Repositorio Institucional INIA (Inst. Nacional de Innovacion Agraria)
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Stability and Yield Performance of Durum Wheat (Triticum durum Desf.) Genotypes Across Environments in Southern Peru
Get PDFDurum wheat (Triticum durum Desf.) underpins semolina value chains in water-limited regions, yet Peru remains import-dependent due to constrained local adaptation. We evaluated eleven elite lines plus the commercial variety 'INIA 412 Atahualpa' across three contrasting semi-arid sites in Arequipa (Santa Elena, San Francisco de Paula, Santa Rita) during 2023–2024 to identify genotypes maximizing performance and stability. Grain yield, thousand-kernel weight (TKW), hectoliter weight, and plant height were analyzed with combined analysis of variance (ANOVA), the additive main effects and multiplicative interaction (AMMI) and genotype and genotype-by-environment (GGE) biplots, complemented by AMMI stability value (ASV) and weighted average of absolute scores and best yield index (WAASBY). Grain yield and hectoliter weight showed significant genotype × environment (G × E) interaction, while plant height was driven mainly by genotype and environment with limited interaction. For grain yield, AMMI (PC1: 55.2%) and GGE (PC1 + PC2: 90.2%) revealed crossover responses and three practical mega-environments: TD-053 "won" at San Francisco de Paula, TD-037 at Santa Elena, and TD-033 at Santa Rita. Additionally, WAASBY-integrated rankings favored TD-033 (93.7%) and TD-014 (84.72%), followed by TD-026/TD-020 (>57%), whereas TD-062 (9.1%) and TD-043/TD-061 underperformed. Quality traits highlighted TD-044 and TD-014 for high hectoliter weight and TD-014/TD-062 for high TKW with contrasting stability. Overall, TD-033 and TD-014 were adaptable across environments, providing selection guidance to strengthen Peru's durum breeding pipeline under climate variability.“Stability and Performance of Durum Wheat (Triticum durum Desf.) Genotypes Across Three Semi-Arid Environments in Southern Peru Using AMMI, GGE andWAASBY Analyses” was funded by the investment project 2361771, “Improving the availability, access, and use of quality sedes for potato, amylaceous maize, grain legumes, and cereals in the regions of Junin, Ayacucho, Cusco, and Puno (4 departments)”, supported by Instituto Nacional de Innovacion Agraria, (INIA) Peru
Genetic advance through recurrent selection of half-sibling families cob per furrow, in hard yellow corn (Zea mays), in the tropics
No full textEl maíz (Zea mays L.) es una planta alógama en constante mejoramiento mediante diversos métodos de selección, comenzando con la selección masal hacia la mejora genética de poblaciones. Objetivo: Evaluar el avance genético en la variedad de maíz Marginal 28T, utilizando el método de selección recurrente de medios hermanos mazorca por surco en el trópico. Metodología: Se comparó dos periodos de selección (1996- 2000 y 2018-2022) del núcleo genético de la variedad Marginal 28T. Con las semillas remanentes del período 2018-2022, se establecieron parcelas de evaluación rendimiento en un diseño de bloques completos al azar, y se compararon con los resultados reportados en el periodo 1996-2000; para conocer si existió cambios varietales desde 1984 año de liberación de la variedad, se utilizó las semillas del año 2022, en cinco localidades. Resultados: Entre los periodos de selección de núcleo de semilla genética 1996-2000 y 2018-2022 del maíz Marginal 28T, el rendimiento de semilla mejoró 0.75 t·ha⁻¹, con una ganancia genética de 0.042 t·ha⁻¹·año⁻¹. La evaluación del rendimiento agronómico de la semilla genética reveló una reducción de 6 días en la floración, con un aumento en el rendimiento de grano de 0.86 t·ha⁻¹. La caracterización varietal mostró uniformidad en características clave como textura de grano y cambios notables en el color del grano de amarillo rojizo a amarillo naranja, y una mejora en el rendimiento de grano comercial, de 3.50 t·ha⁻¹ en 1984 a 5.57 t·ha⁻¹ en 2022. Implicaciones: Se resalta la importancia del uso continuo del método de selección recurrente de familias de medios hermanos mazorca por surco para maximizar el rendimiento y la estabilidad varietal del cultivo del maíz amarillo duro en trópico. Conclusión: La variedad de maíz amarillo duro Marginal 28T ha demostrado un avance genético en relación con su rendimiento y color de grano desde su liberación como variedad de polinización libre en 1996.Al equipo técnico del Programa Nacional de Investigación de Maíz de la Estación Experimental Agraria El Porvenir INIA y Estación Experimental Agraria Pucallpa, conformado por Melbin Mendoza Paredes, Pedro Mendoza Paredes, Marco Tenazoa Flores, Jorge Torres Paredes y Wenceslao Upiachihua Pinchi, por la contribución en la generación del presente documento en base las actividades programadas en el plan operativo institucional 2022-2023
Development and phenotypic characterization of a native Theobroma cacao L. germplasm bank from the Loreto region of the Peruvian Amazon: Implications for ex situ conservation and genetic improvement
No full textIntroduction: The ex situ conservation and characterization of native Theobroma cacao L. genetic resources are critical for sustainable cacao production and breeding programs in the face of climate change and escalating disease pressures. This study aimed to establish and characterize a novel germplasm bank from the Loreto region of the Peruvian Amazon, a key center of cacao diversity. Methods: We collected 140 native cacao accessions across 15 river basins in eight provinces of the Loreto region. Accessions were propagated using optimized grafting techniques with IMC 67 rootstock. Phenotypic evaluation was conducted on 402 plants using 36 standardized descriptors (25 quantitative and 11 qualitative). Data analysis included multivariate analysis using Uniform Manifold Approximation and Projection (UMAP) and Shannon-Weaver diversity indices to assess morphological diversity patterns. Results: Grafting achieved 100% survival rate, establishing a comprehensive germplasm bank. Phenotypic characterization revealed exceptional morphological diversity, with quantitative traits exhibiting substantial variation, particularly in fruit characteristics (CV = 15.82–50.82%) and pod index (CV = 144.82%). Multivariate analysis identified five distinct phenotypic groups, with reproductive traits showing stronger differentiation than vegetative traits. Shannon-Weaver diversity indices highlighted high overall phenotypic diversity (H' ≈ 0.7), with seed longitudinal shape and fruit apex form displaying the highest trait-specific diversity (H' > 1.0). Conclusion: This comprehensive characterization establishes a foundation for future multiomics studies and advanced breeding strategies. The documented diversity offers opportunities to leverage CRISPR-Cas-based editing and omics technologies to develop climate-resilient, high-yielding cacao varieties with superior quality traits, contributing significantly to global cacao conservation and improvement programs
Comprehensive characterization of raw and processed quinoa from conventional and organic farming by label free shotgun proteomics
No full textQuinoa is widely recognized for its exceptional nutritional properties, particularly its complete protein content. This study, for the first time, investigates the effects of processing methods (boiling and extrusion) and farming conditions (conventional and organic) on the proteomic profile. Following a label-free shotgun proteomics approach, a total of 1796 proteins were identified and quantified across all quinoa samples. Regarding processing, both boiling and extrusion produced protein extracts with lower total protein content, with the number of identified proteins decreasing from 1695 in raw quinoa to 957 in processed quinoa. Boiling led to a reduction in protein diversity and expression, while extrusion, which involves high temperatures and pressures, specifically decreased the abundance of high molecular mass proteins. Concerning cultivation practices, organic farming was associated with a broader protein diversity, especially proteins related to translation (28 vs 5%), while conventional farming showed a higher abundance of catalytic and enzymatic proteins (67 vs 46%). These findings highlight the distinct proteomic changes induced by different processing methods and farming conditions, offering valuable insights to manage quinoa’s nutritional, bioactive, and functional properties across various production practices
La importancia de las cronologías de anillos de árboles tropicales para la investigación del cambio global
No full textTropical forests and woodlands are key components of the global carbon and water cycles. Yet, how climate change affects these biogeochemical cycles is poorly understood because of scarce long-term observations of tropical tree growth. The recent rise in tropical tree-ring studies may help to fill this gap, but a large-scale quantitative analysis of their potential in global change research is missing. We compiled a list of all tropical tree species known to form annual tree rings and built a network encompassing 492 tropical ring-width chronologies to evaluate the potential to generate insights on climate sensitivity of woody productivity and to build centuries-long reconstructions of climate variability. We assess chronology quality, length, and climatic representativeness and explore how these change along climatic gradients. Finally, we applied species-distribution modeling to identify regions with potential for tree-ring studies in ecological and climatic studies. The number of tropical chronologies has rapidly increased, with ~400 added over the past two decades. Yet, tree-ring studies are biased towards high-elevation locations, with gaps in warmer and wetter climates, on the African continent, and for angiosperm species. The longest chronologies with strongest climate signals (i.e., synchronous growth variations among trees) are from cool regions. In wet regions, climate signals and precipitation sensitivity decrease. Most tropical regions harbor 5–15 (and up to 80) species with proven potential to generate chronologies. The potential for long climate reconstructions is particularly high in drier high elevation sites. Our findings support strategies to effectively expand tree-ring research in the tropics, by targeting specific species and regions. Tropical dendrochronology can importantly contribute to global change research by generating historical context of climate extremes, quantifying climate sensitivity of woody productivity and benchmarking vegetation models
Global perspectives on the biodegradation of LDPE in agricultural systems
Get PDFThe increasing use of plastics globally has generated serious environmental and human health problems, particularly in the agricultural sector where low-density polyethylene (LDPE) and other plastics are widely used. Due to its low recycling rate and slow degradation process, LDPE is a major source of pollution. This paper addresses the problem of plastic accumulation in agriculture, focusing on LDPE biodegradation strategies. The studies reviewed include recent data and the methodologies used include state-of-the-art technologies and others that have been used for decades, to monitor and measure the degree of biodegradation that each treatment applied can have, including SEM, GCMS, HPLC, and microscopy. The countries investigating these biodegradation methodologies are identified, and while some countries have been developing them for some years, others have only begun to address this problem in recent years. The use of microorganisms such as bacteria, fungi, algae, and insect larvae that influence its decomposition is highlighted. A workflow is proposed to carry out this type of research. Despite the advances, challenges remain, such as optimizing environmental conditions to accelerate the process and the need for further research that delves into microbial interactions in various environmental contexts.The author(s) declare that financial support was received for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article. This research was funded by the Instituto Nacional de Innovación Agraria (INIA) through an Investment Project with CUI No. 2472675 entitled: “Mejoramiento de los servicios de investigación y transferencia de tecnología agraria en la estación agraria experimental Baños del Inca en la localidad de Baños del Inca del distrito de Baños del Inca - provincia de Cajamarca - departamento de Cajamarca”
Complete mitogenome, phylogenetic and SNP-data analysis of jakumaru (Bos taurus), a prime bull from a Peruvian breeding core herd
No full textThis study provides a comprehensive mitochondrial genome sequence and a phylogenetic analysis of Jakumaru (Bos taurus), a prominent bull from a Peruvian breeding program. The mitochondrial genome, spanning 16,340bp, comprises 13 protein-coding genes, 22 tRNA genes, and 2 rRNA genes, with a GC content of 40%. The gene arrangement and structural organization are highly conserved, closely resembling those of related Bovine species, indicating a stable genomic architecture essential for mitochondrial function. Phylogenetic analysis, incorporating 35 complete bovine mitochondrial genomes, positions Jakumaru within Subclade I, revealing a close relationship with European Simmental cattle. The study emphasizes the biological diversity and the evolution of the Simmental breed, influenced by natural selection, breeding practices, and genetic drift. These findings enhance our understanding of the breed's genetic variation and its evolution, particularly in the context of its importance in Per
Reporte de Repositorio Institucional del 01 al 31 de diciembre 2024
No full textDurante el mes de diciembre se incorporaron 16 publicaciones técnico científicas, en el Repositorio Institucional del INIA, contando a la fecha con un total de 2489 publicaciones, divididas en comunidades y colecciones. El objetivo de este reporte es mantener actualizados los datos sobre las publicaciones técnico-científicas que vienen siendo incorporadas por el área a cargo de la administración del Repositorio Institucional del INI
Efficacy of Two Estrus Synchronization Protocols in Crossbred Gyr Dairy Cows and Their Relationship with Heat Stress in the Peruvian Tropics
No full textThe performance of estrus synchronization protocols may be influenced by stressful environmental conditions, even in tropically adapted cattle. This study evaluated the efficacy of two synchronization protocols for fixed-time artificial insemination (FTAI) in crossbred Gyr dairy cows and their relationship with heat stress under Peruvian tropical conditions. Multiparous lactating cows under semi-intensive systems were synchronized and divided into two groups: the conventional protocol (PC9) and the prolonged proestrus protocol (J-Synch6). Estrus manifestation, pregnancy rate, and their association with the temperature–humidity index (THI) were analyzed across seven phases of the FTAI program (73 days). In PC9 cows, no significant effect of the number of hours in each heat stress category according to THI was found. Conversely, in J-Synch6 cows, more hours in Category 0 (THI < 72) during Phases 1 to 4 (follicular emergence to preovulatory follicle) had a positive effect on the estrus manifestation, whereas in Phase 3 (follicular growth), higher exposure to Category 3 (THI ≥ 83) had a negative effect on estrus manifestation. Both protocols demonstrated similar estrus and pregnancy rates, although heat stress affected estrus rates in J-Synch6, but not pregnancy. The choice of protocol should account for heat stress risks during specific periods of the year to maximize success.This research was funded by the Project "Mejoramiento de la disponibilidad y acceso del material genético mediante el uso de técnicas de biotecnología reproductiva en ganado bovino tropical en las regiones de San Martín, Loreto y Ucayali", with CUI N° 2338934 of the Instituto Nacional de Innovación Agraria. We also express our gratitude to the Vice-Rectorate for Research at the "Universidad Nacional Toribio Rodríguez de Mendoza de Amazonas" for financing the Article Processing Changes (APC)
Morfometría foliar de seis especies de Podocarpaceae del Perú: Un aporte a su reconocimiento taxonómico
No full textThe present study evaluated the potential use of leaf morphometry for the taxonomic identification of six Podocarpaceae species. We collected botanical samples from 17 forests across five departments in northern, central, and southern Peru (Cajamarca, Pasco, Junín, Apurímac, and Cusco), and we also performed a multivariate comparison of leaf morphometric variables (length, width, thickness, and area). Hierarchical clustering (dendrogram analysis) successfully discriminated the species, grouping localities with the presence of the same species and identifying six clusters. A Principal Component Analysis (PCA) yielded two compo nents (PCs) that explain 96.1% of the variability of the data; PC1 (71%) is associated with leaf length, width, and area, while PC2 is explained by leaf thickness. Podocarpus celatus and Podocarpus magnifolius ex hibit wide and long leaves, Prumnopitys montana and Retrophyllum rospigliosii have small and thin leaves, and Podocarpus glomeratus and Podocarpus oleifolius have medium-sized leaves. Finally, we present a brief synopsis of the evaluated species identification keys for the evaluated species, based on leaf morphometry, distribution, conservation status, botanical illustrations, and LCDP plates.We are grateful to the Instituto Nacional de Innovación Agraria (INIA), Estación Experimental Agraria Pichanaki–Anexo San Ramón; and the Pro grama Nacional de Innovación Agraria (PNIA), project 122-PI “Producción clonal de árboles plus de Ulcumano (Retrophyllum rospigliosii) a partir de individuos identificados genéticamente por su calidad de fuste e inserción de rama” for providing funding for the research work. We also extend our gratitude to the Programa Nacional Forestal for leading and executing this research. We also extend our thanks to Rodolfo Vásquez Martínez and Rocío Del Pilar Rojas Gonzáles for their reviews and recommendations during the development of the research. The corresponding author thanks Jorgelina Brasca for her comments, which improved the article’s coherence, clarity, and precisio