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State-Yezidi Relationships in the Ottoman Empire Regarding Obedience, Belief And Military
No full textYazidis or Ezidis are a Kurdish speaking religion group, living in the Sheyhan and Sinjar region around Mosul as well as rural areas of Diyarbakir, Urfa and Mardin. Yazidism is an ethno-religious faith, which is specific to certain families and in which any person out of this belief is not accepted. There are still unresolved debates about when and by whom Yazidism was founded, its origin, and basic belief figures. Islamic scholars argue that the Yezidism was founded by the community known as Adeviye Sect, maintained by the followers of Adi. b. Musafir,(555/1160) a Sunni sufi, after his death but then deviated from the belief of Islam in time and became an aberrant religion. Some also claim that this belief has survived as a remnant of Iranian religions such as Zarathustra, Mani and Mithraism (Mihrperest). The Ottoman Empire, occupied the surrounding of Mosul and Diyarbekir in 1514, started to have relationships with the Yazidis. Following this date, the state-Yezidi relationships in the Ottoman Empire regarding obedience, belief and military started. When the Yazidis followed the rules specified by the state, they were granted agricultural lands and areas, and they were accepted to be citizens. However, when they did not obey and revolted, they were accused of being disbeliever, not performing prayers and being aberrant, for this reason, they were punished. In this regard, the attitude of the state towards heterodox groups was determined not by religion and belief, but rather by sovereignty and obedience in the classical period of the Ottoman Empire. With the period of Tanzimat, the state-Yazidi relationships, which was centered on obedience, was first transformed into "Ottomanism", in which all citizens were accepted equal based on belief and military, and then Pan Islamism. Yazidi clergymen and leading figures refused to join the military by urging that their religion did not allow this. Faith and belief were at that time essential for the Ottoman Empire-Yazidi relationships, which was previously based on obedience and revolt. A number of projects were performed for communities and groups which were wanted to be included in the Pan-Islamism and prevent them from being targeted by foreign interventions. In this respect, in addition to the activities of heyet-i tefhimiye, firka-i islahiye, irsad committees, religious education, school and mosque construction activities were initiated.
The offer of the Yazidis to solve military problems by paying a certain amount of money like Christians and Jews was not accepted by the state. After the second constitutional era, the demands of the Yazidis regarding a treatment such as exemption from military service in return for jizya or paid military service as a separate religion like Christians and Jews began to be discussed among the Ottoman bureaucrats and administrators. They stated that the group declaring themselves as Yezidi and believing in this respect had to be accepted as Yazidi in accordance with religious and sect freedom, the State had to recognize the religion of the Yazidis and their spiritual leaders had to benefit from the laws applicable for the spiritual leaders of non-Muslim groups. In this article, it is sought to answer the belief problems of the Yazidis and the question of whether the factor of obedience or belief were more determinant in Ottoman-Yazidi relationships. In this research it is claimed that in the classical period when the Ottoman Empire was powerful, its attitude towards the peripheral belief groups and communities was determined by obedience, not by religion and belief. After the Tanzimat, when the external pressures were dominant, these groups were tried to be included in the center by correcting their beliefs by means of military services.
This article is divided into three parts: In the first part, the founder and naming of the Yazidi belief, which constitute the main problem of their history, will be examined. In this context, this section will discuss their relations with Satan and Yazid figures, which they define with a different physiognomy. The second part will analyse the Ottoman-Yazidi encounter in the classical period. The third part will focus on military service, which became the main problem in the state-Yezidi relations after the Tanzimat era. The contradictions in the beliefs of the Yazidis also an important part of this article. Therefore, the muhimme defters and the other archive documents were also used in this study to understand the Ottoman Empire's approach to Yazidis and the other-similar heretic groups in the classical and the Tanzimat period. This article will fill an important gap by comparing the functioning of the Ottoman state mechanism in the classical and Tanzimat era.Yezidiler veya Ezidiler Musul civarında Şeyhan Sincar bölgesi ile Diyarbakır,
Urfa ve Mardin kırsal alanında yaşayan Kürtçe konuşan bir inanç topluluğudur.
Yezidilik, belirli ailelere özgü, dışardan herhangi birinin kabul edilmediği
etno-dinsel bir inançtır. Yezidiliğin ne zaman ve kimin tarafından kurulduğu,
menşei, temel inanç figürleri hakkında çözüme kavuşmamış tartışmalar
devam etmektedir. Klasik İ�slam kaynakları Yezidiliğin Sünni bir mutasavvıf
olan Adi. b. Müsafir’in (555/1160) vefatından sonra ardılları tarafından
devam ettirilen Adeviye Tarikatı olarak bilinen cemaatin zamanla Sünni
İ�slam inancından uzaklaşarak, sapkın bir inanca dönüştüğü görüşündedirler.
Bu inancın İ�ran kökenli Zerdüşt, Mani ve Mitraizm (Mihrperest) gibi dinlerin
kalıntısı olarak günümüze geldiğini iddia edenler de vardır. 1514 yılında Musul
ve Diyarbekir çevresine hâkim olan Osmanlı Devleti, Yezidilerle karşılaştı.
Bu tarihten sonra konumuzun başlığında da belirtildiği gibi itaat, itikat ve
askerlik üçgeninde Osmanlı’da devlet-Yezidi ilişkileri başladı. Bu dönemde
Yezidiler Diyarbekir’den Musul’a kadar uzanan bölgede köyleri talan eden
ve aşiretleri rencide eden hırsızlık ve eşkıyalıkla uğraşan, Rafızilik gibi
sapkın bir grup olarak tanıtılmaktadır. Devlete itaat ettiklerinde kendilerine
mukataa ve dirlik verilen ve raiyetten sayılan Yezidiler, itaatten çıkıp asi
durumuna düştüklerinde ezansız, namazsız ve mülhidlikle suçlanarak
cezalandırılmışlardır. Bu anlamda Osmanlı klasik döneminde devletin
heteredoks gruplara karşı tavrını din ve itikat değil, daha çok hükümranlık
ve itaat ilişkisi belirlemekteydi. Tanzimat’la beraber, geçmişin itaat merkezli
devlet-yezidi ilişkilerine artık inanç ve askerlik üzerinden önce tüm reayanın
eşit sayıldığı Osmanlılık, daha sonra ittihad-ı İ�slam dairesine dâhil edilme
denemeleri eklenmiştir. Yezidi din adamları ve ileri gelenleri itikatlarının
askerlik yapmaya müsaade etmediğini belirterek orduya katılmayı reddettiler.
Klasik dönemde itaat ve isyan üzerinden şekillenen Osmanlı-Yezidi ilişkileri
artık itikat ve inanç üzerinden yürütülmektedir. Sünni İ�slam dairesine alınarak
dış müdahalelere fırsat vermeleri engellenmek istenen cemaat ve gruplara
yönelik bir dizi proje yürürlüğe sokuldu. Bu bağlamda heyet-i tefhimiye, fırka-i
ıslahiye, irşad heyetlerinin çalışmaları yanında dini eğitim, mektep ve cami
inşaat faaliyetleri başlatıldı. 1891 yılında Binbaşı Abdülkadir Bey ve ulemadan
oluşan bir heyet (tefhim heyeti) Yezidileri sapmış oldukları batıl inançtan
kurtarmak, temeddün ve itikatlarını düzeltmek üzere tatlılık ve güzel sözle dini telkin etmenin (aşılamanın) işe yaramadığını görünce zora başvurdu, şiddet
uyguladı. Fırka-ı İ�slâhiye kumandanı Ö� mer Vehbi Paşa Musul’da şehrin ileri
gelenlerinin huzurunda topladığı Yezidi reislerine itikatlarını tashih ederek
Ehl-i Sünnet dairesine dönmelerini teklif ettiğinde, kabul etmeyenlere hakaret
ederek şiddet uyguladı. II. Meşrutiyetten sonra Osmanlı bürokrat ve idarecileri
arasında Yezidilerin, Hristiyan ve Museviler gibi askerlikten muafiyet ya
da bedelli askerlik gibi bir muameleye tabi tutulma talepleri tartışılmaya
başlandı. Bunlara göre, kendilerini Yezidi olarak ifade eden ve itikat eden bir
kavmin din ve mezhep hürriyeti gereği Yezidi sayılmaları gerektiği, hükümetin
Yezidilerin tabi oldukları itikadı tanıyarak gayrimüslim milletler gibi ruhani
reislerinin tabi oldukları kanunlardan istifade etmelerini dile getirdiler.
Bu makalede, Yezidiliğin inanç problemleri bağlamında, Osmanlı-Yezidi
ilişkilerinde itaat ve itikat faktörlerinden hangisinin daha belirleyici olduğu
sorularına cevap aranmıştır. “İ�taat, itikat ve Askerlik Ü� çgeninde Osmanlı’da
Devlet-Yezidi İ�lişkileri” adını taşıyan araştırmada Osmanlı Devleti’nin güçlü
olduğu klasik dönemde periferideki inanç gruplarına ve cemaatlere karşı
tavrını din ve inanç değil, itaatin belirlediğini, dış müdahalelerin baskın olduğu
Tanzimat sonrasında ise, bu grupların askerlik üzerinden terbiye/temeddün
ile itikatlarının tashih edilerek merkeze daha güçlü şekilde eklemlenmeye
çalışıldıklarını iddia etmektedi
Harmonics Mitigation of Stand-Alone Photovoltaic System Using LC Passive Filter
No full textThis article investigates modeling and simulation of the off-grid photovoltaic (PV) system, and elimination of harmonic components using an LC passive filter. Pulse width modulation (PWM) inverter is used to convert the direct current to alternating current. It is very important in terms of energy quality that the inverter output current total harmonic distortion (THDI) is below the value given by standards. Harmonic components have negatively effect on off-grid PV power system. THDI should be kept below a certain level in order to prevent damage to the equipment in the off-grid system and to ensure a higher quality energy flow to reduce the total harmonic distortion (THD) of the solar inverter output current; LC passive filter must be connected to the output of the PWM inverter. There are many types of passive filters for solar inverters. One of the most widely used filter types is the LC filter. LC filters are used in off-grid systems. LC filter is smaller in size and lower cost than other filters. But it is more complicated to determine the parameters of the LC filter. Therefore, in order for the system to remain in a steady state, the parameters must be accurately calculated and analyzed. In this study, the output power of the solar inverter, switching frequency, bus voltage etc. values were determined and LC filter parameters were calculated. Since high inductance values are used in LC filters, the voltage drop increases in these filters. To reduce the voltage drop, the DC bus voltage must be increased, which increases the switching losses. LC filter is connected between the inverter and the nonlinear load to filter the harmonic components produced by the DC/DC boost converter, DC/AC inverter and non-linear load. Matlab/Simulink program was used in Simulation and analysis of off-grid solar system. Solar inverter output current THD was measured as 91.55%. After the LC filter is connected to the system, this value has dropped to 2.62%
Seasonal analysis (Six-Months) of blood parameters of Kyrgyz elite athletics athletes before 2016 Rio Olympics Games
No full textObjective: In this study, exercise-induced changes in blood parameters of Kyrgyz elite athletes were evaluated during 6 months. Methods: Eight male (n = 8) and three female (n = 3) athletes were included. Blood samples were taken at 3 months intervals before and after the exercise (shuttle run). Erythrocyte (RBC), total leukocyte (WBC), platelet (PLT), neutrophil (NOTR), lymphocyte (LNF) count, hemoglobin (HGB) and hematocrit (HCT) values, mean erythrocyte volume (MCV), mean erythrocyte hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) and also venous blood pH, PO2, PCO2, SAT O2, HCO3, BE, Na, K, Cl, serum glucose (Glu), total protein (TP), total cholesterol (TC), HDL cholesterol (HDL-C), triglyceride (Trig), blood urea nitrogen (BUN), creatinine (Creat), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and creatinine phosphokinase (CPK) levels were determined. Results: The WBC, LNF, and NOTR values of the male athletes were found high (p < 0.05) after the exercise periods. In male athletes, HDL-C and BUN levels increased (p < 0.05), while Glu levels (p < 0.05) decreased due to exercise in each measurement. An increased pO2, O2SAT, K, and Anion Gap levels, however, decreased pH, pCO2, HCO3, and BE values were determined after the exercise. Conclusion: Our data showed that exercise caused an acute increase in immune system cell counts (WBC, LNF and NOTR), also HDL-C and O2SAT values in male elite athletics athletes, but the six-month period did not cause any significant change in all of the blood parameters.This article has been produced from Kyrgyz Turkish Manas University's KTMU-BAP 2015.FBE.06 scientific research project. The Project was supported by the Olympic Sports Directorate of the Ministry of Sports of Kyrgyzstan and Bishkek Coordinator of Turkish Cooperation and Coordination Agency (T?KA)
Bibliometric mapping of mobile learning
No full textThis study aims to reveal the tendency towards research in the field of mobile learning with the analysis of co-authorship, bibliographic coupling, co-occurrence, and citation by taking into consideration of author, publication, keyword, journal, country, university and citation variables. As of September 2019, the meta-data of a total of 5167 studies in the Web of Science database constituted the scope of this study. VOSviewer and sciMAT were used for the bibliometric analysis while Harzing's Publish and Perish software was used for the h-index. As a result of the bibliometric analysis, it was concluded that the most effective countries in mobile learning are Taiwan, USA, China, and England. According to the keyword co-occurrence analysis, mobile devices, higher education, mobile technologies, tablet, and smartphone keywords stand out in the field of mobile learning. Within the period of 2015–2019, trending topics were broadly educational technologies and, more specifically, tablets, mobile phones, MOOCs and learning strategies. It was found that G. J. Hwang is the most influential researcher and National Taiwan University of Science and Technology is the most influential university. It can be concluded that the most effective researches are augmented reality, higher education, and smartphone oriented mobile learning researches. According to the analyses conducted in the context of journals, Computers & Education, British Journal of Educational Technology and Educational Technology & Society were the most contributing journal
Frequency of clinical alarms in intensive care units and nurses’ sensitivity to them: An observational study
No full textBackground All clinical alarms require nurses to respond even if an intervention is not needed. Nurses are expected to respond appropriately to each alarm and establish priorities among their care practices accordingly. This study was conducted to examine the number and types of clinical device alarms used in intensive care units, the duration of their activation, and nurses’ degree of sensitivity to them. Methods This observational study was conducted in 4 intensive care units in a university hospital in Turkey. A total of 20 nurses (5 from each unit) were observed for a total of 80 hours. The alarms were categorized as valid, false, or technical. Results During the study observation period, the mean number of alarms sounding per hour per bed was 1.8. A total of 144 alarms were recorded, of which 70.8% were valid, 15.3% were false, and 13.9% were technical. The mean duration of alarm activation was 8 minutes for valid alarms, 14 minutes for false alarms, and 53 minutes for technical alarms. Conclusions Nurses’ responses to alarms differ depend-ing on alarm type; for alarms that do not require an emergency intervention, nurses tend to respond late or not at all. (American Journal of Critical Care. 2021;30:186-192)
The effects of production methods on the color characteristics, capsaicinoid content and antioxidant capacity of pepper spices (C. annuum L.)
Get PDFThe effects of production methods for red pepper flakes (RPF) and traditional (TRI) and industrial (INI) isot spices were evaluated with respect to the carotenoid and capsaicinoid contents, extractable color (ASTA color), surface color parameters, nonenzymatic browning (NEB), and the DPPH free radical-scavenging capacity of fresh red Capsicum (FRC). The measured characteristics were significantly affected by the processing methods used. RPF exhibited the highest antioxidant activity and best color quality in terms of carotenoid content, which was the highest; ASTA value; surface color intensity; and NEB, which was the lowest. In contrast, INI-processing methods resulted in poor color quality, causing the maximum increase in NEB. The concentration of capsaicinoid increased at the end of TRI processing, whereas it decreased in the two other methods. These results suggest that the traditional production method for isots prevents excessive destruction of their color attributes and contributes to the desirable characteristic browning
First report of leaf blight of Turkish oregano (Origanum onites) caused by Neoscytalidium dimidiatum in Turkey
Get PDFIn July 2020, a leaf blight disease with intense defoliation on
Turkish oregano (Origanum onites L.) plants was observed
in a pilot experiment feld in Akçakale and a commercial
feld in Haliliye with an incidence of 5.4 and 11.7%, respectively, in Şanlıurfa province. After a surface-sterilization for
1 min with 1% NaOCl, isolations from symptomatic tissues
of six afected plants for each feld consistently yielded a
fungus with the same colony morphology on potato dextrose
agar. Cultures were powdery with a thick aerial mycelium,
initially white that changed from olive green to black within
10 days
Sinapic acid reduces ischemia/reperfusion injury due to testicular torsion/detorsion in rats
No full textThis study aimed to investigate the protective effect of sinapic acid (SA) on biochemical and histopathological changes in an experimental testicular torsion-detorsion rat model. Twenty-four rats were randomised into four groups: sham group, ischemia/reperfusion (IR) group subjected to testicular torsion for 2 hr and then detorsion for 4 hr, and two groups treated with SA1 and SA2 (10 mg/kg and 20 mg/kg, by single intraperitoneal injection, 30 min before reperfusion). Serum testosterone, follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), and luteinizing hormone (LH) were measured by an autoanalyzer, superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), malondialdehyde (MDA), protein carbonyl (PC), and nitric oxide (NO) oxidative stress parameters by spectrophotometric methods, and tumour necrosis factor (TNF-α), interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β), and interleukin 6 (IL-6) parameters by the Elisa method. In addition, immunohistochemical and histopathological examinations were performed on testicular tissues. There was no significant difference between the groups in terms of serum testosterone, FSH and LH levels (p >.05). SA significantly reduced increased testicular damage, oxidative stress, inflammation, cell death and also restored decreased antioxidant enzyme activities (p <.05). Pre-treatment of rats with SA reduced testicular dysfunction and morphological changes IRI. SA's antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antiapoptotic properties were found to be protective against testicular I
The effects of Reiki and back massage on women's pain and vital signs post-abdominal hysterectomy: A randomized controlled trial: The Effects of Reiki and Back Massage on Women's Pain and Vital Signs
No full textBackground: Using Reiki and back massage to support pharmacological treatments is increasingly common in
nursing. This study aimed to determine the effects of Reiki and back massage on pain, analgesic use, and vital
signs among women who had undergone an open abdominal hysterectomy.
Methods: This experimental study involved a single, blinded, pretest-posttest design. The study population comprised women who had undergone an abdominal hysterectomy at the obstetrics clinics of
Gazi Yasargil Training and Research Hospital and Dicl ¸ e University Hospital between July 2017 and February 2018. Patients were divided into three groups: a Reiki group, a back massage group, and a control group. Each group comprised 34 patients. Reiki or back massage was applied to patients in the
respective non-control groups for 20 min once a day. Data were collected using a patient information
form, the “Numeric Pain Rating Scale,” and the “Vital Signs and Postoperative Analgesic Follow-up
Form.”
Results: Statistically significant differences in pain intensity and analgesic use were observed between the
women in the Reiki group and the women in the back massage and control groups (p < 0.001). Significant
differences in vital signs were observed between the groups before and after their respective procedures; in
the Reiki group, they tended to decrease, while in the back massage and control groups, they tended to
increase.
Conclusion: This study’s findings confirmed that pain, analgesic use, and vital signs decreased after Reiki
among women who had undergone an abdominal hysterectom
Investigação dos níveis séricos de vaspina, visfatina, quemerina e IL-18 em pacientes com migrânea
Get PDFBackground: Migraines are headaches caused by changes in the trigeminovascular metabolic pathway. Migraine headache attacks are associated with neurovascular inflammation, but their pathophysiological mechanisms have not been fully explained.
Objective: To investigate the relationship between serum vaspin, visfatin, chemerin and interleukin-18 (IL-18) levels and the frequency of attacks in migraine headache.
Methods: Three groups were established: migraine with aura (n = 50), migraine without aura (n = 50) and control group (n = 50). The migraine diagnosis was made in accordance with the International Classification of Headache Disorders-III beta diagnostic criteria. The analyses on serum vaspin, visfatin, chemerin and IL-18 levels were performed using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay method.
Results: The serum vaspin, visfatin, chemerin and IL-18 levels were found to be significantly higher in the migraine patients than in the control group (p 0.05). The serum visfatin and chemerin levels of the migraine patients were positively correlated with their serum IL-18 levels (p < 0.01), while their serum chemerin and visfatin levels were positively correlated with their serum vaspin levels (p < 0.05).
Conclusions: This study showed that these biomarkers may be related to migraine pathogenesis. Nonetheless, we believe that more comprehensive studies are needed in order to further understand the role of vaspin, visfatin, chemerin and IL-18 levels in the pathophysiology of migraine headache