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Analyzing The Relationships Between GDP, Public Expenditures and Public Revenues in Turkey
Get PDFBu çalışmanın amacı Türkiye’de Gayri Safi Yurtiçi Hasıla (GSYH), kamu harcamaları ve kamu gelirleri arasındaki ilişkilerin yönünü araştırmaktır. Bu amaçla, 1994-2019 dönemi için çeyrek dönemlik veriler kullanılarak söz konusu değişkenler arasında dinamik ilişkiler analiz edilmektedir. Çalışmada ekonometrik analiz yöntemi olarak eşbütünleşme ilişkisi ve vektör hata düzeltme modeli kullanılmıştır. Elde edilen tahmin sonuçlarına göre, kamu harcamaları ve kamu gelirleri kısa dönemde GSYH’yı istatistiksel olarak anlamlı bir şekilde etkilemezken, uzun dönemde GSYH’yı pozitif yönde etkilemektedir. Ayrıca, kamu harcamaları ile kamu gelirleri arasında çift yönlü nedensellik ilişkisi bulunduğu için söz konusu kamu harcamaları ve kamu gelirleri arasında mali senkronizasyon hipotezinin geçerli olduğu sonucuna varılmaktadır. Ek olarak, tahmin sonuçlarına göre, GSYH’dan kamu harcamalarına doğru kuvvetli bir nedensellik ilişkisi bulunduğu için Türkiye ekonomisinde Wagner yasasının geçerli olduğu sonucuna varılmaktadır. Ampirik bulgular, ekonomide istikrarlı bir büyüme oranının, bütçe açıklarını teşvik etmeden, kamu harcamaları ve kamu gelirlerinin zaman içerisinde tutarlı bir şekilde büyümesine neden olacağına işaret etmektedir.The purpose of this study is to investigate the relationships between Gross Domestic Product (GDP), public expenditures and public revenues in Turkey. For this purpose, dynamic relationships between the variables are investigated using quarterly data for the period 1994-2019. Cointegration and vector error correction methods have been used in the study. Estimation results indicate that public expenditures and public revenues positively affect the GDP in the long-run, while they do not significantly affect the GDP in the short run. Further, a two-way causality relationship was found between public expenditures and public revenues which means that fiscal synchronization hypothesis holds between public expenditures and public revenues in the Turkish economy for that period. In addition, a strong causality relationship from GDP to public expenditures reveals that Wagner's law holds between public expenditures and GDP in the economy. Empirical findings suggest that a stable growth rate in the economy will cause public expenditures and public revenues to grow consistently over time with not fostering budget deficits
Financial risk-taking in adult attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
No full textThis study aimed to examine the financial risk-taking behaviors of adult individuals diagnosed with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Design/methodology/approach: The study was conducted with adults (n = 80) diagnosed with ADHD and healthy controls (n = 80). In order to measure risk-taking in the financial domain, the items in the investment and gambling sub-dimensions of the Domain-Specific Risk-Taking Scale (DOSPERT) were applied. Findings: Adults with ADHD had higher investment and gambling risk-taking and expected benefits scores than the control group, and there was no difference between the two groups in terms of risk perceptions. In the regression analysis, there was a positive linear relationship between the investment and gambling risk-taking scores and the expected benefits scores in both groups. There was a negative linear relationship between investment risk-taking and risk perceptions scores only in the control group. Originality/value: In terms of investment and gambling, both risk-taking and expected benefits are greater in individuals with ADHD. It has been observed that while healthy individuals take investment risks, they evaluate according to the expected benefits and risk perceptions, while individuals with ADHD make evaluations only according to the expected benefits, risk perceptions do not predict financial risk-taking in individuals with ADHD. When it comes to risk-taking related to gambling, both groups take risks only according to their expectations of benefits, not their perceptions of risk. The study provides outputs that can contribute to the literature in terms of the effects of ADHD diagnosis on financial decision-making processes in the context of risk-taking
Vitamin D may assist the UPR against sodium fluoride-induced damage by reducing RIPK1, ATG5, BECN1, oxidative stress and increasing caspase-3 in the osteoblast MC3T3-E1 cell line
No full textOut of all measure systemic exposure to fluorides can cause defect of skeletal and dental fluorosis. Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress is caused by fluorine-induced oxidative stress and importance of vitamin D in its prevention is not known enough in bone cells. This study was carried out to investigate fluorine-induced oxidative stress, ER stress, and death pathways and the effect of vitamin D on them. Methods: MC3T3-E1 mouse osteoblast cell line was used as the material of the study. The NaF and vitamin D concentrations were determined by the MTT assay. NaF treatments and vitamin D supplementation (pre-add, co-add, and post-add) was administered in the cell line at 24th and 48th hours. The expression of the genes in oxidative stress, ER stress, and death pathways was determined using RT-qPCR and Western blotting techniques. Results: Vitamin D significantly reduced mRNA expression levels of SOD2, CYGB, ATF6, PERK, IRE1, ATG5 and BECN1 whereas caused an increase in levels GPX1, SOD1, NOS2 and Caspase-3 in MC3T3-E1 mouse osteoblast cell line of NaF-induced. In addition, GPX1, SOD1, ATF6, PERK, IRE1, BECN1, Caspase-3 and RIPK1 protein levels were examined by Western blot analysis, and it was determined that vitamin D decreased IRE1 and PERK protein levels, but increased GPX1, SOD1, ATF6 and Caspase-3 protein levels. Conclusion: The findings of the study suggest that vitamin D has protective potential against NaF-induced cytotoxicity reasonably through the attenuation of oxidative stress, ER stress, ATG5, IRE1 and by increasesing caspase-3 in vitro conditions
Geology, Alteration and Geochemical Characteristics of Inlice (Konya-Turkey) High Sulphidation Epithermal Gold Deposit
Get PDFInlice high sulphidation epithermal gold deposit is located in the Erenlerdag-Alacadag Volcanic Complex (EAVC), approximately 40 km southwest of Konya city centre. The volcanic and volcano-sedimentary rocks seen in the study area are andesite, block and ash flow, basaltic andesite lava flow and andesite lava flow, from oldest to youngest. The youngest units unconformably covering the volcanic and volcano-sedimentary rocks are talus and alluvium. Four different alteration zones in the andesites moving from the centre of the alteration toward fresh rock are i) silicified zones (consisting of vuggy-sugary and chalcedonic/opaline quartz veins), ii) advanced argillic alteration, iii) intermediate argillic and iv) propylitic alteration. In addition, a potassic alteration zone consisting of magnetite, quartz, biotite and anhydrite was identified in the deep part of the Merkez Zone. The mineralisation is commonly represented by pyrite, and to a lesser extent enargite, chalcopyrite, covellite, chalcocite, sphalerite and marcasite. Petrographically, the fine-grained gold grains (between 2-6 mu m) are only observed in areas where sulphide minerals are oxidised.
The degree of geochemical variation in the alteration zones decreases from silicified zones to propylitic alteration, and this variation is largely consistent with the mineralogies observed in these zones. Moreover, enrichment in As, Sb, Bi, Ag and Au, and depletion in Zn and Ni are especially notable from fresh/least altered andesites towards advanced argillic alteration and silicified zones. In addition, studies showed that the high Pb value in chalcedonic/opaline textured quartz veins and low Rb/Sr value in advanced argillic alteration and silicified zones can be used as a geochemical guide, at least for the Inlice region.İnlice yüksek sülfidasyon epitermal altın yatağı, Erenlerdağ-Alacadağ Volkanik Kompleksi (EAVK) içerisinde
ve Konya ilinin yaklaşık 40 km güneybatısında yer almaktadır. Çalışma alanında stratigrafik konumlarına göre alttan
üste doğru andezit, blok ve kül akıntısı, bazaltik andezit lav akıntısı ve andezit lav akıntısı olmak üzere dört birime
ayrılan volkanik ve volkano-sedimanter kayaçlar, yamaç molozu ve alüvyonlar tarafından uyumsuz olarak örtülürler.
Andezitler içerisinde gözlenen alterasyonların merkezinden dışa doğru sırasıyla kovuklu-şeker ve kalsedonik/
opalin dokulu kuvars damarlarından oluşan silisleşmeler, ileri arjilik, ortaç arjilik ve piropilitik alterasyon zonları
tanımlanmıştır. Bu alterasyon topluluklarına ek olarak sadece Merkez Zonun derin kesimlerinde gözlenen manyetit,
kuvars, biyotit ve anhidrit içerikli potasik bir alterasyon zonu da tanımlanmıştır. Cevherleşmeler, yaygın olarak
pirit daha az oranda enarjit, kalkopirit, kalkosin, kovellin, sfalerit ve markazit gibi sülfid mineralleri ile temsil
edilmektedir. Petrografik olarak altın taneleri özellikle sülfid minerallerinin oksidasyona maruz kaldığı kesimlerde
saçınımlı olarak 2 ile 6 µm arası boyutlarda gözlenmektedir.
Alterasyon zonlarındaki jeokimyasal değişimin derecesi silisleşmelerden piropilitik alterasyona doğru
azalmakta olup, bu değişim, alterasyon zonlarında gözlenen mineralojik değişimle uyumludur. Bununla birlikte
taze andezitlerden ileri arjilik alterasyon ve silisleşmelere doğru özellikle As, Sb, Bi, Ag ve Au gibi elementler
zenginleşme gösterirken, Zn ve Ni’deki fakirleşmeler belirginleşmektedir. Ayrıca yapılan çalışmalar kalsedonik/
opalin dokulu kuvars damarlarındaki Pb ile ileri arjilik alterasyon ve silisleşmelerdeki düşük Rb/Sr değerlerinin en
azından İnlice bölgesi için jeokimyasal bir kılavuz olarak kullanılabileceğini göstermektedir
Effect of Ho:YAG laser on kidney tissue with Virtual Basket™ and Bubble Blast™ pulse modulation: an experimental ex vivo study
No full textThere is a lack of studies in the literature on effects of Virtual Basket™ (VB) and Bubble Blast™ (BB) laser pulse modulations of the Ho:YAG laser on tissue. We aimed to compare the effects of standard modulation (SM), VB, and BB pulse modulations of Ho:YAG laser on kidney tissue. Methods: An ex vivo experiment was conducted using veal kidneys. The Quanta System Cyber Ho 100W laser generator with a broad setting spectrum at 15–80 W, 10–40 Hz, 1.5–2 J, and medium pulse duration were tested. Incision depth (ID), vaporization area (VA), coagulation area (CA), and total laser area (TLA = VA + CA) were evaluated. Histopathological measurement outcomes were grouped as a low-power group (15, 20, and 30 W) and a high-power group (40, 60, and 80 W) according to the power outputs used. Results: A total of 108 experiments were performed. In saline and high-power output (40, 60, 80 W), mean VA, TLA, and ID, histopathological measurements were higher in BB pulse modulation than VB and SM pulse modulations (p: 0.03, p: 0.001, and p: 0.003, respectively). In contrast, mean CA and LE measurements were higher in SM than in VB and BB pulse modulations (p 0.05). Conclusion: VB can allow controlled dissection, as it does not create a large VA during surgical procedures. BB should be used in a controlled manner in soft tissue surgery due to its strong effect on tissues
Immobilization of Alpha-Amylase onto Ni2+ Attached Carbon Felt: Investigation of Kinetic Parameters from Potato Wastewater
No full textα-amylase is an important enzyme for textile, food, paper, and the pharmaceutical industrial areas. In this study, Ni2+ attached carbon felt structures with nitrogen active site (Ni2+-N-ACF) are produced. The surface morphologies of the N-ACF and Ni2+-N-ACF are investigated by means of scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis. Ni2+ ions binding on the N-ACFs are determined by energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis and a graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometer (AAS). The effect of pH, ionic strength, initial α-amylase concentration, and temperature parameters is investigated for α-amylase immobilization on Ni2+-N-ACF structures. In addition, pH and temperature effect on the activities of the free and the immobilized amylase, kinetic parameters, storage, and operational stabilities are made. Lastly, starch degradation in potato waste water is tested on Ni2+-N-ACF. The obtained results show that α-amylase immobilized Ni2+-N-ACF can be used for starch degradation on an industrial scale
Economic Evaluation of Mohair Production in Ankara Province
Get PDFAngora goat is the most important goat breed that spread from Central Asia to Anatolia and became a part of Turkish culture. Angora goat, which is thought to have been brought to Anatolia in the 13th century, is intensively raised in the Central Anatolian region, especially in Ankara and its surroundings. In this study, it is aimed to give information about the distribution of the goat population according to Ankara province and its districts, the amount and price of mohair purchase by years, and the fiber quality of Angora goats raised in the region. According to the findings, it has been observed that there is an increase in the number of Angora goats in Ankara parallel with the total number of small ruminants in Türkiye. When the farms that are members of the Ankara Sheep and Goat Breeders' Association are examined, Ankara goat breeding is carried out in almost all districts of Ankara. The number of Ankara Goats, which was approximately 158 thousand in 2012, reached approximately 289 thousand in 2021. Between 2016 and 2021, a total of 48814.00 kg of mohair was obtained from Ankara Goats in Ankara. Furthermore, when mohair prices are analyzed in dollars, it is determined that the highest price was in 2019, and the amount of subsidy given by the State decreased over the years. In terms of literature, we can say that there are not enough new studies on Angora goats and that up-to-date studies are needed. The fact that Ankara is suitable for goat breeding due to its geography and that the importance of goat breeding for those living in rural areas in cultural terms has ensured the continuity of Ankara Goat production. Although the goat population seems to be increasing in the last 10 years, there has been a serious decrease compared to the beginning of the 1900s. Necessary studies should be done properly in order to increase the Angora goat population
Fritillaria karakocanensis (Liliaceae), a new species of the F. crassifolia group from Anatolia (Turkey)
No full textFritillaria karakocanensis (Liliaceae) is described as a new species from Turkey. It is morphologically similar to F. michailovskyi, F. reuteri and F. rhodocanakis, but differs from F. michailovskyi mainly by its longer stem, canaliculate and narrower leaves, papillose style, and the caducous tepals, from F. reuteri by its many bulblets, canaliculate leaves, longer lower leaves, fewer flowers, and longer tepals, and from F. rhodocanakis by its longer and narrower lower leaves, longer tepals, nectaries and style, and the obovoid capsule. A detailed taxonomic description, diagnostic characters, original photographs, geographical distribution, habitat and ecology, conservation assessment, and taxonomic comments regarding the new species are given
A New Design to Enhance the Enzyme Activities: Investigation of L-Asparaginase Catalytic Performance by IMAC Effect on g-C3N4 Nanolayers
No full textRecently, graphite carbon nitride (g-C3N4) has come to the fore as a new material with its carbon-based two-dimensional structure, simple preparation procedure, and excellent physicochemical stability properties. This study aims to investigate the activity and kinetic studies of the L-asparaginase enzyme via immobilized metal ion affinity chromatography (IMAC) process of g-C3N4 nanolayers. Firstly, g-C3N4 nanolayers were synthetized and Ni2+ ions were binded their surfaces. The synthesized samples were investigated by SEM, ICP-MS, XRD, and FTIR. The highest L-ASNase adsorption on Ni2+-g-C3N4 nanostructures was 444.1 mg/g, at 3 mg/mL L-ASNase concentration. Optimal medium conditions for L-ASNase adsorption occurred at pH 8.0 and 25 °C. The immobilized enzyme showed improved stability relating to the soluble enzyme in extreme situations. On the other hand, the storage stability and reusability of the immobilized enzyme were found to be approximately 64 and 53% of the original activity after 29 days at room temperature and 10 cycles, respectively. From the Michaelis–Menten constants Km and Vmax, both of them decreased after immobilization compare to the free one. The obtained outcomes showed that the g-C3N4 is a suitable matrix for L-asparaginase immobilization with ideal catalytic efficiency and improved stability
Malathion Kaynaklı Mide Toksisitesinde Rutinin Koruyucu Etkisi: Oksidatif Stres, Enflamasyon ve Apoptozun Değerlendirilmesi
Get PDFMalathion (MLT) is widely used as an insecticide in agricultural, veterinary, medicinal, and public health applications. MLT is taken up by the body through the skin, respiratory, and gastrointestinal systems. Rutin (RUT) is a powerful, naturally occurring antioxidant molecule isolated from citrus fruits with low toxicity and powerful anti-oxidant capabilities. The aim of this study was to investigate the protective effects of RUT against MLT-induced gastric toxicity. For this purpose, rats were randomly divided into 5 groups, with 7 animals in each group. Rats were administered orally 100 mg/kg MLT and 50 mg/kg and 100 mg/kg RUT for 28 days. According to the results obtained, while MLT caused lipid peroxidation by increasing malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, it also suppressed antioxidant capacity by decreasing superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) enzyme activities and lowering glutathione (GSH) levels. RUT application decreased the severity of lipid peroxidation and tried to increase antioxidant capacity. In addition, in rats administered MLT, it was determined that inflammation was caused by the increase in nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFα), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) mRNA transcript levels, and that the severity of inflammation decreased in a dose-dependent manner with RUT application. When apoptosis, another measured panel, was evaluated, it was determined that the Bax level increased while Bcl-2 decreased as a result of toxicity induced by MLT. However, with the RUT application, it was determined that these parameters had the opposite effect and approached the control group values. When all the results are evaluated, it can be said that RUT application has protective effects on MLT-induced gastric toxicity.Malathion (MLT), tarım, veterinerlik, tıp ve halk sağlığı uygulamalarında insektisit olarak yaygın şekilde kullanılmaktadır. MLT cilt, solunum ve gastrointestinal sistem yoluyla vücut tarafından alınır. Rutin (RUT), düşük toksisiteye ve antioksidan özelliklere sahip, narenciye meyvelerinden izole edilen güçlü, doğal olarak oluşan bir antioksidan moleküldür. Bu çalışmanın amacı MLT ile oluşturulan mide toksisitesinde RUT’un koruyucu etkilerini araştırmaktır. Bu amaçla ratlar her grupta 7 hayvan olacak şekilde rastgele 5 gruba ayrıldı. Ratlar 28 gün boyunca oral olarak 100 mg/kg dozda MLT ve 50 mg/kg ve 100 mg/kg dozda RUT uygulandı. Elde edilen sonuçlara göre MLT, malondialdehit (MDA) seviyesini artırarak lipid peroksidasyona neden olurken aynı zamanda süperoksit dismutaz (SOD), katalaz (KAT) ve glutatyon peroksidaz (GPx) enzim aktivitelerini azaltarak ve glutatyon (GSH) düzeylerini düşürerek antioksidan kapasiteyi baskıladı. RUT uygulaması ise lipid peroksidasyonun şiddetini azalttı ve antioksidan kapasitenin yükselmesine dene oldu. Buna ek olarak, MLT uygulanan ratlarda nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFα), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) ve inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) mRNA transkript seviyeleri artmasıyla inflamasyonun şekillendiği, RUT uygulaması ile doza bağımlı olarak inflamasyonun şiddetinin azaldığı tespit edildi. Ölçülen panellerden bir diğeri olan apoptoz değerlendirildiğinde, MLT ile indüklenen mide toksisitesi sonucunda Bax seviyesi artarken Bcl-2’nin azaldığı belirlendi. Bunula beraber RUT uygulaması ile bu parametrelerin ters etki göstererek kontrol grubu değerlerine yaklaştığı tespit edildi. Tüm sonuçlar değerlendirildiğinde RUT uygulamasının MLT’nin neden olduğu mide toksisitesi üzerine koruyucu etkileri olduğu söylenebilir