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In vitro sensitivity of anthracnose disease agent, Colletotrichum gloeosporioides (Penz.) Penz. & Sacc., to some fungicides on lemon
Get PDFAntraknoz, dünyada ve ülkemizde limon başta olmak üzere turunçgil üretimini ciddi düzeyde tehdit eden hastalıklardan birisidir. Bu çalışmanın amacı, limonda Antraknoz hastalığı etmeni Colletotrichum gloeosporioides’ in DMI, SDHI, QoIs, amid, aniline ve dithiocarbamate gibi farklı kimyasal gruplardan farklı etki mekanizmalarına sahip bazı fungisitlere karşı duyarlılığını belirlemektir. Bu amaçla, limon bahçelerinden toplanan hastalıklı bitkilerin doku parçaları, PDA besi yerinde 25 °C’de 5 gün inkübe edilmiştir. Fungal kültürlerin morfolojik ve moleküler teşhisleri sonucunda tüm izolatların, Colletotrichum gloeosporioides olduğu belirlenmiştir. Patojenisite denemelerinde tüm izolatların virülenslik düzeyleri belirlenmiş ve en yüksek virülensliğe LC5 izolatının sahip olduğu tespit edilmiştir. C. gloeosporioides LC5 izolatının 10 farklı fungisite karşı duyarlılıkları, in vitro ’da miselyal gelişim ve konidiyal çimlenme denemeleri ile ortaya konmuştur. Sonuç olarak en yüksek etkiyi, fluopyram+tebuconazole, fluazinam, fluxapyroxad+difenoconazole ve dithianon+fosforoz asit fungisitlerinin gösterdiği belirlenmiştirAnthracnose is one of the diseases that seriously threaten citrus production, especially lemons in the world and in our country. The aim of this study was to determine the sensitivity of an anthracnose disease agent, Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, on lemon, to some fungicides with different mechanisms of
action from different chemical groups such as DMI, SDHI, QoI, amides, anilines and dithiocarbamates. For this purpose, tissue pieces of diseased plants collected from lemon orchards were incubated in PDA medium at 25 °C for 5 days. All isolates were identified as Colletotrichum gloeosporioides as a result of
morphological and molecular diagnoses of fungal cultures. The virulence levels of all isolates were determined in pathogenicity tests and the highest virulence was found to have LC5 isolate. The susceptibility of C. gloeosporioides LC5 isolate to 10 different fungicides was demonstrated by in vitro mycelial growth and conidial germination trials. As a result, it was determined that fungicides
fluopyram+tebuconazole, fluazinam, fluxapyroxad+ difenoconazole and dithianon+phosphorous acid showed the highest effect
Investigation of middle school students’ attitudes towards social studies: A study of developing a scale
Get PDFBu araştırmanın amacı ilköğretim 5. 6. ve 7. Sınıf öğrencilerinin Sosyal Bilgiler dersine yönelik tutumlarını belirlemeye yönelik bir ölçek geliştirmektir. Araştırmanın çalışma grubunu Hatay iline bağlı 3 ortaokulda öğrenim gören
1127 öğrenci oluşturmaktadır. Çalışma grubundaki öğrencilerin 556’sı kız, 571’i erkektir. Öğrencilerin 384’ü 5. Sınıf,
399’u 6. Sınıf ve 344’ü 7. Sınıfta öğrenim görmektedir. Sosyal Bilgiler Dersine Yönelik Tutum Ölçeğinin geliştirilmesi
sürecinde öncelikle literatür taraması yapılmıştır. Daha sonra 63 maddelik madde havuzu oluşturulmuştur, uzman
görüşleri doğrultusunda madde sayısı 40’a düşürülerek 5’li Likert tipi taslak ölçek oluşturulmuştur. Oluşturulan ölçek çalışma grubu dışındaki 3 öğrenciye uygulanarak anlaşılmayan noktalar düzenlenmiş ve son hali öğrencilere
uygulanmıştır. Ölçeğin yapı geçerliğini sağlamak amacıyla yapılan faktör analizi sonucunda ölçeğin 4 faktörden oluştuğu görülmüştür. Faktör analizi sonrasında madde sayısı 29 olan ölçeğin güvenirliğini sağlamak amacıyla Cronbach
Alpha katsayısı hesaplanarak 0,928 bulunmuştur. Yapılan analizler geliştirilen ölçeğin geçerli ve güvenilir olduğunu
göstermektedir.The aim of this study is to develop an attitude scale to determine primary education (grades 5,6 and 7) students’
attitudes towards Social Studies Course. A total of 1127 students from three different middle schools in the city
of Hatay, Turkey 556 students of the sample are 556 females and 571 males. 384 of them goes to 5th grade, 399
to 6th grade and 344 to 7th grade. In the process of development of Attitude Scale towards Social Studies course,
literature review was performed firstly. Then an item pool of 63 items was created and the number of items was
reduced to 40 in the direction of expert opinions and a 5-point Likert-type draft scale was created. Draft scale was
applied to 3 students who are outside study group the points which were not understood were arranged and the
final form was applied to the students. As a result of the factor analysis carried out in order to ensure construct
validity of the scale, it was seen that the scale consists of 4 factors. After factor analysis, Cronbach Alpha coefficient
was calculated to be 0.92 to ensure the reliability of the scale with 29 items. The analyses carried out showed that
the developed scale is valid and reliable
Zihinsel engelli çocuklarda kendine zarar verme riskine karşı geliştirilen yeni bir hemşirelik girişimi
No full textThe purpose of this case report is to illustrate the successful use of an alternative, medication-free nursing interventions for a child diagnosed with Intellectual disabilities (ID) who manifests self-injurious behaviour (SIB) by biting his right hand; a new type of palmar bandage featuring
an attached stress ball. The hand bandages as a new nursing intervention were provided, one for the
child and the other for the nurse. New tissue damage was no observed in the right hand scar tissue
area on the 15th day after the child started using the bandage. The intervention was satisfactory and
hastened recovery, and was not restrict the hand movement and easy to perform.Bu olgu sunumunun amacı, kendine zarar verme hemşirelik tanısı ile sağ elini ısırmasıyla
kendine zarar verme davranışı gösteren ve entellektüel yetersizlik (ID) tanısı konan bir çocuğa alternatif, ilaçsız hemşirelik müdahalelerinin başarılı bir şekilde kullanılmasını göstermektir. Bu ürün
içerisine stres topu geçirilmiş eli koruyan yeni bir bandaj türüdür. Yeni bir hemşirelik müdahalesi
olarak el bandajları, biri çocuk için, diğeri hemşire için tasarlanmıştır. Çocuk bandajı kullanmaya
başladıktan sonraki 15. günde sağ el skar dokusu bölgesinde yeni doku hasarı tespit edilmemiştir.
Bu hemşirelik girişimi başarılı ve iyileşmeyi sağlayan bir ürün içermekte ve el hareketini kısıtlamadan, elin hareketine olanak sağlamaktadır
Evaluation of the necessity of whole-body scan tomography in cases with head trauma
Get PDFBACKGROUND: In our study, we have tried to find out how necessary whole-body computed tomography (WBCT) is to detect
other body injuries that may accompany the patients, evaluating head trauma cases with WBCT.
METHODS: In our study, we included 198 patients, who were referred to our hospital’s emergency service after head trauma, had
brain lesions detected in brain tomography (BT), had no additional examination findings and who underwent WBCT. In this retrospective study, patients’ age, gender, type of lesion in brain CT, Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) values and WBCT findings were examined.
RESULTS: In this study, 85.4% of the patients were male and the average age was 25.7 years. The most common cranial CT findings
were fracture, followed by parenchymal bleeding. 67% of the patients’ GCS were below 8. Additional trauma was detected in 78 of
the patients (39.4%). The most common additional lesion was the thoracic contusion. The mean age of the patients with cervical
injuries determined in CT was significantly high (p<0.05). Statistical significance was determined between cranial fracture, foreign body
incidence and thoracic injuries (p<0.05). The incidence of cervical injuries was significantly higher in patients with brain contusion
detected in CT (p<0.05). Fracture frequency and presence of additional lesions in WBCT were significantly high (p<0.05). There was
no correlation between other cranial lesions and additional injury areas (p>0.05).
CONCLUSION: The number of studies evaluating WBCT is high in the literature. However, our study is important concerning that
to our knowledge this study is the first study to evaluate the WBCT findings in the head trauma cases without the additional lesions
on their bodies. WBCT scan should be recommended in patients whose clinical evaluation could not be completed. WBCT is an
important diagnostic tool for the diagnosis of many pathologies, especially for intrathoracic lesions
Characterization of antagonistic and plant growth-promoting traits of endophytic bacteria isolated from bean plants against Pseudomonas syringae pv. phaseolicola
Get PDFPseudomonas syringae pv. phaseolicola (Psp) is a seed-borne bacterium which causes
halo blight disease in common bean. This study aimed the determination of plant
growth-promoting traits (such as IAA, phosphate solubilization) and antagonistic
potentials (such as siderophore and ammonia productions) of endophytic plant growthpromoting bacteria (PGPB) from healthy bean plants growing in different regions
against Psp in vitro conditions. A total of 131 bacteria were primarily characterized
as putative PGPB and tested for antagonist activity against Psp in dual culture tests.
Seventy-one bacterial isolates demonstrated antagonistic activities against Psp isolate
in varying ratios. Among these 71 isolates, 30 representative bacterial isolates from the
different regions/fields were selected. On the basis of morphological, physiological,
biochemical characteristics and confirmation by MALDI-TOF analyses, 30 endophytic
antagonist isolates were identified as belonging to 10 genera, 24 different species.
According to results obtained, 10 isolates belong to Bacillus spp., 6 isolates belong
to Pseudomonas spp., 4 isolates belong to Rhizobium radiobacter, 2 isolates belong
to Arthrobacter spp., 2 isolates belong to Achromobacter spanius, 2 isolates belong to
Serratia liquefaciens, 1 isolate belongs to Acinetobacter calcoaceticus, Exiguobacterium
sp., Microbacterium hydrocarbonoxydans, and Ochrobactrum anthropi. The largest and
lowest inhibition zone was produced by endophytic bacterial isolates Pseudomonas
gessardii (4.85) and Bacillus licheniformis (1.35). Among the tested antagonist bacterial
isolates, 10 isolates were positive for the production of α-amylase, 7 isolates positive
for phosphate solubilization, 29 isolates positive for siderophore production, 11
isolates positive for protease production. All selected bacterial isolates produced IAA
and ammonia in relatively varying amounts. P. gessardii produced a relatively large
amount of extracellular siderophore (5.83), Exiguobacterium sp. produced a relatively
large amount of extracellular protease (5.25), P. gessardii and O. anthropi produced
a relatively large amount of extracellular IAA (161.39 µg/ml) and Acinetobacter
calcoaceticus produced a relatively large amount of phosphatase (2.63). This is the
first study reporting bean plants harbor endophytes having plant growth promoting
activities with antagonistic potential against Ps
Surface karst geomorphology of the Mt. Geyik and relationship between glacial and karst geomorphologies in the mount
Get PDFBüyük bölümü Jura-Kretase ve Permiyen karbonatlı kayaçlardan oluşan Geyik Dağı, karstik plato
karakterinde yüksek bir kütledir. Pleyistosen buzullaşmalarından büyük oranda etkilenen kütle üzerinde çok
iyi gelişmiş buzul ve karstik şekillerin iç içe bulunması, kütle üzerinde buzul-karst polijenik (glasiyokarstik)
yerşekillerinin gelişmesi için uygun koşulları sağlamıştır. Bu çalışmada buzullaşma ve karstlaşma ilişkisine
göre kütle üzerindeki polijenik jeomorfolojinin ortaya konulması amaçlanmıştır. Kütle üzerindeki en önemli
yüzey karstı şekillerini karstik depresyonlar (dolin ve uvalalar), en önemli buzul şekillerini ise sirkler ve
moren depoları oluşturmaktadır. 1/25.000 ölçekli 21 adet topografya haritası üzerinde gerçekleştirilen
haritalama çalışmasına göre kütle üzerinde 550-2800 metreleri arasında toplam 25.599 dolin tespit edilmiştir.
Maksimum karstik depresyon yoğunluğunun 145 adet/km2
’ye ulaştığı kütlede, şekillerin % 80’ni 1600-2400
metreleri arasında bulunur. Çalışma alanı içerisinde sirklerin neredeyse tamamına yakını yükseltinin 2000
metre ve üzerinde olduğu kuzey, kuzeydoğu ve kuzeybatı yamaçlarında gelişmiştir. Yüksek sahalarda yer
alan karstik depresyonların bir kısmı buzulların yerleşmesi için uygun ortamları oluştururken, depresyonların
bir kısmı da morenler tarafından örtülmüştür. Özellikle kütlenin merkezi ile güney kesimlerinde 1750-2300
metreleri arasındaki karstik alanlar moren depoları ile kaplı durumdadır. Bu durum buzullaşma öncesinde
oluşan çözünme dolinlerinin morenler ile kaplanmasına neden olmuştur. Ancak morenler ile kaplı dolinlerde
karstlaşma moren örtüsü altında devam ederek örtülmüş, sübsidans ve örtü çökme dolinlerinin gelişmesini
sağlamıştır. Araştırma alanındaki buzul sedimentlerinin ikinci etkisi ise alanın güney kesiminde yer alan
Çimi Polyesi’nde görülmektedir. Polyeyi dolduran iri kum boyutundaki buzul sedimentleri rüzgâr ile
taşınarak dolinlerin dolmasına neden olmuştur.Geyik Mountain is a high karstic plateau and the majority of plateau is composed of the JurassicCretaceous and Permian carbonate rocks. The fact that well-developed glacial and karstic formations on
the mountain, which is largely affected by the Pleistocene glaciations, are intertwined, providing
favorable conditions for the development of glacial-karst polygenic (glaciokarstic) landscape. In this
study, it is aimed to reveal the polygenic geomorphology on the mountain according to the relationship
between glacial and karst landforms. The most important surface karstic landforms on the mass are
karstic depressions (doline and uvalas) and the most important glacial forms are circuses and moraine
deposits. According to the mapping study, carried out on 21 topographic maps with a scale of 1/25.000, a
total of 25.599 dolines were detected on the mountain between 550-2800 meters. In the mountain where
the maximum karstic depression density reaches 145 depression/km2
, 80% of the depressions are found
between 1600-2400 meters. Almost all of the circuses in the study area developed on the north, northeast
and northwest slopes where the elevation is 2000 meters and above. Some of the karstic depressions in the high areas provide suitable environments for the settlement of the glaciers, while some of the
depressions are covered by the moraines. Especially in the central and southern parts of the mountain, the
karstic areas between 1750 and 2300 meters are covered with moraine deposits. This caused the solution
dolines formed before the glacial to be covered with moraines. However, karstification in doline covered
with moraine continued under the moraine cover and subsidence and cover collapse dolines developed.
The second effect of glacial sediments in the research area is observed in the Çimi Polje in the southern
part of the area. The coarse glacier sands filling the polje were carried by the wind and filled the dolines
Mycorrhizal efficiency in pepper yield by fertilization in clay soil growth conditions
Get PDFBiomass responses to mycorrhizae and fertilization of phosphorus (P) and elemental sulfur (ES) on green pepper
(Capsicum annuum L.) grown for 45 days on calcareous sterilized Menekşe soil (sub-group Typic Xerorthent)
were investigated. Root yield was increased by mycorrhizal inoculation compared to the control treatment.
However, shoot yield remained unchanged. On the other hand, there was more synergistic effect between
mycorrhizae and combined fertilization of ES and P, compared to the ES or P fertilization alone. Accordingly,
shoot concentrations of P significantly increased. The other shoot nutrient concentrations differed independently
from each other as statistically significant. Results showed that P and ES fertilization increased the efficieny of
mycorrhizae in the clay soil growth conditions and mycorrhizae has potential to increase yield
The effects of research and development expenditures on Turkish export
Get PDFBu çalışma, Türkiye ekonomisinde araştırma-geliştirme (AR-GE) harcamalarının kişi başı reel ihracatına
etkilerini, 1990-2014 dönemini kapsayan yıllık verileri kullanarak araştırmaktadır. Eşbütünleşme için gecikmesi dağıtılmış otoregresif (ARDL) sınır testi yaklaşımı, yapısal kırılma varlığında kısa ve uzun
dönem ilişkilerin tespitinde kullanılmıştır. Ticaret ortaklarının ortalama kişi başına reel geliri ve reel
döviz kuru, modele kontrol değişkenleri olarak eklenmiştir. Uzun dönem katsayı sonuçları, ARGE harcamalarındaki ve ticaret ortaklarının ortalama kişi başına reel gelirindeki bir artışın, Türkiye kişi başı reel ihracatını pozitif; reel döviz kurundaki (ulusal paradaki) değer artışının ve 1999 Marmara depreminin ise Türkiye kişi başı reel ihracatını negatif etkilediğini göstermektedir.This study explores the effects of research and development (R&D) expenditures on real export per capita in Turkish economy by using annual data for 1990-2014 period. The autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) bounds test approach to cointegration has been employed in order to investigate both short and long-run relationships in presence of structural break. Average per capita real income of trading partners and real exchange rate has been added to model as control variables. The overall results from the estimated long run coefficients point out that an increase in R&D expenditures and average per capita real income of trading partners affect positively while an increase in real exchange rate (local currency) and the 1999 Marmara Earthquake affect the Turkish real export per capita negatively
A literature review of consumer ethnocentrism
Get PDFYerli ve yabancı ürünlere karşı satın alma davranışının açıklanmasına yönelik literatürda, uluslararası pazarlara birer giriş engeli olarak değerlendirilen sosyo-psikolojik yapılar mevcuttur. Bu yapılar arasında en sık incelenenleri, tüketici etnosentrizmi ve tüketici
düşmanlığı iken bu yapılara yeni olarak tüketicilerin yabancı hayranlığı eklenmiştir. Söz
konusu yapıların özünde, iç-grup ve dış-grup ayırımı yatmakla beraber üç yapının referans
noktası farklıdır. Tüketici etnosentrizminin referans noktası, yabancı ürünlere karşı yerli
ürünleri üstün görme eğilimidir. Tüketici düşmanlığı, yabancı ülkeye karşı duyulan düşmanlık hissinden beslenirken yabancı düşmanlığı yerli ürünleri yabancı ürünlerden daha
aşağı görme eğilimiyle ilişkilendirilir. Her üç yapının ortak özelliği, tüketici eğilimleri
olmalarıdır. Bu çalışmanın odak noktası tüketici etnosentrizmi yapısına yönelik literatürün incelenmesidir. Bu amaçla öncelikle etnosentrizm ve tüketici etnosentrizm kavramları
irdelenmiş, tüketici etnosentrizminin öncülleri ve sonuçları ile bunlar arasındaki ilişkide
aracılık ve düzenleyici etkisi olan değişkenler ele alınmıştır. Ayrıca, demografik faktörlerin tüketici etnosentrizmi düzeyini nasıl farklılaştırdığı irdelenmiştir. Son olarak, gelecekte bu alanda yapılacak araştırmalara önerilerde bulunulmuştur.There are socio-psychological structures that are considered as a barrier to entry into
international markets in the literature on the purchase behavior of domestic and foreign
products. While the most frequently examined among these structures are consumer
ethnocentrism and consumer animosity also consumer’s xenocentrism has been added
to these structures as new. In the essence of these structures, although the internal-group
and external-group distinction lies, the reference point of the three structures is different.
The reference point of consumer ethnocentrism is the tendency to see domestic products
superior to foreign products. While the animosity of the consumer is fed from the feeling
of hostility towards foreign countries, xenocentrism is associated with the tendency to
evaluate domestic products inferior than foreign products. The common feature of all
three structures is that they are consumer predispositions. The focus of this study is to
examine the literature on consumer ethnocentrism. For this purpose, ethnocentrism and
consumer ethnocentrism concepts are examined. Then, antecedents and consequences of
consumer ethnocentrism are discussed in the line of the mediator and moderator effects.
In addition, the effect of demographic factors on the level of consumer ethnocentrism was
investigated. Finally, recommendations were made for future research in this field
Protective effect of dexpanthenol on gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicity in rats
Get PDFAim: We evaluated the protective effects of dexpanthenol (Dxp) in rats with gentamicin (Genta)-induced nephrotoxicity by assessing a panel of biochemical and histopathologic parameters.
Material Methods: Forty rats were divided randomly into the following four groups: Control group, physiological saline solution (0.5 cc intraperitoneally (i.p.) for 8 days; Dxp group, Dxp (500 mg/kg i.p.) for 8 days; Genta group, Genta (100 mg/kg, i.p.) for 8 days; and Genta+Dxp group, Gent a and Dxp (100 and 500 mg/kg i.p., respectively) for 8 days.
Results: TIn the Genta group, the urea, creatinine, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), total oxidant status (TOS), oxidative stress index (OSI) and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels were significantly higher and the catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activities were significantly lower than those in the control group. In the Genta+Dxp group, the urea, creatinine, and TNF-α, TOS, OSI
and MDA levels were significantly lower and the CAT and GSH-Px activities were significantly higher than those in the Genta group. Histopathological investigation showed severe tubular necrosis in the Genta group, which was of lesser severity in the Genta+Dxp group.
Conclusion: The biochemical and histopathologic results of this study indicate that Dxp can ameliorate Genta-induced nephrotoxicit