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Future changes of precipitation types in the Peruvian Andes
No full textIn high-altitude regions, such as the Peruvian Andes, understanding the transformation of precipitation types under climate change is critical to the sustainability of water resources and the survival of glaciers. In this study, we investigate the distribution and types of precipitation on a tropical glacier in the Peruvian Central Andes. We utilized data from an optical-laser disdrometer and compact weather station installed at 4709 m ASL, combined with future climate scenarios from the CMIP6 project, to model potential future changes in precipitation types. Our findings highlight that increasing temperatures could lead to significant reductions in solid-phase precipitation, including snow, graupel and hail, with implications for the mass balance of Andean glaciers. For instance, a 2 °C rise might result in less than 10% of precipitation as solid, in regard to the present day, transforming the hydrological processes of the region. The two future climate scenarios from the CMIP6 project, SSP2-4.5 and SSP5-8.5, offer a broad perspective on potential climate outcomes that could impact precipitation patterns in the Andes. Our study underscores the need to revisit and expand our understanding of high-altitude precipitation in the face of climate change, paving the way for improved water resource management strategies and sustainable glacier preservation efforts in these fragile ecosystems
Unravelling and understanding local perceptions of water quality in the Santa basin, Peru
No full textWater quality is an integral part of water security. Measuring the physico-chemical indicators for water quality can provide an objective picture of water health, but it does not provide information on lived experiences related to water quality, expectations of water resources, nor how the quality of water affects its usage. Perceptual information and traditional ecological knowledge on water quality can help to understand interactions between water and people, and thereby support locally appropriate sustainable water resource strategies. Accordingly, our project sought to collect and synthesise insights from local perspectives on water quality in the upper Santa River basin, Peru, a region where water quality directly relates to people’s livelihoods. Perceptual data was collected via the Nuestro Rio mobile app (N = 149) as well as walking interviews (n = 84) (July-August 2021) in two main study areas, Olleros and Catac. We find that water quality perspectives differ within, and between, study areas and communities, however four overarching themes were identified, and are explored here: i) environmental indicators for water quality; ii) water uses; and iii) perceived causes of water quality; iv) water quality perceptions behind emotions. Most rural participants felt the main cause of poor water quality was mineral pollution, likely linked to local geology, however we also found that local perceptions of water quality depend on water usage, directly linked to domestic water use and agricultural livelihoods. Qualitative data highlighted the complex relationships between water quality, perceptions and emotions. More inclusive citizen-based science that considers what people observe, think and feel about the quality of their rivers can help provide a much deeper contextual understanding of dynamic human-water systems, with further benefits for improving water management and policy implementation
Evaluación de los índices de riesgo para la salud humana por contaminación de metales en aguas superficiales de la subcuenca del río Negro, Áncash
No full textLa contaminación natural del agua superficial por metales, debido a la generación de drenajes ácido de roca en cuenca glaciar como una probable consecuencia de la desglaciación, es una preocupación en Áncash, Perú debido al impacto negativo en la salud humana y los medios de vida. Por ello, se evaluó los índices de riesgo para la salud humana por la contaminación de metales (Fe, Li, Al, Co, Mn, Ni y Zn) en las aguas superficiales de la subcuenca del río Negro en 19 puntos de muestreo de agua. La evaluación de la calidad, la fuente y el riesgo para la salud humana se determinó utilizando los estándares de calidad ambiental, índice de contaminación por metales pesados (HPI), análisis de componentes principales (PCA), análisis de clúster (CA) e índice de riesgo no carcinogénico (HI) y análisis geoespacial. Los valores medios fueron 4.077 (pH), 156.726 mg/L (SO4 = ), 28.597 mg/L (Fe), 0.035 mg/L (Li), 3.832 mg/L (Al), 0.053 mg/L (Co), 1.085 mg/L (Mn), 0.085 mg/L (Ni) y 0.234 mg/L (Zn). Los resultados mostraron que existen valores de pH, Fe, Mn y Al por encima del ECA-Categ1.A2 y valores de pH, conductividad eléctrica (CE), Ni y Zn por encima del ECA-Categ4; el HPI promedio fue 360.959, indicando contaminación alta, cabe señalar que el Fe, Al y Mn contribuyeron más al índice; los resultados de PCA y CA indicaron que la fuente de Fe, Li, Al, Co, Ni y Zn se derivaron por contaminación natural, producto de la oxidación y lixiviación de rocas con presencia de sulfuros. También, se determinó que existe riesgo no carcinogénico en niños (HI≥1) por Fe en los puntos de muestreo QPuma, QSNom3 y QUqui, por Li en QSNom3 y Co en LTara1, LTara3, QOtut, QPuma, Rure2, QRure3, QSNom3, QSNom5, QSNom7, QUqui, RNegr y ROlle. Asimismo, existe riesgo no carcinogénico en adultos (HI≥1) por Fe en los puntos de muestreo QPuma y Co en LTara1, LTara3, QOtut, QPuma, QSNom3, QSNom5, QSNom7, QUqui y RNegr, demostrando que existe mayor riesgo a la salud en niños en comparación con adultos. La distribución geoespacial del HPI y HI, se enfocaron en las quebradas Rurec, Pumahuaganga, Otuto y Uquian. Se concluyó que el agua superficial de la subcuenca del río Negro tiene contaminación alta y no es apta para el consumo humano, representando riesgo no carcinogénico para los metales Fe, Co y Li en niños y adulto
Landslide hazard assessment and risk reduction in the rural community of Rampac Grande, Cordillera Negra, Peru
No full textThis article describes the landslide risk assessment of the Rampac Grande rural community in the Peruvian Andes, where an unexpectedly fast-moving landslide claimed fatalities in 2009. The study site represents a socially, culturally, and geologically challenging environment that limits applicable technical solutions for landslide risk reduction and demands a high level of community participation in all risk reduction steps. The performed landslide surface movement monitoring and slope stability calculations showed that the studied slopes are very close to failure. Therefore, the detailed hazard assessment was combined with field investigations of household vulnerabilities to perform a qualitative risk assessment in the zone around the 2009 catastrophic landslide. Results show that the high vulnerability, rather than the very high hazard, is responsible for assigning houses to the high-risk classes and education or improvement of the households’ income is key for further risk reduction. This underlines the importance of vulnerability reduction through the collaboration of the community members with external actors (e.g., Peruvian experts), which was interrupted by the COVID-19 pandemic restrictions. The context of the performed landslide risk assessment provides a summary of the 12-year-long involvement of different actors in the landslide risk reduction effort and the evaluation of the effectiveness of the previously adopted mitigation measures. It suggests that the community perspective on the mitigation measures and its risk perception changes determine the long-term risk reduction outcomes
Efecto del cambio climático en la oferta de agua en la unidad hidrográfica Yanayacu para la gestión del recurso hídrico, Áncash, Perú
No full textLa tesis se enmarca dentro del proyecto PERU GROWS, liderado por INAIGEM, con el fin de mejorar la resiliencia de las comunidades andinas frente a la inseguridad hídrica. El proyecto se centra en la cuenca del río Santa y busca cubrir brechas de información para una gestión eficiente del recurso hídrico, considerando impactos del retroceso glaciar y cambio climático. Se emplea modelamiento hidrológico, específicamente en la unidad hidrográfica (UH) Yanayacu, ubicada en la Cordillera Blanca. Se utiliza el software WEAP para simular los efectos del cambio climático en la oferta de agua, desde 1980 hasta 2018. La metodología incluye la delimitación de la UH, definición de variables hidrometeorológicas, construcción del esquema WEAP adaptado a la UH, calibración y validación del modelo, y análisis de los efectos del cambio climático hasta 2050
Landsystem analysis of a tropical moraine‐dammed supraglacial lake, Llaca Lake, Cordillera Blanca, Perú
No full textTropical glaciers of the Cordillera Blanca, Perú are rapidly thinning and retreating as a result of climate warming. The retreat of these glaciers along narrow linear bedrock valleys has increased the number and size of moraine‐dammed glacial lakes formed in the valleys. This study aims to identify the geomorphological and sedimentological characteristics of an enlarging moraine‐dammed supraglacial lake (Llaca Lake) in the Cordillera Blanca. Field‐based sedimentological observations and geomorphological mapping were combined with remotely sensed data and a photogrammetric model derived from aerial surveys by an uncrewed aerial vehicle to identify landform‐sediment assemblages. The geomorphological and sedimentological characteristics of Llaca Lake are synthesized into three landsystem zones: Zone 1: distal portions of Llaca Lake and the latero‐frontal moraine; Zone 2: the central zone of ice‐cored hummocks; and Zone 3: the active glacier margin. These zones are differentiated based on the spatial distribution of landforms, sediments, and active geomorphological processes. This is the first study to describe the landform‐sediment assemblages in a tropical moraine‐dammed supraglacial lake system and provides a framework for further landsystem element analysis of these growing supraglacial lakes in rapidly deglaciating high‐altitude environments
A Conceptual Model for Rehabilitation of Puna Grassland Social–Ecological Systems
No full textThe impacts of both climate change and socioeconomic processes are driving the degradation of mountains and the ecological services they provide worldwide. In the tropical Andes, compounding glacier retreat, altered hydrological and precipitation regimes (eg off-season alternation of extreme dry and wet periods), and expansion of mining and other land uses are modifying hydrological services. Although initiatives to restore ecosystems and their services are increasing, conceptual models emerging from experiences on the ground are scarce. Based upon the experience of Peru's National Institute for Research on Glaciers and Mountain Ecosystems (INAIGEM) in the Piuray Ccorimarca microbasin (Cusco) in combining participatory action research and experiments at the plot scale, this article elaborates a conceptual model for the rehabilitation of hydrological services on the social–ecological systems of puna grassland. The model proposes multiscale (plot–pilot–microbasin) rehabilitation. At each level, the actions proposed include designing plots, selecting sites, implementing restoration activities, and evaluating and monitoring the sites. Our inductive model from the ground and plot can inform rehabilitation of hydrological services on puna grasslands elsewhere
APLICACIÓN DEL ANÁLISIS DE DECISIONES MULTICRITERIO DISCRETA PROMETHEE PARA LA EVALUACIÓN DE LA VULNERABILIDAD ANTE EL RIESGO DE ALUVIÓN EN EL DISTRITO DE SANTA CRUZ, HUAYLAS - ANCASH, 2020
No full textEl propósito fundamental de la investigación es la aplicación de la metodología de las decisiones multicriterio discreta PROMETHEE en el estudio de la variabilidad de la vulnerabilidad según cuatro dimensiones: social, física, económica y ambiental en el marco de la fragilidad y la resiliencia.
Se presentan los resultados logrando caracterizar la vulnerabilidad en niveles de muy alta, alta, media y baja en la Comunidad de Santa Cruz, Huaylas-Ancash ante el riesgo de aluvión por la Laguna de Arhuaycocha, constituyendo el PROMETHEE una metodología alternativa de ayuda en la toma de decisiones en la gestión del riesgo, y contribuir a mitigar y salvaguardar la vida de la población y en su entorno ambiental
Potencial Distichia Muscoides en la biorremediación de un bofedal impactado con drenaje acido de roca en Ancash
No full textEl retroceso de los glaciares andinos expone el mineral sulfurado, que al oxidarse genera el drenaje ácido de roca, DAR. Se investigó el potencial de Distichia muscoides en la biorremediación de un bofedal impactado con DAR en la subcuenca Pachacoto, distrito Cátac, región Áncash. Se realizó la comparación de las características del agua, turba, tejido radicular y aéreo de D. muscoides y la presencia de bacterias sulfato reductoras en el sedimento de cuerpos de agua de dos bofedales 1 (sin aparente impacto de DAR) y 2 (con impacto de DAR), así como también se comparó el potencial de biorremediación con base a los factores de bioacumulación y traslocación de metales en la turba y cojines de D. muscoides trasplantados y no trasplantados. En el agua, turba, tejido radicular y aéreo de D. muscoides de los bofedales 1 y 2 se cuantificaron los metales Al, Cd, Cu, Fe, Mn, Pb y Zn y se evidenció la presencia de bacterias sulfato reductoras, condición que calificó a ambos bofedales como impactados por DAR. Los cojines de D. muscoides sin y con trasplante demostraron potencial de biorremediación en el área exprimental del bofedal 2. El factor de bioacumulación calificó los cojines de D. muscoides trasplantados como acumuladores de Cr, Fe, Mn, Zn y As y a D. muscoides no trasplantados como acumuladores de Al, Mn y Cu. El factor de traslocación calificó a los cojines de D. muscoides trasplantados como fitoextractores de Cr, Fe, Al, Mn y As y fitoestabilizadores de Pb y Cu en comparación con los cojines no trasplantados que fueron fitoextractores de Al, Mn y Cu y fitoestabilizadores de Cr, Fe, As, Zn y Pb. Se demostró la adaptación y la acumulación de metales pesados en el tejido radicular y aéreo de D. muscoides trasplantada en el bofedal con mayor impacto de DA
Characteristics of cloud properties over South America and over Andes observed using CloudSat and reanalysis data
No full textCloudSat profile of attenuated corrected radar reflectivity (Ze) and cloud mask data are used to investigate the cloud properties over South America (SA) during Austral Summer monsoon seasons. Deep convective core (DCC), deep & intense convective systems (DCSs & ICSs), and cloud clusters (CCs) are defined based on the Ze and cloud mask values. The spatial distributions of DCCs show that land-dominated areas have higher frequency of DCCs and Atlantic Ocean has less DCCs. The Pacific Ocean does not consist of DCCs, whereas eastern flank of Andes has higher frequency of DCCs compared to western flank of the Andes. North La Plata basin (Sierra de Cordoba) has a higher fraction of deeper (shallower) DCCs. Deep convection over the Sierra de Cordoba and South La Plata Basin is characterized by precipitation-size particles compared to cloud-size particles, whereas deep convection over north La Plata Basin is dominated by mostly cloud-size particles. The horizontal span of DCSs and ICSs is higher over south La Plata Basin and Atlantic Oceans compared to other SA areas. Sierra de Cordoba (Atlantic Ocean) has the highest (lowest) frequency of small DCSs and vice versa. DCSs and ICSs show the opposite characteristic, as all the selected areas consist of a higher fraction of large (small) sized DCSs (ICSs). CCs develop more in horizontal than in vertical direction over the high latitude and vice versa over lower latitude. The CCs distribution reflects the orography and moisture flow pattern at the east and west side of Andes. The higher Ze, which is the proxy for rainfall, occurs at the eastern flank/slope of the Andes, and related to easterly moisture loaded synoptic flow, transported from Amazon and upslope flow along the slope