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Synthetic and natural rubber associated chemicals drive functional and structural changes as well as adaptations to antibiotics in in vitro marine microbiomes
Full text linkThe leaching of additives from plastics and elastomers (rubbers) has raised concerns due to their potential negative impacts on the environment and the development of antibiotic resistance. In this study, we investigated the effects of chemicals extracted from two types of rubber on microbiomes derived from a benthic sea urchin and two pelagic fish species. Additionally, we examined whether bacterial communities preconditioned with rubber-associated chemicals displayed adaptations to antibiotics. At the highest tested concentrations of chemicals, we observed reduced maximum growth rates and yields, prolonged lag phases, and increased alpha diversity. While the effects on alpha and beta diversity were not always conclusive, several bacterial genera were significantly influenced by chemicals from the two rubber sources. Subsequent exposure of sea urchin microbiomes preconditioned with rubber chemicals to the antibiotic ciprofloxacin resulted in decreased maximum growth rates. This indicates a more sensitive microbiome to ciprofloxacin when preconditioned with rubber chemicals. Although no significant interaction effects between rubber chemicals and ciprofloxacin exposure were observed in bacterial alpha and beta diversity, we observed log-fold changes in two bacterial genera in response to ciprofloxacin exposure. These findings highlight the structural and functional alterations in microbiomes originating from various marine species when exposed to rubber-associated chemicals and underscore the potential risks posed to marine life.publishedVersio
Bioenergetics of simultaneous oxygen and nitrate respiration and nitric oxide production in a Pseudomonas aeruginosa agar colony biofilm
Full text linkPseudomonas aeruginosa is a biofilm forming pathogen commonly associated with infection of the cystic fibrosis (CF) lung, chronic wounds and indwelling medical devices. P. aeruginosa is a facultative aerobe that can use nitrate (NO3 ) found in healthy and infected tissues and body fluids to generate energy through denitrification. Further, P. aeruginosa the expression of denitrification genes has been found in specimens from people with CF. The main aim of this study was to determine the relative energy contribution of oxygen (O2) respiration and denitrification in single Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1 biofilm colonies under different O2 concentrations to estimate the possible relative importance of these metabolic processes in the context of biofilm infections. We showed that the used strain PAO1 in biofilms denitrified with nitrous oxide (N2O), and not nitrogen (N2), as the end product in our incubations. From simultaneous O2 and N2O microprofiles measured with high spatial resolution by microsensors in agar colony biofilms under air, N2 and pure O2, the rates of aerobic respiration and denitrification were calculated and converted to ATP production rates. Denitrification occurred both in the oxic and anoxic zones, and became increasingly dominant with decreasing O2 concentrations. At O2 concentrations characteristic for tissues and wounds (20–60 μM), denitrification was responsible for 50% of the total energy conservation in the biofilm. In addition the formation of nitric oxide (NO), a precursor of N2O and an important regulator of many cellular processes, was strongly influenced by the local O2 concentrations. NO production was inhibited under pure O2, present under anoxia (~1 μM) and remarkably high (up to 6 μM) under intermediate O2 levels, which can be found in infected tissues. Possible impacts of such NO levels on both the host and the biofilm bacteria are discussed.publishedVersio
Klorbehandling i øvre Driva 2023 – Supplerende tiltak i hovedelv og utvalgte sidevassdrag oppstrøms fiskesperra i Driva
Full text linkProsjekleder: Anders Gjørwad HagenI august 2023 mottok gruppen «Gyroklor» en bestilling på klorbehandling i øvre deler av Driva som skulle gjennomføres i løpet av september 2023. I henhold til bestillingen var formålet med denne behandlingen «(…) å redusere smittetrykket i Driva etter påvising av laks (Salmo salar) og Gyrodactylus salaris på oversiden av fiskesperra, så langt det er praktisk mulig». Den reelle behandlingsstrekningen ble ut fra dette definert med nederste doseringsstasjon ved Vikabrua og øvre doseringspunkt ovenfor Mågålaupet. I tillegg ble det dosert kloramin i sideelvene Vinstra og Ålma for å håndtere fortynningseffekten fra disse. Behandlingsperioden var på seks dager. I løpet av denne perioden var målsettingen å oppnå minimum 90 mikrogramdøgn aktivt klor i alle behandlede vannveier. Det ble gjort jevnlige målinger for å følge opp effekten av alle doseringspunkter. Det ble også gjort undersøkelser for å påvise hvor langt behandlingseffekten strakk seg fra nederste doseringspunkt. Analysene viste at det ble oppnådd en samlet behandlingseffekt på mer enn 90 mikrogramdøgn ved alle prøvepunkter. Sannsynligheten for at det skal ha overlevd G. salaris i behandlingsområdet er ansett som svært liten, og behandlingen var vellykket.Veterinærinstituttet i TrondheimpublishedVersio
Does sedation with AQUI-S® mitigate transport stress and post transport mortality in ballan wrasse (Labrus bergyltae)?
Full text linkThis article has a correction. Read it here: https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fvets.2024.1386051Ballan wrasse (Labrus bergylta) are commonly used as cleaner fish in salmon farms as a biological treatment to mitigate sea lice infestation. Improved welfare for cleaner fish both during production of these fish and when in sea-cages with salmon is crucial for the industry’s development. A common operational procedure in ballan wrasse production is transporting juveniles from one land-based farm to another for further on-growing. Episodes of increased mortality have been reported after such transportations. In this study, the relationship between transport stress and post-transport mortality at the on-growing facility was examined. It was also investigated if light sedation with AQUI-S® can mitigate stress during transport. Stress was quantified by measuring cortisol release rate to the tank water during transport. This was investigated in 10 commercial live carrier truck transports (6 without AQUI-S® sedation and 4 with sedation during loading and transport). The total time of transport varied between 12 and 21 h. In general, mortality was significantly higher (1.0 ± 0.6% day−1) the first five days post-transport compared to 15–20 days post transport (0.5% day−1). There was also a strong relationship between fish weight at transport and post-transport mortality, where higher mean weight at transport reduced mortality. In contrast to what was expected, AQUI-S® treatment during transport procedures increased cortisol excretion rate, suggesting a stimulating effect of AQUI-S® on the stress axis in ballan wrasse. Considering these results, the value of using AQUI-S® to reduce stress during transport of juvenile ballan wrasse might be questioned. However, there was no relationship between cortisol release rate during transport and post-transport mortality. Furthermore, this study emphasizes that water cortisol measurements can be used as a none-invasive tool for monitoring stress and can be integrated into the welfare evaluation during commercial fish transports.publishedVersio
The challenges of opportunistic sampling when comparing prevalence of plastics in diving seabirds: A multi-species example from Norway
Full text linkThere is a need for baseline information about how much plastics are ingested by wildlife and potential negative consequences thereof. We analysed the frequency of occurrence (FO) of plastics >1 mm in the stomachs of five pursuit-diving seabird species collected opportunistically. Atlantic puffins (Fratercula arctica) found emaciated on beaches in SW Norway had the highest FO of plastics (58.8 %), followed by emaciated common guillemots (Uria aalge; 9.1 %) also found beached in either SW or SE Norway. No plastics were detected in razorbills (Alca torda), great cormorants (Phalacrocorax carbo), and European shags (Gulosus aristotelis) taken as bycatch in northern Norway. This is the first study to report on plastic ingestion of these five species in northern Europe, and it highlights both the usefulness and limitations of opportunistic sampling. Small sample sizes, as well as an unbalanced sample design, complicated the interpretation of the results.publishedVersio
Overvåkning av Ytre Oslofjord - Undersøkelser i de frie vannmasser 2023. Fagrapport.
Full text linkProsjektleder Anette EngesmoDet ble gjennomført vannmasseundersøkelser ved 18 stasjoner i 2023, der det ble målt fysiske (temperatur, salinitet, siktdyp) kjemiske (nitrat + nitritt, ammonium, fosfat, silikat, total nitrogen, total fosfor, oksygen og DOC) og biologiske parametere (klorofyll-a, kvalitative- og kvantitative analyser av planteplankton). Den var gjennomsnittlig lavere saltholdighet og høyere verdier av løste næringssalter i overflatelaget om sommeren enn tidligere år. For nitrat+nitritt oppnår fem stasjoner dårlig tilstand på sommeren, sju stasjoner får moderat tilstand, mens fire får god tilstand og to svært god. I tillegg får begge stasjonene utenfor Fredrikstad moderat tilstand for fosfat. Det har vært en dypvannsfornyelse i både Frierfjorden og Iddefjorden. Oksygenkonsentrasjonen i Mossesundet har blitt dårligere og i september 2023 ble det målt oksygenkonsentrasjoner tilsvarende tilstandsklasse dårlig.Fagrådet for Ytre OslofjordpublishedVersio
Forprosjekt Ren Frier
Full text linkProsjektleder: Henrik JonssonRapporten benytter simuleringer til å utrede bidraget som f.eks. skipstrafikk inkl. oppankringsaktivitet, har på spredning av dioksinforbindelser fra sjøbunnen i Frierfjorden, samt effekten av tiltak i havne- og oppankringsområder. Et av de viktigste funnene i prosjektet er at skipsaktivitet i Frierfjorden fører til fire ganger høyere partikkelkonsentrasjon i vannsøylen utenfor Herøya havn enn hva som er normalt bakgrunnsnivå i fjorden. Et forandret sjøtrafikkbilde er simulert ved å endre partiklenes resuspensjonsrate inkl. konsentrasjonen av organiske partikler (POC) i vannsøylen. Simuleringene viser at oppvirvlet sediment fordeles over et stort område og derfor har begrenset virkning på sedimentene i andre delområder av Frierfjorden. Skipstrafikk gir derimot en signifikant økning i mengden oppvirvlede dioksinforbindelser i vannmassene, noe som utgjør en økt risiko for eksponering og opptak i marine organismer. Simulering av tiltak (tildekking eller mudring) viser begrenset effekt på konsentrasjoner i sedimentene, men betydelig effekt på mengden resuspenderte partikler i vannmassene. Tiltak i Herøya havn er identifisert å gi størst virkning på mengden resuspenderte partikler i vannmassene utenfor selve tiltaksområdet.GrenlandsrådetpublishedVersio
Revisjon av fjæreindeksen i Nordsjøen sør – Norskehavet sør, og av referanseverdier for bløtbunnsfauna i Skagerrak
Full text linkProsjektleder: Janne GitmarkDe reduserte artslistene som benyttes for å beregne fjæreindeksen (RSLA/RSL) i økoregionene Nordsjøen sør, Nordsjøen nord og Norskehavet sør er revidert basert på fjæresonedata fra 356 stasjoner (totalt 663 undersøkelser). Tester viste at de reviderte artslistene kan benyttes uten å endre de eksisterende klassegrensene. Det er gjort nye beregninger av referanseverdiene for tilstandsklassifisering av bløtbunn, hvor trålpåvirkning er oppgitt som en faktorvariabel. Analysene er gjort med utgangspunkt i de samme datasett og modeller som ble benyttet for å beregne grenseverdiene gitt i Veileder 02:2018. Resultatene tilsier at det ikke er behov for å endre på referanse- og grenseverdiene.MiljødirektoratetpublishedVersio
ØKOKYST – DP Norskehavet Sør, Årsrapport 2023
Full text linkProsjektleder Elianne EggeOvervåkingsprogrammet "Økosystemovervåking i Kystvann – Økokyst" har til hensikt å overvåke miljøtilstanden langs norskekysten i henhold til vannforskriften. Økokyst delprogram Norskehavet Sør dekker kyststrekningen fra Ulsteinvik i sør til Helgeland i nord. I 2023 ble det gjort undersøkelser av de biologiske kvalitetselementene hardbunn, ålegress, bløtbunn og planteplankton. Av de 16 vannforekomstene som kunne klassifiseres fikk fem “svært god” og 11 “god” samlet tilstand. De biologiske kvalitetselementene hadde alle “god” eller “svært god” tilstand. Fysisk-kjemiske parameter hadde også “god” eller “svært god” tilstand, med unntak av oksygen i bunnvannet ved Skinnbrokleia utenfor Ulsteinvik. The monitoring program "Ecosystem Monitoring in Coastal Water - Økokyst" monitors the environmental status along the Norwegian coast according to the Water Framework Directive. The subprogram Norskehavet Sør covers the coastal area along the Norwegian Sea, from Ulsteinvik in the South to Helgeland in the North. In 2023, the biological quality elements macroalgae, eel grass, soft bottom and phytoplankton were examined. Out of the 16 water bodies which could be classified, five obtained “very good” and 11 “good” status. The biological quality elements all had “good” or “very good” status. The physico-chemical parameters also classified as “good” or “very good”, except for the oxygen conditions in the deep water at Skinnbrokleia outside Ulsteinvik.MiljødirektoratetpublishedVersio
Priorities to inform research on tire particles and their chemical leachates: A collective perspective
Full text linkConcerns over the ecological impacts of urban road runoff have increased, partly due to recent research into the harmful impacts of tire particles and their chemical leachates. This study aimed to help the community of researchers, regulators and policy advisers in scoping out the priority areas for further study. To improve our understanding of these issues an interdisciplinary, international network consisting of experts (United Kingdom, Norway, United States, Australia, South Korea, Finland, Austria, China and Canada) was formed. We synthesised the current state of the knowledge and highlighted priority research areas for tire particles (in their different forms) and their leachates. Ten priority research questions with high importance were identified under four themes (environmental presence and detection; chemicals of concern; biotic impacts; mitigation and regulation). The priority research questions include the importance of increasing the understanding of the fate and transport of these contaminants; better alignment of toxicity studies; obtaining the holistic understanding of the impacts; and risks they pose across different ecosystem services. These issues have to be addressed globally for a sustainable solution. We highlight how the establishment of the intergovernmental science-policy panel on chemicals, waste, and pollution prevention could further address these issues on a global level through coordinated knowledge transfer of car tire research and regulation. We hope that the outputs from this research paper will reduce scientific uncertainty in assessing and managing environmental risks from TP and their leachates and aid any potential future policy and regulatory development.publishedVersio