete clean. On the contrary, the more positive the attitudes towards cheating are, the more athletes tend to cheat. The study revealed that athletes perceive a coach more as creating an empowering climate in the team rather than a disempowering one. The more a coach is seen as creating an empowering climate, the more athletes' attitudes towards cheating are negative, and the more likely athletes are to compete clean in sports and the less likely they are to intend to use doping. Conversely, the more a coach is seen as creating a disempowering climate, the more positive athletes' attitudes towards doping are and the less likely the athletes are intended to compete clean in sports. 4. When assessing the impact of internal and external factors on athletes' intentions to cheat and compete clean, it was found that personal and sports values, moral identity, doping self-regulatory efficacy, attitudes towards doping and the coach- created climate - all these factors influence athletes' intentions to compete clean or to use doping. Significant predictive factors for intentions to use doping were lower moral identity, lower doping self-regulatory efficacy, and positive attitudes towards doping/cheating (higher acceptance of cheating). Significant predictive factors for intentions to compete clean were more important self-transcendence, conservatism, and moral values, higher moral identity, higher doping self-regulatory efficacy and negative attitudes towards cheating (less acceptance of cheating). This means that internal factors have a greater impact on athletes' intention to cheat compared to external factors. These are new and significant results that reveal the importance of internal factors in cheating in sports, with particular emphasis on the role of values. This is important for the development of new strategies aimed at combating cheating in sports. 5. The qualitative study revealed how athletes and coaches perceive the factors that encourage clean sport. It was found that: 5.1. Athletes and coaches believe that even in the presence of external pressure to use doping, the athletes can resist this pressure if they have a strong internal attitudes against doping, high morals and values. This means that internal factors are considered to be essential in influencing cheating in sports. 5.2. Athletes and coaches, identifying the reasons that would encourage them to compete clean in sports, revealed that the unwillingness to suffer shame of being excluded from sports can stop athletes from using doping and encourage them to compete clean. Also, the fear of harming one's health and athletes' own values, such as honesty, encourage athletes to compete in sports clean. 5.3. Athletes and coaches stated that doping prevention is necessary for athletes. The study revealed that doping prevention should be focused on young athletes whose value system has not yet been formed. 5.4. Doping prevention initiatives should be carried out by the state, schools, sports organizations and anti-doping agencies. Since athletes become familiar with the concepts of doping at a very young age, it is believed that prevention should take place while still in school. Anti-doping policy should put more emphasis on clean sport, emphasizing the role of values, thus aiming to reduce the prevalence of doping in sports