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From Bravery To Sedition: The Case of Dagestani Muhajirs Karapapak Hasan and Hüseyin Bey Brothers (1880)
Get PDFBu çalışmada muhacir bir sınır boyu topluluğu olan Karapapak eşrafından iki kardeş Dağıstanlı Hasan ve Hüseyin Bey’in 1877-1878 Osmanlı-Rus Savaşı sırasında Osmanlı tarafına sundukları katkılarına ve sonrasında İzmit bölgesinde 1880 yılında gerçekleştirdikleri ahaliyi isyana teşvik etme, gasp ve alıkoyma gibi eylemlerine değinilmektedir. Bu kardeşlerin savaş sırasında şecâat (yiğitlik) olarak nitelendirilen bir konumdan birkaç yıl içerisinde fesede olarak adlandırılan isyancılara evirilmelerindeki süreç aydınlatılmaktadır. Hasan ve Hüseyin Bey’in bu eylemi neden gerçekleştirdiklerine, şiddet eylemlerini hangi amaçla araçsallaştırdıklarına ve tutuklanmaları sonrasında yaşanan sürgün edilme süreçlerine odaklanılmaktadır. Bu süreçte merkezi hükümet görevlilerinin onları kahramanlıktan eşkıyalığa evirilmelerindeki itici rolüne değinilmektedir. Bir sınır boyu topluluğu mensubu olarak Hasan ve Hüseyin Beylerin hem isyana teşvik aşamasında hem de sürgün kararı sonrasında var olan koşulları manipüle edici yönleri ayrıca tartışılmaktadır.In this study, the role of two notable Karapapak brothers, Hasan and Hüseyin Bey from Dagestan, who were members of a borderlander immigrant society, has been discussed when they entered the Ottoman-Russian War of 1877- 1878 on the Ottoman side. And then, their activities, such as inciting the Ottoman subjects to rebellion, extortion, and detention, in the Ottoman İzmit in 1880 have been argued. It was described in this study how these brothers evolved from bravery into sedition within a few years. It was shed light on why Hasan and Hüseyin Bey preferred to organize this revolt, for which purpose they instrumentalized a banditry activity, and how their exile after their arrests were practiced. In this process, it was also mentioned that the Ottoman central government officials played a driving and powerful role in their evolution from heroism into banditry activities. As members of a borderlander community, it was analyzed how Hasan and Hüseyin Beys had had manipulative abilities when they incited Ottoman subjects into rebellion and when they were exiled
Efficacy of antimicrobial peptide LL-37 against biofilm forming Staphylococcus aureus strains obtained from chronic wound infections
No full textThe antimicrobial peptide LL-37 showed inhibitory effects against Staphylococcus aureus strains, which often responsible for wound infections. Understanding the molecular mechanisms of biofilm-containing wound infections is important. Thus, this study aimed to investigate both the antimicrobial and biofilm efficacy of LL-37 against biofilm-positive methicillin-susceptible S. aureus (MSSA) strains and biofilm-positive methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) strains obtained from chronic wound infections and its effect on different quorum sensing and virulence genes at suboptimal concentrations. Fifteen biofilm-forming MRSA and 15 biofilm-forming MSSA strains were included in this study. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values and biofilm formation were tested by microdilution methods. Real-time PCR was performed to determine gene expression levels. MIC values for LL-37 were 89.6 mg/L and 132.3 mg/L for MSSA and MRSA strains, respectively. No statistically significant difference was found between MRSA and MSSA strains in terms of the effect of LL-37 on biofilm formation. A statistically significant difference was found between MRSA and MSSA strains for atlA, RNAIII, and agrA gene expression levels following exposure to a suboptimal concentration of LL-37. Ultimately, the required LL-37 antimicrobial concentration was quite high; however, LL-37 antibiofilm concentration may be acceptable for use in humans against biofilm-forming MRSA and MSSA strains. This is the first study to investigate to effect of a suboptimal LL-37 concentration on gene expression levels of biofilm-forming MSSA and MRSA strains. LL-37 affected quorum sensing and biofilm producing mechanisms, even at suboptimal MIC concentrations
Is it possible to get to know a culture through cooking classes? Tourists experiences of cooking classes in İstanbul
No full textThe primary objective of this study is to evaluate and comprehend foreign tourists' cooking class experiences in Istanbul. In the study conducted a qualitative case study method was used by analyzing the comments of the travelers and using the User-Generated Content (UGC) technique. The data in the study was collected via TripAdvisor, from tourists' reviews (n: 1228) between December 10, 2021 and January 10, 2022. The findings from cooking class experiences are diverse and are based on a variety of dimensions hospitality of locals, value/price, memorable experience, authentic experience, culture learning experience, social interaction, culinary characteristics, and instructor attributes. As a result of in-depth examination of the cooking class experience, it was concluded that cooking classes can be a tool in learning a new culture. In addition the study substantially contributes to the cooking class experience literature and providing a deep understanding of tourists’ cooking class experiences
Role of 2.4 GHz radiofrequency radiation emitted from Wi-Fi on some miRNA and faty acids composition in brain
No full textThe purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of 2.4 GHz Wi-Fi exposure, which is continuously used in the internet connection by mobile phones, computers and other wireless equipment, on microRNA and membrane and depot fatty acid composition of brain cells. Sixteen Wistar Albino rats were divided equally into two groups such as sham and exposure. The rats in the experimental group (n = 8) were exposed to 2.4 GHz RFR emitted from a Wi-Fi generator for 24 h/day for one year. The animals in the control group (n = 8) were kept under the same conditions as the experimental group, but the Wi-Fi generator was turned off. At the end of the study, rats were sacrificed and brains were removed to analyze miRNA expression and membrane and depot fatty acids of brain cells. We analyzed the situation of ten different miRNA expressions and nineteen fatty acid patterns in this study. We observed that long-term and excessive exposure of 2.4 GHz Wi-Fi radiation increased rno-miR-181a-5p, phosphatidylserine (PS) and triacylglycerol (TAG) in the brain. In conclusion, 2.4 GHz Wi-Fi exposure has the potential to alter rno-miR-181a-5p expression and the fatty acid percentage of some membrane lipids such as phospholipid (PL), phosphatidylserine (PS) and triacylglycerol (TAG), which are depot fats in the brain. However, the uncontrolled use of RFRs, whose use and diversity have reached incredible levels with each passing day and which are increasing in the future, may be paving the way for many diseases that we cannot connect with today
A Historical Travel from Polysemy to Homonym
Get PDFBu çalışmada, aynı kökene dayanan çok anlamlı sözcüklerin tarihsel yolculukları içinde anlam genişlemelerinden kaynaklı sözlük birimlerinin birbirinden uzaklaşmasıyla eş adlı duruma gelme süreçleri incelenmiştir. Eş adlılar; sesleri ve yazılışları aynı, anlamları farklı olan sözcükler olarak tanımlanmaktadır. Çok anlamlılık ise bir sözcüğün birden fazla anlamı karşılamasıdır. Çok anlamlı sözcüklerde tek kök, birden fazla birbiriyle ilintili anlam(lar) söz konusuyken eş adlı sözcüklerde birbirinden farklı en az iki kök ve anlamlar söz konusudur. Türk Dil Kurumu Türkçe Sözlük’ten genel tarama modeliyle elde edilen acımak, ağıl, ağız, ağmak, altıparmak, basılmak, biçim, bir bir, bitmek, boy, bozuk, çakmak, çil, çöğür, dayak, dikilmek, dikmek, dil, dokunma, dokunmak, dokunuş, el, gen, güç, günlük, öz, sağ, sormak, ters, terslemek, uçuk, uğur, uz, yaş, yaşlı, yazı, yazmak, yordurmak, yormak, yorulmak sözcüklerinin çok anlamlılıktan eş adlığa doğru tarihsel bir yolculuk gerçekleştirdikleri tespit edilmiştir. Sözlükte eş adlı sözcükler, (I) (II) (III) Romen rakamlarıyla birden fazla madde başında gösterilmiştir. Çok anlamlı sözcüklerin genişlemiş anlamları ise tek madde başında 1, 2, 3 rakamlarıyla gösterilmiştir. Türkçe Sözlük’ten tespit edilen 40 eş adlı sözcüğün -etimolojik ve tarihî sözlüklerden yola çıkılarak- aslında kökeni aynı olan çok anlamlı sözcükler olduğu ve anlam genişlemeleri yoluyla sözlük birimlerinin birbirinden uzaklaşarak tarihsel yolculukları içinde eş adlı duruma geldiği belirlenmiştir.In this study, the process of becoming homonymy due to the expansion of meaning within the historical journey of polysemy, which are actually very meaningful and based on the same origin, in the Turkish Dictionary of the Türk Dil Kurumu, was examined. Homonymy; it is defined as words whose phone and spelling are the same and their meanings are different. In polysemy words involve more than one meaning. While there is a single origin in polysemy words, there are more than one but related meanings, in homonyms, there are at least two different origins and different meanings from each other. Tagged with the general scanning model in the Turkish Dictionary, acımak, ağıl, ağız, ağmak, altıparmak, basılmak, biçim, bir bir, bitmek, boy, bozuk, çakmak, çil, çöğür, dayak, dikilmek, dikmek, dil, dokunma, dokunmak, dokunuş, el, gen, güç, günlük, öz, sağ, sormak, ters, terslemek, uçuk, uğur, uz, yaş, yaşlı, yazı, yazmak, yordurmak, yormak, yorulmak have turned into polysemy from homonymy. In the spelling of homonymys in the dictionary, to two separate lexical entry and (I) (II) roman numerals form besides homonymys is preferred. Expanded meanings of polysemys are shown with the numbers 1, 2, and 3 at the beginning of generally prioritizing the basic meaning. Based on the etymology and historical dictionaries of the determined 40 words, it has been determined that the dictionary units of the polysemy words with the same origin are decomposed through the expansion and change of meaning over time and become polysemy
Adaptions in subsistence strategy to environment changes across the Younger Dryas-Early Holocene boundary at Kortiktepe, Southeastern Turkey
Get PDFThe site of Körtiktepe in southeastern Turkey is one of few sites in the Upper Mesopotamia basin that attests continuous, permanent occupation across the boundary from end of the colder, drier Younger Dryas (YD) into the comparatively wetter and warmer Early Holocene (EH). This allows for the study of the degree of environmental change experienced on a local level over this boundary as well as for the study of the adaptations that the occupants of the site undertook in response to these changes. The mammal assemblage of Körtiktepe remains relatively stable across the YD – EH transition with the main contributors to diet being mouflon (Ovis orientalis) and red deer (Cervus elaphus) in approximately the same quantities, although the contribution of aurochs (Bos primigenius) increases in the EH. The most significant changes can be seen in the shift in avifauna remains, with a sharp increase of waterbirds during the EH. It is proposed that these shifts reflect changes in the local environment with an increase in woodland cover as well as expansion of local waterways, which is generally consistent with previously published archaeobotanical studies. In terms of species exploited, mortality profiles as well as size distribution of mammals, a great deal of continuity is observed. This suggests that over this particular period the local impact of the beginning of the Early Holocene was not overly dramatic, allowing for cultural continuity of previously established subsistence strategies
Ana dili Arapça olmayanlar için Arap dilini öğretme metodolojisindeki dil içeriği ve analiz yolu
No full textBu çalışma, Arapça bilmeyenlere Arapça öğretme metodolojisindeki dilsel içeriği analiz ederek, Arapça bilmeyen öğrencilere sunulanları dil bileşenleri, kapsamları, dağılımları ve sunum mekanizmaları düzeyinde ele almayı amaçlamıştır. Bu çalışma bir giriş, bir özet, üç bölüm ve bir sonuçtan oluşmaktadır. Birinci bölüm, dilsel içeriğin tanımı, Arapça öğretim metodolojisi ve dilsel içeriğin analizi gibi çalışmadaki temel konuların tartışılmasını ele aldı. İkinci bölüme ise, anadili İngilizce olmayanlara Arapça öğretme metodolojisinde dilsel içerik oluşturmaya yönelik yaklaşımların bir sunumu ve tartışması yapıldı. Bu müfredatlar arasında Amerikan Yabancı Diller Öğretimi Konseyi'nin yönergeleri, Diller için Avrupa Ortak Referans Çerçevesi ve Dr. Khaled Adwani'nin teorisine göre ana dili İngilizce olmayanlara Arapça öğretme metodolojisi bulunmaktadır. üçüncü bölümse, anadili İngilizce olmayanlara Arapça öğretimi metodolojisindeki içerik analizi yöntemleri hakkında tartışarak, görüş ve yönlendirmeler sağlamaya çalışmaktı. Ve sonuç kısmıIn order to try to provide linguistic content proportional to non-native Arabic students, this study aimed to examine the linguistic components, scopes, distributions and presentation mechanisms of what is offered to non-Arabic students by analyzing the linguistic content in the methodology of teaching Arabic to non-Arabic speakers. This study consists of an introduction, a summary, three chapters and a conclusion. The first part dealt with the discussion of key issues in the study, such as the definition of linguistic content, the methodology of teaching Arabic, and the analysis of linguistic content. As for the second part, there was a presentation and discussion of approaches to creating linguistic content in teaching Arabic to non-native English Language speakers. These curricula include the guidelines according to the American Council on the Teaching of Foreign Languages, the Common European Framework of Reference for Languages, and Dr. Khaled Adwani's theory and there is a methodology for teaching Arabic to non-native English Language speakers. Then, the third part was to discuss about the content analysis methods in the methodology of teaching Arabic to non-native English Language speakers, trying to provide opinions and directions. Then the result
Interregional comparative analysis of farmers’ perceptions and expectations of climate change
Get PDFThis study looked into the relationship and effects of agricultural activities in different regions of Turkey on climate change. This study aims to determine farmer awareness of climate change and its effects, as well as farmer adaptation capabilities in different regions of Turkey against climate change, and to develop extension and policy tools based on the findings. Data were collected through face-to-face surveys with farmers in the provinces where the research was conducted. In this context, a proportional sampling survey of 418 farmers was conducted. The collected information was subjected to factor analysis and the independent t-test. According to the findings, farmers associate climate change with precipitation, and the effect of precipitation and the risks it poses in increasing or decreasing crop yields are of particular concern. Farmers in the Southeastern Anatolia Region are more concerned about heat and drought than farmers in the Mediterranean Region. Furthermore, producers believe that human-caused factors and economic development have a greater impact on climate change than agricultural activities. Farmers in research areas are concerned that climate change will increase migration from rural areas and the decline of forests and animal species. As a result, raising individual awareness and utilising new technology in rural areas is critical. Farmers’ awareness of new and environmentally friendly agricultural techniques must be raised to increase their use.
Highlights
- Farmers associate climate change with drought.
- According to the farmers, the leading factors causing climate change are human-induced factors that disrupt the ecological balance.
- The most important concern regarding the effects of climate change is that production costs will increase.
- Farmers are reluctant to implement adaptation or mitigation methods that can be developed against climate change
William Montgomery Watt's perception on the Prophet Muhammad
No full textİslâmiyet'in nasıl bir ortamda ortaya çıktığı şarkiyatçıların her zaman ilgi alanı olmuştur. İslâm öncesi Arap Yarımadası ve çevresi birçok çalışmanın konusu olmuş, empatik, indirgemeci, hümanist benzeri birçok yaklaşım tarzı ortaya çıkmıştır. Bu isimlerden Montgomery Watt, çoğu yaklaşımın aksine İslâm'a bilimsel bir metotla yaklaşmaya çalışmıştır. Eserlerinin en önemli özelliği İslâm'ın öz kaynaklarını temel referans almasıdır. W. Montgomery Watt Hz. Peygamber hakkında daha nesnel değerlendirme yapmış, Hz. Peygamber'in hayatı ile ilgili üç eser ortaya koymuştur. Watt'ın siyere yaklaşım tarzı, olayları ele alış tarzı, okuma ve değerlendirme biçimi ve özgün fikirleri üzerinde bir tahlili ve tartışmanın ortaya konacağı bu çalışmada Watt'ın İslâm'a dair yazdığı tüm çalışmalar kaynaklık teşkil etmektedir. "Peygamber ve Devlet Adamı Hazreti Muhammed" adlı kitap kendi ifadesiyle Hz. Muhammed Mekke'de ve Hz. Muhammed Medine'de kitaplarının özetidir. Watt'ın Hz. Peygamber'in hayatını konu edinirken nasıl bir metot takip ettiği, meseleleri hangi perspektiften değerlendirdiği ve kendi yorumlamalarının konu edinildiği bu çalışmada yazarın olayların görünür taraflarından başka arka plânda nelerin meydana geldiğiyle de ilgilendiği açıkça görülmektedir. Mesela, Müslümanların davranışlarının sadece dinî bir gerekçeden ziyade dünyevî bir amaç da taşıdığını ifade etmiştir. Watt'a göre; Hicret ve Habeşistan'a gidişte sadece dini sebepler değil ekonomik sebepler de belirleyicidir. Bu bakımdan Watt'ın eserlerinin sosyolojik açıdan alan yazınına katkısı meselelere sebepler bağlamında değerlendirme yaptığında hadiseleri daha çok bireysel ve sosyal ihtiyaçlar çerçevesinde değerlendirmesidir.The environment in which Islam emerged has always been an area of interest for orientalists. The pre-Islamic Arabian Peninsula and its surroundings have been the subject of many studies, and many empathic, reductionist, humanist-like approaches have emerged. Montgomery Watt, one of these names, tried to approach Islam with a scientific method, unlike most approaches. The most important feature of his works is that he takes the own resources of Islam as a basic reference. W. Montgomery Watt Hz. He made a more objective evaluation about the Prophet, Hz. He produced three works about the life of the Prophet. In this study, which will present an analysis and discussion on Watt's approach to the Sirah, his way of dealing with events, his way of reading and evaluating, and his original ideas, all the studies Watt wrote on Islam constitute the source. The book "Prophet and statesman Prophet Muhammad" is the summary of the books of Prophet Muhammad in Mecca and Prophet Muhammad in Medina, with his own words. Watt's Hz. In this study, in which the method the Prophet followed, from which perspective he evaluated the issues and his own interpretations, it is clearly seen that the author was also interested in what happened in the background, apart from the visible aspects of the events. For example, it reveals that the behavior of Muslims has a worldly purpose rather than just a religious reason. According to Watt; Not only religious reasons but also economic reasons are decisive in the migration and departure to Abyssinia. In this respect, the contribution of Watt's works to the literature from a sociological point of view is that when he evaluates the issues in the context of reasons, he evaluates the events within the framework of individual and social needs
Ahmet b. Hanbel'in hadisin nassı ile amel etmediği durumlar
No full textAhmed b. Hanbel perşemeber (s.a.v) sünnetini anlamak için hayatını sarf etmiş, araştırmamız; Ahmed b. Hanbel zâhirî olduğuna rağmen bazı hadis nassları ile amel etmediği şörünmektedir bu tartışmalı fıkrenın elle almak ve araştırmak hedeflenmektir.The Sheikh of islam Ahmed bin Hanbal, who was Imam among other guidance Imams of righteous ancestors. The great Imams of hadiths and jurists (Alfughaha and Walmuhdithin) praised him. His compilations, works, issues, and advisory opinion (fatwas) indicate his high status in hadith, jurisprudence (al Fagih) and fundamentalism. This research is a brief study of Imam Ahmad, his life and upbringing, his discretionary (aliajtihadia) and deductive methods, his principles, rules and jurisprudential controls, showing the most important of these methods, principles and rules. There is a statement that he is Imams from the school of hadith, not from the school of opinion. Also in research, there is cancellation of claims that he has apparent method in deduction and rulings, and these claims are not true. In addition to, Imam Ahmad bin Hanbal has a great and solid school of jurisprudence (al Fagih) and special fundamentalist rules. His doctrine (madhhab) was the fourth of the Sunni schools of thought and the jurisprudence group on which all agreed on. He was a leader in his doctrine (madhhab), and he did not adhere to the Shafi's school of thought, as it was said, and he has distinct manner and jurisprudential conceptions and discretionary (aliajtihadia) in Hadith and they are many, including how he deals with the apparent meaning of the hadith, and how he takes it in the text of the hadith; the implications of hadith, whether it be taken or left. In add that, within this thesis, there are several examples of Imam Ahmad's issues of working with the text of the hadith; the implications of hadith