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Evaluation of the discrepancy of the bolton ratio in three groups of sagittal skeletal relationships
Full text linkIntroduction: The outcome of orthodontic treatment depends on the malocclusion and the ratio of the size of the upper and lower teeth. The aim of this study was to evaluate the discrepancy of tooth crown size in different groups of malocclusions.
Materials & Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 165 patients referred to the Orthodontic Department of Babol School of Dentistry were randomly selected. The samples were divided into three skeletal malocclusion groups (55 in each group) according to the ANB angle. The level of anterior and total Bolton ratio in the cases was calculated, and the deviation from normal value of anterior and posterior Bolton was calculated. The results were analyzed using the ANOVA and chi-square test. The significance level was set at p <0.05.
Results: The sample consists of 80 males and 85 females aged 12 to 25 years. The mean and standard deviation of the anterior tooth ratio were 79.06 ± 2.87 in Cl I, 79.23 ± 3.18 in Cl II, and 80.16 ± 3.71 in Cl III, and there was no significant difference between the mean anterior ratio between the malocclusion groups. The mean and standard deviation of the total Bolton ratio (TBI) were 91.3 ± 2.39 in Cl I, 91.6 ± 2.49 in Cl II, and 92.49 ± 2.64 in Cl III and the difference between the mean total ratio among the groups was statistically significant.
Conclusion: Based on the results of this study between different groups of malocclusion, clinicians should consider the detailed examination of dental proportions in the diagnosis and treatment planning stage
A Case Report of Coexistence of Cryptococcal Meningitis and COVID-19 in a Patient with Human Immunodeficiency Virus
Full text linkBackground and Objective: People who are infected with Human Immunodeficiency Viruses (HIV) are more prone to opportunistic fungal infections than other patients. The immune system of these patients becomes weaker when they are also infected with Coronavirus disease (COVID-19). Involvement of the central nervous system caused by fungal infections in these patients is of concern and fatal if diagnosed late. The aim of this research is to investigate a woman with COVID-19 and HIV who was diagnosed with cryptococcal meningitis.
Case Report: The patient is a 53-year-old woman who complained of severe headache and nausea after infection with COVID-19. White blood cells, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, lymphocyte, creatinine, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase and blood urea nitrogen were increased compared to the standard level. Cerebrospinal fluid testing showed that glucose was lower and protein was higher than normal. Microscopic examination, staining and culture of cerebrospinal fluid deposits showed the presence of double wall yeasts similar to Cryptococcus. The patient was positive for COVID-19 and HIV. The level of CD4 (cluster of differentiation 4) was lower than the standard. The patient was treated with amphotericin B at a dose of 100 mg for two weeks and was discharged from the hospital after the conditions were stabilized.
Conclusion: Cryptococcal meningitis can often occur in immunosuppressive conditions such as HIV. Therefore, quick follow-up, diagnosis and treatment should be considered in these patients
Reliability and validity of the Persian version of psoriatic arthritis screening questionnaire
Full text linkBackground: The Early Arthritis for Psoriatic Patients (EARP) questionnaire is a fast and simple way to screen psoriatic arthritis. This study was carried out to investigate the diagnostic accuracy of the Persian version of the Early Arthritis for Psoriatic Patients (P-EARP) questionnaire. Methods: A total of 100 psoriasis patients responded to the questionnaire after the translation procedure (translation, back translation). After determining the validity of the questionnaire, the diagnostic accuracy of the P-EARP questionnaire was assessed using the ROC curve (receiver operating characteristic curve). Internal and external reliability of the questionnaire were also evaluated by statistical tests. Results: In assessing the reliability of the questionnaire using test-retest, correlation coefficient (r=0.994, p <0.001) and Cronbach's alpha (α = 0.85) were obtained. The P-EARP questionnaire had a sensitivity and specificity of 90.48 and 96.55 in ROC analysis, respectively, and cutoff point 3 was regarded as the cutoff point of the P-EARP questionnaire like the original version of the questionnaire (EARP). Conclusion: The results of this study showed that the P-EARP questionnaire had high sensitivity and specificity for the identification of psoriatic arthritis. The P-EARP questionnaire is an appropriate screening tool for the identification of psoriatic arthritis in the dermatology clinics.  
A Rare Case Report of Saddle Embolism in the Abdominal Aorta Following Acute Myocardial Infarction
Full text linkBackground and Objective: Systemic embolism can be one of the unfortunate side effects of left ventricular thrombus following acute heart infarction, and its timely diagnosis and treatment is very important. In this report, a patient with saddle embolism in the abdominal aorta due to the complete separation of the left ventricular thrombus following acute anterior infarction is presented.
Case Report: The patient is a 60-year-old man who referred to the emergency room complaining of severe retrosternal chest pain, nausea and cold sweats. In the ECG, he had ST segment elevation in leads V1-V5, and with the diagnosis of acute anterior infarction with ST segment elevation (acute anterior STEMI), he underwent primary angioplasty with stent placement (Primary PCI) on the left anterior descending artery. In transthoracic echocardiography three days later, a large thrombus was seen in the apex of the left ventricle. Seven days after stent implantation, the patient experienced severe pain and paraplegia of the lower limbs. In Doppler ultrasound, bilateral iliac artery occlusion was seen. Despite treatment with aspirin, clopidogrel, and anticoagulants, the left ventricular thrombus was embolized to the bifurcation of the abdominal aorta and caused bilateral acute ischemia of the lower limbs. The patient underwent emergency embolectomy and was discharged one week later with a stable condition and two antiplatelets and warfarin. Three months later, warfarin was discontinued.
Conclusion: According to this case report, abdominal aortic saddle embolism following acute myocardial infarction may rarely be seen. Paying attention to clinical symptoms, careful examination and quick diagnosis and treatment can improve the prognosis. In any patient with a left ventricular thrombus following an acute myocardial infarction, the possibility of systemic embolism should be considered
Clinical results of everolimus-eluting stents and sirolimus-eluting stents in patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention
Full text linkBackground: It has been pronounced that everolimus-eluting stent (EES) had lower charge of goal-lesion revascularization and stent thrombosis as compared with sirolimus-eluting stents (SES).The goal of this observation was to compare the efficacy and protection of EES with SES in primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) for acute myocardial infarction (AMI). Methods: In this retrospective study, a total of 404 patients with coronary artery stenosis who underwent angioplasty of one or more coronary arteries were included in the study. Of these, 202 were treated with SES and the others with EES. The data were collected by a questionnaire through which the annual incidence of coronary stent complications including the occurrence of stent thrombosis (confirmed by re-angiography), the occurrence of acute coronary syndrome leading to hospitalization, the occurrence of vascular myocardial infarction related to the stenting vessel, the need for re-angiography and angioplasty and finally the incidence of cardiac mortality were evaluated. Results: This study showed that the odds ratio of EES thrombosis to SES stent in the unadjusted model is 1.01 (0.06-16.34) and in the adjusted model for confounding variables was equal to 0.80 (0.04-13.35) which in both models, these values were not statistically significant. Conclusion: The findings of the present study indicate that there is no statistically significant difference between the outcomes in the two groups treated with SES and EES release stents
Epilepsy and Associated Factors in Elderly People of Amirkola, North of Iran (The Amirkola Health and Ageing Project)
Full text linkBackground: Knowledge about the associated factors with epilepsy in the elderly in Iran is limited. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the prevalence of epilepsy and associated factors in Amirkola elderly patients. Methods: This cross-sectional study is a part of a comprehensive and cohort research of "The Amirkola Health and Ageing Project". The Mini-mental State Examination was used for cognitive impairment, Geriatric Depression Scale for psychiatric diseases and the Physical Activity Scale for Elderly questionnaire for physical activity. Results: The prevalence of epilepsy was 35 from 1482 participants (24/1000). The significant association between Parkinson’s Disease (OR=6.25, 95CI=1.35-28.4, P=0.001), falls (OR= 3.81, 95CI=1.62-8.97, P=0.001), depression (P=0.001), hyperphosphatemia (P=0.039) and hypokalemia (P= 0.031) concluded with epilepsy. Past history of stroke (6 versus 2, OR= 2.8, 95CI, 0.97-8.27, P=0.07), increased serum level of triglyceride (OR= 1.96, 95CI= 0.99-3.88, P=0.06) and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) (P=0. 45) were seen in epileptic patients vs. non-epileptic patients. Conclusion: Parkinson's disease, frequency of falls and depression were the associated factors in epileptic patients and a correlation between past history of stroke, increased serum level of triglyceride and LDL with epilepsy were seen. Associated factors required screening, diagnosis and treatment
Age-Specific Distribution of Intraocular Pressure in Elderly Iranian Population and Its Associated Factors
Full text linkBackground: The purpose of this study was to determine the distribution of intraocular pressure (IOP) and assess its association with age, sex, systemic blood pressure, diabetes mellitus, body mass index (BMI) and tobacco smoking in Iranian elderly population. Methods: This cohort-based, cross-sectional study assessed elderly individuals aged 60-90 years in Amirkola, northern Iran, in 2016-2017. Past medical history, blood pressure, diabetes mellitus, BMI and tobacco smoking were recorded through an interview and physical examination. IOP was assessed using non-contact tonometry. Results: Total of 1377 individuals participated in this study, out of which 1346 IOP measurements were included for the final analysis. The mean age of participants was 69.4 ± 7.1 years and mean IOP was determined to be 16.7 ± 3.2 mmHg. Majority of the participants were males (56.1 vs 43.1), 73.8 of participants were overweight or obese, 6.1 smoked tobacco, 28.9 had diabetes mellitus and 84.9 had higher than normal blood pressure. Through multiple regression analysis, it was determined that age (β=-0.132, p<0.001) was negatively associated with IOP, and the presence of diabetes mellitus (β=0.118, p<0.001), systolic blood pressure (β=0.101, p<0.001), and BMI (β=0.020, P=0.020) were positively associated with IOP. Conclusion: Mean IOP of individuals in this study was higher than average based on other studies. Age, was negatively and systemic blood pressure, BMI and presence of diabetes mellitus were positively associated with mean IOP of elderly Iranian population. Sex and tobacco smoking were not correlated with IOP.  
Investigating the Neurotoxicity Caused by Tricyclazole and Thiophanate Methyl in Wistar Rats
Full text linkBackground and Objective: Along with the steady growth of the population, the widespread use of systemic fungicides, which leads to increased productivity and higher yield of food products, has been given a lot of attention. Therefore, considering the cytotoxic effects of systemic fungicides tricyclazole and thiophanate methyl, the present study was conducted with the aim of investigating the neurotoxicity caused by the use of fungicides tricyclazole (TCZ) and thiophanate methyl (TM) in Wistar rats.
Methods: In this experimental study, 32 male Wistar rats were randomly divided into 4 groups of 8 including: control group, groups receiving pesticide mixtures orally at doses of (A) TM 664 + TCZ 25, (B) TM 498 + TCZ 19 and (C) TM 332 + TCZ 13 (mg/kg body weight) and brain tissue sampling was done after 28 days. Nissl and hematoxylin-eosin staining were used for qualitative assessment of pathological lesions and quantitative counting of brain cells.
Findings: In the histopathological examinations of the groups that received toxins, it was observed that the neurons became necrotic, and the increase of microglia cells in the hippocampus and cerebral cortex was also observed. The results of cell counting indicated the lowest number of neurons in group A in the cerebral cortex (171.40±4.88), CA1 (152.80±5.99), CA2,3 (127.90±8.36) and CA4 (59.20±3.86), which showed a significant decrease compared to the control group (p<0.05).
Conclusion: The results of the study showed that the mixture of tricyclazole and thiophanate methyl caused damage to brain neurons in the cerebral cortex and different areas of the hippocampus and subsequently caused a decrease in the number of neurons in these areas; Of course, the amount of damage was directly related to increase in the dose
Presenting a Model Regarding the Effect of Ethical Sensitivity and Its Associated Components on the Quality of Research among Academic Personnel
Full text linkBackground and Objective: Ethical sensitivity is one of the criteria regarding the professional competence of researchers, which affects the ethical performance of the researcher. Since compliance with the principles and rules of ethics is an effective factor in providing high quality research results, the present study was conducted to investigate the ethical sensitivity and its associated components on the quality of research among academic personnel of universities of medical sciences in metropolitan area No. 1 in Iran.
Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted on 320 academic personnel of universities of medical sciences in metropolitan area No. 1 (Guilan, Mazandaran, Golestan, Babol, Shahrud, and Semnan) who were selected by stratified random sampling. Data were collected using ethical sensitivity and research quality questionnaires. The ethical sensitivity questionnaire includes 50 questions and two dimensions of "functional and individual", each of which includes 4 fields. The researcher-made questionnaire of research quality includes 31 questions and 4 fields. The questionnaires were rated from 1 to 5 according to Likert scale. Ethical sensitivity was compared between researchers based on work experience, academic degree and gender. Then, the effect of each component of ethical sensitivity on the quality of the research was evaluated.
Findings: Out of 320 studied samples, 223 were male (69.7%) and 97 were female (30.3%). In people with experience of less than 10 years, the mean score of honesty was 15.74±3.21, ethical behavior was 30.50±5.74, accountability was 33.81±5.64, decision-making was 23.62±4.28, and interpersonal communication was 18.66±3.56, indicating higher values compared to people with an experience of more than 10 years (p<0.01). Among the dimensions of ethical sensitivity, the dimensions of honesty and discipline showed positive and significant effects on the quality of research. However, the effect of respect for the client, ethical behavior, professional knowledge, accountability, decision-making and interpersonal communication was not statistically significant despite the effect on the quality of the research. Discipline had the greatest effect on research quality (β=0.293). The R2 value (0.489) shows that about 49% of the variance of the research quality score is explained by the dimensions of ethical sensitivity. Ethical sensitivity with a standard coefficient of 7.758 had an effect on the quality of research.
Conclusion: The results of the present study showed that ethical sensitivity, especially the dimensions of honesty and discipline, has an effect on the quality of research
Determining the Demographic and Histopathological Pattern of Basal Cell Carcinoma in the Pathology Laboratories of Babol University of Medical Sciences from 2013 to 2020
Full text linkBackground and Objective: Basal cell carcinoma is the most common human malignancy that has been increasing in recent years. The aim of this study is to determine the demographic and histopathological pattern of this malignancy in the pathology departments of state hospitals in Babol from 2013 to 2020.
Methods: In this retrospective study, after reviewing the existing files with the final diagnosis of basal cell carcinoma from 2013 to 2020, the patients' information including age, gender, lesion location and microscopic subgroup were recorded and analyzed.
Findings: In this study, 367 cases were obtained from Shahid Beheshti and Shahid Yahyanejad Hospitals in Babol with the diagnosis of basal cell carcinoma. The mean age of people in both genders was 67±10.89 years. 69% of the samples were men and 31% were women (p<0.001). The highest frequency was from the scalp area (134 samples) and the lowest frequency was related to the chest (3 samples). The most common histopathology subtype was nodular type and the rarest types were metatypical and clear cell carcinoma. A statistically significant relationship was observed between the location of the sample and gender (p=0.023); the cheek in men and the nose in women were more common than the other gender. The highest incidence was seen in 2017 with 83 cases, which was a significant increase compared to the previous year.
Conclusion: Based on the results of this study, the high incidence of basal cell carcinoma in the head and face area of elderly people, especially men, reveals the need to inform high-risk communities and to be more familiar with therapists, especially dentists who are in close eye contact with the face