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1901 Erzurum earthquake and disaster menagement
No full textDoğu Anadolu ile Kuzey Anadolu Fay zonlarının etkisinde bulunan ve birçok fay hattını barındıran Erzurum, tarihte çok yıkıcı depremlere maruz kaldığı gibi, 8 Kasım 1901 tarihinde de büyük bir deprem yaşamıştır. Deprem, Erzurum’da çok büyük miktarda hasara, can kayıplarına ve binlerce insanın açıkta kalmasına yol açmıştır. Ana deprem sonrasında çok sık ve şiddetli derecede artçı sarsıntıların meydana gelmesi, halkın daha fazla endişe ve korku yaşamasına neden olmuştur. Depremzedeler, vilayet yönetimi tarafından çadırlara ve barakalara yerleştirilmiş ya da hasar almayan köylere gönderilmişlerdir. Bütün afetzedelerin beslenme, yakacak ve diğer ihtiyaçları da giderilmeye çalışılmıştır. Afetzedeler için büyük gayret gösterilmişse de baraka ve çadırlarda yaşayan depremzedeler Erzurum’un şiddetli soğuklarının tesiriyle büyük zorluklara maruz kalmış, hatta salgın hastalıklar baş göstermiştir. Deprem sonrasında hem İstanbul’da hem de Erzurum ve çevresindeki yerleşim birimlerinde yardım kampanyaları başlatılmış, toplanan büyük miktarlardaki paralarla afetzedelerin ihtiyaçları giderilmeye çalışılmıştır. Depremzedelere çeşitli kolaylıklar ve muafiyetler de sağlanarak bu büyük afetin açtığı yaralar sarılmak istenmiştir.Erzurum, which is under the influence of the East Anatolian and North Anatolian fault zones and hosts many fault lines, experienced a devastating earthquake on November 8, 1901, as it was exposed to very destructive earthquakes in history. The earthquake caused enormous damage, loss of life and make homless of thousands of people in Erzurum. The occurrence of very frequent and damaging aftershocks after the main earthquake has caused people to experience more anxiety and fear. Earthquake survivors were placed to tents, barracks and sent undamaged villages by the provincial administration. Efforts were made to provide food, fuel and other needs of all disaster victims. Although great efforts were made for the survivors, the earthquake survivors living in barracks and tents were exposed to great difficulties due to the severe cold of Erzurum and diseases occured. After the earthquake, aid campaigns were started both in Istanbul and Erzurum and in accommodation units, and the needs of the disaster victims were tried to be met with the money collected in large groups. It was aimed to heal the wounds caused by this great disaster by providing various facilities and exemptions to the earthquake victims
Creation of sinkhole susceptibility map using Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) methods in Aksaray province
Get PDFAfetler, can ve mal kayıpları gibi büyük zararlara yol açan beklenmedik ve istenmedik durumlardır. Doğal afetlere örnek olarak deprem, sel, heyelan, çığ ve obruklar gösterilebilir. Önemli bir afet türü olan obruklar meydana geldiği alanda ciddi güvenlik sorunları meydana getirmektedir. Tüm dünyada olduğu gibi Türkiye’de de, yeraltı su kaynaklarının giderek azalması, iklim özelliklerini hesaba katmadan yapılan yoğun tarımsal faaliyetler ve bunlara ek olarak ilgili bölgelerin jeolojik yapısı gibi faktörler obruk oluşma riski bulunan alanlarda sorunlar ortaya çıkarmaktadır. Can ve mal kaybına yol açan, kontrol edilemeyen ve aniden gelişen obruk olayları tamamen engellenemese de, önlem alabilmek mümkündür. Bu çalışmada Aksaray ilinde hızla sayısı artan obrukların mekânsal olabilirliğini tahmin eden ve gösteren duyarlılık haritalarının oluşturulması amacı ile Coğrafi Bilgi Sistemleri (CBS) ve Analitik Hiyerarşi Süreci (AHS) yöntemleri kullanılmıştır. Literatür çalışmaları ve uzman görüşleri dikkate alınarak duyarlılık haritası oluşturmak için 12 kriter belirlenmiş, kriter önem dereceleri AHS ile hesaplanmış ve obruk duyarlılık haritası oluşturulmuştur.Disasters are unexpected and undesirable situations that cause significant damage, such as loss of life and property. Examples of natural disasters are earthquakes, floods, landslides, avalanches, and sinkholes, etc. can be displayed. Sinkholes, an essential type of disaster, create serious security problems in the area where they occur. In Turkey, as in the whole world, factors such as the gradual decrease of groundwater resources, intensive agricultural activities without taking into account the climatic characteristics, and in addition to these, the geological structure of the relevant regions cause problems in areas where there is a risk of sinkhole formation. Although uncontrollable and suddenly developing sinkhole events that cause property loss and life cannot be wholly prevented, it is possible to take precautions. In this study, Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHS) methods were used to create susceptibility maps that predict and show the spatial likelihood of the rapidly increasing number of sinkholes in Aksaray. Considering the literature studies and expert opinions, 12 criteria were determined to create a sensitivity map, criteria importance levels were calculated with AHP, and a sinkhole sensitivity map was created
In Anatolia in the Age of Assyrian Trade Colonies mortgage and surety applications
No full textHukuksal ilişkiler neticesinde insanlar alacaklı ve borçlu konumuna gelmekte olup, bunun neticesinde alacaklıların bir teminat talebinde bulunmaları gerekmektedir. Bu doğrultuda teminat araçları "aynî" ve "şahsi" olmak üzere iki temel bölüme ayrılmıştır. Bugün sayıları 23.500'e yaklaşmış çivi yazılı belgeler, Anadolu ve kısmen de olsa Asur toplumlarının muhtelif yönleri hakkında bilgi veren ana kaynaklardır. Eski Asurca çivi yazılı metinler incelendiğinde, aynî ve şahsi teminat araçları olan ipotek ve kefillik uygulamalarının Anadolu'da M.Ö. II. binyılın ilk çeyreğinde var olduğu anlaşılmaktadır. Tezimizde, Eski Asurca çivi yazılı belgeler sayesinde "Asur Ticaret Kolonileri Çağı'nda Anadolu'da İpotek ve Kefillik Uygulamaları" konusu incelenmiştir. Ayrıca bugünkü ipotek ve kefillik uygulamaları hakkında bilgi verilerek günümüzden yaklaşık 4000 yıl önce Anadolu'da görülen bu uygulamalar ayrıntılarıyla ele alınmıştır.As a result of legal relations, people become creditors and debtors and as a result, creditors have to demand a guarantee. In this direction Collateral instruments are divided into two main parts as "in-kind" and "personal". Today, approximately 23.500 cuneiform documents are the main sources that provide information about various aspects of Anatolian and partially Assyrian societies. When the old Assyrian cuneiform texts are examined, it is seen that the mortgage and surety applications, which are the instruments of in-kind and personal guarantee, are in Anatolia in the 4th century BC. It is understood thad it existed in Anatolia in the IInd millennium BC. In our thesis, in the light of Ancient Assyrian cuneiform documents, "In Anatolia in the Age of Assyrian Trade Colonies Mortgage and Surety Applications" has been examined. In addition, today's mortgage and surety applications. These practices, which were seen in Anatolia about 4000 years ago, by giving information about discussed in detail
The effects of vitamin D application on NaF-Induced Cytotoxicity in Osteoblast Cells (hFOB 1.19)
No full textThis study was planned to evaluate the effect of vitamin D administration on cytotoxicity due to fluoride exposure in vitro. NaF (IC50) and vitamin D (proliferative) were applied to human osteoblast (hFOB 1.19) cells. The major genes of apoptotic, autophagic, and necrotic pathways were determined by RT-PCR. 2-Delta Delta Ct formulation was used for expression analysis. In the NaF group, caspase 3, Bax, Bad, Bak, Bclx, Atg3, Atg5, Atg6, pG2, LC3-I, LC3-II, RIP1, and RIP3 genes were increased (2.6-15 times). It was observed that the expressions of these genes approached the control when vitamin D was given together with NaF. The Bcl2 gene increased significantly (sixfold) with the effect of NaF, and was down-regulated to some extent with additional vitamin D administration, but still more than in the control. As a result, it was determined that apoptotic, necrotic, and autophagic pathways were activated as the molecular basis of the damage in the bone tissue, which was most affected by fluorine, and these genes were down-regulated and approached the control group with the addition of vitamin D. It was concluded that this is an important data to explain the molecular basis of the protective and therapeutic effect of vitamin D against fluorine toxicity
N-doped carbon nanomaterials as fluorescent pH and metal ion sensors for imaging
No full textHerein we describe the facile synthesis of new N-doped carbon nanoparticles (CNPs) obtained from 1,10-phenanthroline by the solvothermal method. Characterization of CNPs were carried out with transmission electron microscope (TEM), X-ray photoelectron spectra (XPS), Fourier transform infrared spectra (FTIR), UV–vis absorption spectra, and luminescence spectra. CNPs were pH sensitive and exploited as fluorescent chemosensors and imaging agents for Al(III) and Zn(II) ions in real-life samples. Remarkably, we show that CNPs can be used for the detection of Al(III) and Zn(II) ions in water samples. Accordingly, the results indicate that CNPs are highly effective in detecting Zn(II) content of cosmetic creams. We also demonstrated that the CNPs could be used for in vitro imaging of Al(III) and Zn(II) in Human Larynx Squamous Cell Carcinoma (Hep-2). Finally, Al(III) imaging in Angelica Officinalis root tissue was also achieved successfully. The CNPs are promising as luminescent multianalyte (pH, Al(III) and Zn(II)) sensors
Zingerone reduces sodium arsenite-induced nephrotoxicity by regulating oxidative stress, inflammation, apoptosis and histopathological changes
No full textArsenic is widely available in the environment and arsenic toxicity is a public health problem of serious concern worldwide. Zingerone is a promising phytochemical with various pharmacological effects. In this study, the potential protective effect of zingerone against sodium arsenite (NaAsO2, SA) induced nephrotoxicity was investigated. Thirty-five male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into five different groups as control, zingerone, SA, SA + zingerone 25, SA + zingerone 50. SA was administered alone at a dose of 10 mg/kg for 14 days or given 30 min before zingerone (25 mg/kg or 50 mg/kg) treatment. At the end of the experiment, the kidney tissues was examined biochemically, molecularly and microscopically. SA toxicity was associated with increased malondialdehyde level, whereas glutathione, superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase were decreased. Administration of SA caused inflammation in the kidney tissue by upregulation of NF-κB and IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-6, iNOS, COX-2, MAPK14, MAPK15, JNK. SA administration caused apoptosis in the kidney by upregulating caspase-3 and Bax levels and downregulating Bcl-2, and autophagy by activating beclin-1. Also, SA administration showed a suppressive effect on AKT2 and FOXO1 mRNA transcript levels. All these factors impair kidney function and increase creatinine and urea levels, resulting in pathological changes and a decrease in nephrin. Treatment with zingerone at doses of 25 and 50 mg/kg significantly reduced oxidative stress, inflammation, apoptosis and autophagy in kidney tissue. In addition, it was confirmed by histological evaluation as well as serum urea and creatinine levels that kidney damage due to SA toxicity can be modulated by zingerone administration
High accuracy gender determination using the egg shape index
Get PDFSince only female chicks are used in layer hens, usually hatched male chicks are killed. It is estimated that around 7 billion chicks per year are killed immediately after hatching. In addition to being unethical, this situation also causes great financial losses. Sex determination in chicks can be done before or after hatching. Of course, determinations made before hatching are more advantageous, but the prediction rate is relatively low. The morphology of an egg is expressed in terms of the Shape Index (SI), which is the ratio of the short diameter to the long diameter. In this study, male and female chicks were predicted by using the shape index of the eggs using the RUSBoost Classifier using Shape Index. Although SI varied according to the egg type, a significant correlation (r = 0.78) was observed between chick sex and SI. Therefore, it was possible to estimate gender by utilizing SI in chickens, even if the accuracy of classification was not as high as in ducks. Besides the SI, mass, short axis, long axis, ovality, volume, eccentricity parameters were obtained and used for the results. With this features, females classified with 80% and males classified 81% correctly. The model predictions were applied to the probability of female chick hatching equation from the previous studies, 71% of the estimations were correctly classified according to this equation.With this work, around 80% of accurate predictions were made. In this case, killing 5.65 billion chicks can be prevented. Likewise, many eggs are not wasted. 1.13 billion USD loss can be prevented
Beneficial effects of quercetin on vincristine-induced liver injury in rats: Modulating the levels of Nrf2/HO-1, NF-kB/STAT3, and SIRT1/PGC-1α
No full textOur experimental objective was to investigate the hepatotoxic effect of vincristine (VCR) administration in rats and determined whether combined therapy with Quercetin (Quer) ensured protection. Five groups with seven rats each were used for this purpose, and experimental groups were formulated as follows: Control group; Quer group; VCR group; VCR plus Quer 25 group; VCR plus Quer 50 group. The results showed that VCR significantly increased the activity of alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) enzymes. Besides, VCR caused considerable increases in the malondialdehyde (MDA) contents, along with significant decreases in reduced glutathione levels, superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase enzyme activities in the rat livers. Quer treatment in VCR toxicity markedly decreased the activity of ALT, AST, ALP enzymes, and MDA contents and enhanced the activities of antioxidant enzymes. The results also showed that VCR significantly increased the levels of NF-kB, STAT3, and the expression of caspase 3, Bax, and MAP LC3 and decreased the expression of Bcl2 and levels of Nrf2, HO-1, SIRT1, and PGC-1α. Compared to the VCR group, Quer treatment exhibited significantly lower levels of NF-kB, STAT3, and the expression of caspase 3, Bax, and MAP LC3, and higher levels of Nrf2, HO-1, SIRT1, and PGC-1α. In conclusion, our study demonstrated that Quer could alleviate the harmful effects of VCR via activation of NRf2/HO-1 and SIRT1/PGC-1α pathways, and via attenuation of oxidative stress, apoptosis, autophagy, and NF-kB/STAT3 pathways
Determining the effects of in ovo administration of monosodium glutamate on the embryonic development of brain in chickens
No full textMonosodium glutamate (MSG) is a popular flavor enhancer largely used in the food industry. Although numerous studies have reported the neurotoxic effects of MSG on humans and animals, there is limited information about how it affects embryonic brain development. Thus, this study aimed to determine the effects of in ovo administered MSG on embryonic brain development in chickens. For this purpose, 410 fertilized chicken eggs were divided into 5 groups as control, distilled water, 0.12, 0.6 and 1.2 mg/g egg MSG, and injections were performed via the egg yolk. On days 15, 18, and 21 of the incubation period, brain tissue samples were taken from all embryos and chicks. The mortality rates of MSG-treated groups were significantly higher than those of the control and distilled water groups. The MSG-treated groups showed embryonic growth retardation and various structural abnormalities such as abdominal hernia, unilateral anophthalmia, hemorrhage, brain malformation, and the curling of legs and fingers. The relative embryo and body weights of the MSG-treated groups were significantly lower than those of the control group on incubation days 18 and 21. Histopathological evaluations revealed that MSG caused histopathological changes such as necrosis, neuronophagia, and gliosis in brain on incubation days 15, 18, and 21. There was a significant increase in the number of necrotic neurons in the MSG-treated groups compared to the control and distilled water groups in the hyperpallium, optic tectum and hippocampus regions. Proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) positive cells in brain were found in the hyperpallium, optic tectum, and hippocampus regions; there were more PCNA(+) immunoreactive cells in MSG-treated groups than in control and distilled water groups. In conclusion, it was determined that in ovo MSG administered could adversely affect embryonic growth and development in addition to causing necrosis in the neurons in the developing brain
A new hydrazone compound with ester groups: synthesis, spectroscopic studies, crystal structure, and electrochemical supercapacitor applications
No full textWe work and report the synthesis, spectroscopic results, and crystal structure of the title compound (H2L1), in this manuscript. The crystal structure of the title compound was determined using the X-ray diffraction method. This compound crystallized in the monoclinic system, space group P21/c. There is a trans configuration in the molecule, formed according to the C = N bond. The N–H…O, O–H…N hydrogen bond interactions and a weak C–H…π interactions stabilize the molecules in the lattice. The supercapacitive performance of H2L1-modified GCPE electrodes was tested for the first time and resulted in 192.65 F g−1 supercapacitance and 26.76 Wh kg−1 specific energy values at a scan rate of 20 mV s−1. It is anticipated that H2L1 contributes the electrochemical performance and will be a very promising material for energy storage applications