Repositorio Institucional INIA (Inst. Nacional de Innovacion Agraria)
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Multicriteria evaluation and remote sensing approach to identifying degraded soil areas in northwest Peru
No full textSoil is a vital nonrenewable resource characterized by rapid degradation and slow regeneration processes. In this study, soil degradation in Jaén and San Ignacio was assessed via a multicriteria evaluation approach combined with remote sensing (RS) data. Nine factors were analyzed classified three categories: environmental, topographic, and edaphological factors. The results revealed that the slope (59.07%) was the main influencing factor, followed by land use and land cover (LULC) (56.36%). The degradation map revealed that 83.48% of the area exhibited moderate degradation, 14.49% low degradation, and 1.56% high degradation. The districts of Pomahuaca and San José de Lourdes demonstrated the largest areas of moderate degradation, accounting for 13.71% and 22.54%, respectively. Bellavista and Huarango exhibited the largest areas of very high degradation, accounting for 0.27% and 0.08%, respectively. The (AHP) method and RS data were employed to assess soil degradation, highlighting the need for sustainable soil restoration and conservation strategies.his research was financed by the Instituto Nacional de Innovación Agraria INIA through an Investment Project with CUI N° 2472675 called: Mejoramiento de los Servicios de Investigación y Transferencia de Tecnología Agraria en la Estación Experimental Agraria Baños del Inca Baños del Inca, located in the district of Baños del Inca, province of Cajamarca, department of Cajamarca
Consulta de expertos en América Latina y el Caribe sobre las prácticas de manejo más utilizadas para el control de las principales plagas y enfermedades del cacao
No full textEl cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) es un cultivo de gran importancia comercial y sociocultural en la región tropical, con una producción dominada por pequeños agricultores en América Latina. Sin embargo, el incremento de las áreas sembradas no ha sido proporcional a los niveles de producción debido a factores como plagas, enfermedades, envejecimiento de las plantaciones, cambio climático y deficiente manejo agronómico. Las principales enfermedades que afectan al cacao incluyen moniliasis (Moniliophthora roreri), escoba de bruja (M. perniciosa) y mazorca negra (Phytophthora palmivora), mientras que entre las plagas destacan el chinche del cacao (Monalonion dissimulatum) y el mazorquero (Carmenta spp.). Aunque existen diversas estrategias de control, su eficacia depende de su correcta implementación y de las condiciones ambientales. Este estudio identificó las prácticas de manejo más recomendadas para controlar plagas y enfermedades del cacao en América Latina y el Caribe, considerando su efectividad, asequibilidad y costo. Para ello, se realizaron talleres virtuales en 14 países, donde 195 especialistas evaluaron distintos métodos de control (cultural, biológico, químico, genético y etológico) y categorizaron su efectividad y aplicación en campo.A la Agencia de los Estados Unidos para el Desarrollo Internacional (USAID) por la financiación del proyecto Research-based solutions for smallholder cacao farmers, ejecutado por la oficina subregional Lima, Perú, de la Alianza Bioversity International y el Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical (CIAT). A los especialistas en manejo de plagas y enfermedades del cultivo de cacao de los distintos países de América Latina y el Caribe que participaron y contribuyeron para la elaboración del informe técnico
Bone description and relationship of pelvimetry with body biometry in alpacas (Vicugna pacos)
No full textEl objetivo del estudio fue describir la cintura pélvica, la pelvimetría y su relación con la biometría en alpacas. Para la descripción ósea se utilizaron cuatro piezas pélvicas de alpaca hembra. Además, se utilizaron a 72 hembras destinadas a faenamiento (subdivididas en tres grupos etarios de 4, 5 y 6 años) para tomar las medidas pelvimétricas internas (diámetro sacro-púbico, diámetro bis-iliaco superior, diámetro bis-iliaco inferior y diámetro bis-iliaco medial) y distancias pélvicas externas (distancia inter iliaca, distancia interisquiática y distancia ílio-isquiática); además, se tomaron tres medidas biométricas (altura a la cruz, largo del cuerpo y diámetro abdominal). La descripción ósea de las pelvis demuestra la presencia del hueso inter-isquiático, y el piso pélvico de forma ligeramente cóncava, lo cual incrementa el área pélvica. La pelvimetría interna demuestra la forma ovalada de la circunferencia pélvica, siendo más alta que ancha, de tipo dolicopélvica. Externamente, la pelvis presenta una forma cónica ubicada cráneo caudalmente. La correlación más alta se determinó entre la cavidad y el área pélvica, con un coeficiente de determinación de 82.92%
Mulch in Water Conservation and Bean Yield in a Semi-Arid Area of Peru
Get PDFLos autores agradecen profundamente el apoyo económico de la Universidad de Huamanga; asimismo el apoyo del personal técnico del Programa de Investigación en Pastos y Ganadería, y del Instituto Nacional de Innovación Agraria; merecen un especial reconocimiento los docentes del área de suelos, los estudiantes de las asignaturas de Fertilidad de suelos, Manejo y conservación de suelos, por su apoyo en la conducción del experimento. Asimismo, ha sido importante el acceso al laboratorio de suelos.Una alternativa para optimizar el uso del agua de lluvia en regiones semiáridas para la producción de cultivos, es el uso de coberturas vegetales (mulch). El objetivo del estudio fue evaluar la influencia de dos fuentes de mulch bajo dos niveles de uso en el rendimiento de frijol (Phaseolus vulgaris) var. Red Kidney y en la reducción de la evaporación del agua del suelo en Canaán, Ayacucho. El experimento consistió en un ensayo factorial 2x2 (fuentes de mulch: residuos de trigo y de grass; niveles de uso: 5 y 10 t ha-¹) más un testigo, en parcelas de 8,75 m², bajo el Diseño de bloques completos al azar. Se utilizaron evaporímetros de balanza para determinar la reducción relativa de la evaporación del agua del suelo (Reas), en suelos con mulch respecto al suelo sin mulch. Los resultados mostraron que la evaporación del agua en suelos con mulch es significativamente menor que en suelos sin mulch; la Reas por aplicación de mulch es superior en los suelos con mulch a base de residuos de grass. La aplicación de 7.5 t ha-¹ permite una Reas de 69% con residuos de trigo у 77% сon residuos de grass. Los rendimientos de frijol también están influenciados por la fuente y niveles de mulch, siendo superior hasta un 98% al utilizar 10 t ha-¹ de mulch de residuos de grass y hasta un 49% con residuos de trigo
Economía circular y cambio climático en el cultivo del olivo: Contexto latinoamericano
Get PDFLa investigación analiza la intersección entre la economía circular y el cambio climático en el cultivo del olivo, con un enfoque particular en América Latina. Con el cambio climático, existe aumento de temperaturas y la escasez de agua, está afectando este cultivo y otros, en respuesta, se abordan estrategias de adaptación que incluyen el uso de la economía circular para maximizar la reutilización de subproductos del olivo, como residuos agrícolas, que pueden transformarse en bioenergía, fertilizantes y otros productos valiosos. En Europa, se han implementado exitosamente prácticas que mitigan el impacto ambiental y mejoran la rentabilidad del cultivo. Se concluye que la adopción de estas prácticas en América Latina podría tener un impacto significativo en la sostenibilidad del cultivo del olivo, mejorando tanto el rendimiento económico como reduciendo las emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero
Change of vegetation cover and land use of the Pómac forest historical sanctuary in northern Peru
Get PDFThe dry forests of northern Peru, in the regions of Piura, Tumbes, Lambayeque, and La Libertad, have experienced significant changes as a result of deforestation and changes in land use, leading to the loss of biodiversity and resources. This work analyzed for the first time the changes in vegetation cover and land use of the Pómac Forest Historical Sanctuary (PFHS), located in the department of Lambayeque (northern Peru). The employed approach was the random forest algorithm and visually interpreted Landsat satellite images for the periods 2000–2002, 2002–2004, and 2004–2008. Gain and loss rates were computed for each period, and the recovery process was assessed using the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) and enhanced vegetation index (EVI). Results indicate an expansion of agricultural land during each period, resulting in the deforestation of 102.6 hectares of dense dry forest and 739.9 hectares of open dry forest between 2000 and 2008. The degree of reforestation in the cleared areas was measured using the NDVI and EVI indices, revealing an improvement from 0.22 in NDVI in 2009 to 0.36 in 2022, and from 0.14 to 0.21 in EVI over the same period. This study is expected to pave the way for executing land management plans, as well as the use and conservation of natural resources in the PFHS in a sustainable manner
Synergy Between Microbial Inoculants and Mineral Fertilization to Enhance the Yield and Nutritional Quality of Maize on the Peruvian Coast
No full textDisclaimer/Publisher’s Note: The statements, opinions and data contained in all publications are solely those of the individual author(s) and contributor(s) and not of MDPI and/or the editor(s). MDPI and/or the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to people or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content.Hard yellow maize is a crucial crop in Peruvian agriculture that plays a significant role in food security and livestock production. However, intensive fertilization practices in agronomic management have negatively impacted soil health. To explore more sustainable agricultural technologies, researchers investigated solutions using microorganisms to enhance plant growth. This study assessed the synergistic effects of microbial inoculants and mineral fertilization on INIA 619 and Dekal B-7088 maize varieties' yield and nutritional quality. A split-plot design was employed, incorporating four inoculation treatments—no inoculant, Bacillus subtilis, Trichoderma viride, and Pseudomonas putida—combined with fertilization levels of 0%, 50%, 75%, and 100%. The findings revealed that Bacillus subtilis boosted yields by 13.1% in INIA 619 and 55.5% in Dekal B-7088. Additionally, combined with 100% fertilization, microbial inoculation increased protein content by 47% and carbohydrates by 6% in INIA 619 while maintaining nutritional quality with 75% fertilization. Similarly, in Dekal B-7088, inoculation with total fertilization enhanced protein content by 54% and fiber by 27%. These results demonstrated that microbial inoculation could reduce mineral fertilization by up to 25% while sustaining high yields and improving the nutritional quality of maize.This research was funded by the INIA project “Mejoramiento de los servicios de investigación y transferencia tecnológica en el manejo y recuperación de suelos agrícolas degradados y aguas para riego en la pequeña y mediana agricultura en los departamentos de Lima, Áncash, San Martín, Cajamarca, Lambayeque, Junín, Ayacucho, Arequipa, Puno y Ucayali” CUI 2487112. We extend our gratitude to Hector Cantaro for supplying the microbial inoculants used in this research, Sady Javier García Bendezú, the professors of the Soil Department of the National Agrarian University La Molina (UNALM) for their technical and scientific advice, and Juan Carlos Jaulis for providing the land essential to conducting this stud
An international breeding project using a wild potato relative Solanum commersonii resulted in two new frost-tolerant native potato cultivars for the Andes and the Altiplano
No full textThis breeding project, initiated at the United States Potato Genebank (USPG) in collaboration with Peruvian partners Instituto Nacional de Innovacion Agraria (INIA), International Potato Center, Peru (CIP), and local farmers, sought to enhance cold hardiness and frost tolerance in native potato cultivars in Peru. The Andes and Altiplano are often affected by frost, which causes significant reduction in yield; creating varieties with superior resilience is a critical undertaking. The goal was to transfer outstanding non-acclimated cold tolerance and acclimation capacity found in wild potato species Solanum commersonii (cmm). Breeding families segregating for cold hardiness were created using (a) a somatic hybrid cmm + haploid Solanum tuberosum (tbr) (cv. Superior, US variety from Wisconsin) as male and (b) seven cultivars native to Peru of the species S. tuberosum sbsp. andigenum (adg) as females. All plant materials were part of the USPG germplasm collection. Sexual seeds of each family were sent to Peru for evaluations under the natural conditions of the Andean highlands and Altiplano. The plants were assessed for their response to frost, and genotypes showing exceptional tolerance were selected. Plants were also evaluated for good tuber traits and yield. Initial planting involving ~2,500 seedlings in five locations resulted in selecting 58 genotypes with exceptional frost tolerance, good recovery capacity after frost, and good tuber traits. Over the years, evaluations continued and were expanded to replicated field trials in the harsher conditions of the Altiplano (Puno). All trials confirmed consistency of frost tolerance over time and location, tuber quality, and yield. After 8 years, two advanced clones were considered for cultivar release because of their exceptional frost tolerance and superior field productivity that outyielded many of the established cultivars in the region. In November 2018, a new native cultivar named Wiñay, a Quechua word meaning “to grow” was released in Peru. In 2022, a second cultivar followed with the name Llapanchispaq (meaning “for all of us”). This project evidenced that a multinational and all-encompassing approach to deploy valuable genetic diversity can work and deliver effective results. This is even more significant when outcomes can promote food security and sustainability in very vulnerable regions of the world
Impacto de las condiciones lumínicas en el desarrollo temprano de Cinchona officinalis
No full textCinchona officinalis, a native plant species known in Peru as the cinchona tree, has civic importance because it represents the plant wealth of this nation and medicinal importance since it was for more than 300 years the only cure for malaria, and is currently threatened. The aim was to determine the effect of light conditions on the percentage of mortality, height increase, and diameter increase of Cinchona officinalis. In the community of La Cascarilla (5°39’48.87 “S 78°54’35.24 “W), two treatments were installed, forest massif (FM) and enrichment bands (EB). For each treatment, three replicates and 16 plants per replicate were used. Monthly evaluations were carried out in which the number of dead plants, plant height, and diameter were recorded. These parameters were correlated with precipitation, temperature, and photoperiod records of the study area. The results showed that mortality in FM was 27.1% higher than that reported in EB, while the increase in height and diameter increment in the FM plot was 45.5 and 25.1% higher than that obtained in EB. In addition, a negative correlation was observed between the percentage of mortality and precipitation (rs=- 0.54), and between the increase in height and diameter increment with the maximum temperature (rs=-0.73 and rs=-0.60, respectively) for the FM treatment, while for the EB treatment, there was a negative correlation between the increase in height and precipitation (rs=-0.55) and a positive correlation between the diameter increment and the minimum temperature (rs=0.53). In general, shaded conditions allow a higher survival rate at the cost of reducing height and diameter increment
Sustainability of Lolium multiflorum L. ‘cajamarquino ecotype’, associated with Trifolium repens L., at three cutting frequencies in the Northern Highlands of Peru
No full textLivestock farming feed in the northern highlands of Peru is based on the association of ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum L.) ecotype cajamarquino–white clover (Trifolium repens L.) Ladino variety, which constantly varies in its agronomic characteristics and nutritional value due to management considerations and its association with the soil and the animal. The objective of this study was to evaluate yield, plant height, growth rate, tillering, tiller number, spikelets, basal diameter in ryegrass, elongation rate, internode length and decline points in clover over one year. Nutritive value was represented by crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fibre (NDF), in vitro digestibility of dry matter (IVDDM) and metabolisable energy (ME) at three cutting frequencies (30, 45 and 60 days). Better yield (5588 kg DM ha) and plant height (47.1 cm) were shown by the 60-day cutting frequency; however, there was no difference (p > 0.05) between the three cutting frequencies in annual yield. There were no differences between the number of tillers and basal diameter. Clover height, elongation rate and internode length were higher at 60 days. The highest CP concentration and the lowest NDF value (p < 0.05) were achieved by clover at 30 and 45 days. Producers should consider the results when deciding when to use this association in dairy cattle feeding.This work was financed with resources from Project CUI 2432072:‘Mejoramiento de la disponibilidad de material genetico de ganado bovino con alto valor a nivel nacional. 7 departamentos of the Ministry of Agrarian Development and Irrigation-Peru