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Contribution of organic carbon to the total specific surface area of soils with varying clay mineralogy
Get PDFSoil specific surface area (SA) reflects the quantity and quality of the soil mineral and organic fractions. For soil samples that have similar clay mineral types, clay content and or organic carbon (OC) contents are good predictors of SA. However, the magnitude of the OC contribution to SA for different soil types is unclear, particularly since SA varies depending on which method or probe molecule is used to measure it. Consequently, we set out to (i) quantify the contribution of soil OC to total SA for soils with varying clay mineralogy, and (ii) assess the effect of probe molecule (EGME or H2O) and water sorption direction on the contribution of OC to the total SA. We utilized 330 soil samples (clay = 1 to 89 %; silt = 2 to 78 %; OC = 0.03 to 34.9 %) that were grouped according to clay mineralogy and OC content. The total SA was measured using EGME adsorption (SAE) and water adsorption and desorption (SAH2O). The contribution of OC to SA was examined using regression and partial correlation analyses that combined clay, silt, and OC as explanatory variables. Results showed that SAE values were strongly correlated to SAH2O, except for OC-rich soils where SAE was significantly lower than SAH2O. Apart from montmorillonite-rich samples, OC contribution to SAE was smaller than for SAH2O. Organic carbon had a positive contribution to desorption SAH2O for all sample groups, except for montmorillonite-rich samples; OC contribution was 7.5, 10.7, and 13.9 m2/g per %C for illite-rich, kaolinite-rich and OC-rich samples, respectively. There was no significant effect of water sorption direction on the OC contribution to SAH2O. Partial correlation analyses that accounted for clay and silt contents confirmed a negative contribution of OC to SAE or SAH2O for soil samples dominated by montmorillonite clay minerals. We can conclude that for the soil types investigated here (except montmorillonitic soils), OC has a positive contribution to total SA, and the magnitude of the contribution depends on the clay type.publishedVersio
Manual for villgjøring av urbane sjøområder
Get PDFForfattere: Elin T. Sørensen (Urbant HAV) Eli Rinde (NIVA)Manualen gir praktiske verktøy og fremgangsmåter for å fremme marint liv i urbane sjøområder. Villgjøring handler om å bygge opp, gjenskape og reetablere natur ved å ta hensyn til artenes behov. Det dreier seg om å slippe naturen til ved å inkludere naturens sirkulære og dynamiske prosesser i et langsiktig perspektiv. Manualen beskriver prinsipper og retningslinjer som gir grunnlag for å ta kunnskapsbaserte valg i utvikling av mangfoldige og levedyktige marine nabolag. Målet er å skape bevissthet om behovet for og potensialet til villgjøring i utvikling av klimasmarte byer, hos alle fag- grupper som er involvert i byutvikling. Forfatternes ambisjoner er at livet i havet gis like mye plass og omsorg som de blågrønne lungene på land.MiljødirektoratetpublishedVersio
Evaluation of factors influencing disinfection efficacy for aquaculture
Get PDFProsjektleder Aina Charlotte WennbergDisinfectants falls within the scope of the Biocidal Products Regulation (BPR), however, there are no specific guidance on how to test the efficacy of disinfectants for use in aquaculture. The Norwegian Medicines Agency and the Norwegian Food Safety Authority are the current authorities for approval and follow up on the national regulations of disinfectants for aquaculture in Norway, while the Norwegian Environmental Agency (NEA) will be the authority for the BPR. Thus, this project was funded by NEA for making a guidance document for efficacy testing of disinfectants for use in aquaculture that is in accordance with the BPR and that can be a supplement to the European Chemical Agency’s (ECHA) guidance on the Biocidal Products Regulation Volume II Efficacy assessment and evaluation (Part B + C). This report summarizes the aquaculture industry in EU and Norway, and the typical conditions for uses and use patterns for disinfectants in aquaculture. This information was used to make a recommended guidance document on how to perform efficacy testing of disinfectants for use in the EU and EEA in accordance with BPR. The guidance document is a standalone document.Norwegian Environment AgencypublishedVersio
Mobile trace elements in sediments from lakes Hawassa, Koka, and Ziway in the Ethiopian Rift Valley
Get PDFEmbargoed until 21.10.2023The present work focuses on total concentrations of trace elements such as chromium (Cr), manganese (Mn), cobalt (Co), nickel (Ni), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), arsenic (As), selenium (Se), cadmium (Cd), and lead (Pb) and their operationally defined speciation in surface sediments from three Ethiopian Rift Valley Lakes (Hawassa, Koka, and Ziway). Total concentrations were determined using inductively coupled plasma–mass spectrometer (ICP-MS). A six-step sequential extraction was also applied to evaluate the mobilization potential of these elements. Compared with the consensus-based sediment quality guidelines (SQGs) developed for freshwater ecosystems, the total Zn concentration in sediments from Lakes Hawassa and Ziway, as well as Cr, Ni, and Zn in sediments from Lake Koka, was higher than the probable effect concentration (PEC), suggesting that these elements could have a negative effect on benthic organisms. The sequential extraction results showed that Cd, Mn, and Se were to a certain extent associated with the reversible fractions (F1–F3) in sediments, and thereby more mobile than the other investigated trace elements. Predictions of mobility of trace elements using the distribution coefficients (Kd) values were also in agreement with the sequential extraction results. Furthermore, multivariate statistical analyses showed that redox-sensitive fractions (F4 and F6) and the residual fraction (F7) were the dominant factors controlling most trace element mobility. Finally, applying the Risk Assessment Code (RAC) classification system, results showed that Mn in Lake Koka could pose a high risk, while Cd and Mn in Lake Hawassa as well as Cd, Mn, and Se in Lake Ziway sediments could pose medium risk to benthic organisms.acceptedVersio
Se-enrichment of Chlorella vulgaris grown under different trophic states for food supplementation
Get PDFEmbargoed until 27.10.2024.Most European countries, including Portugal, have soils with low selenium (Se) concentrations. This mineral has antioxidant and chemoprotective functions essential for the human immune system. Despite Se being mostly supplied in the diet in the inorganic form, organic Se is more rapidly assimilated by the organism, presenting lower toxicity. Microalgae can incorporate inorganic Se and metabolize it into less toxic organic forms. In this context, Chlorella vulgaris biomass was tested as a biological carrier for organic Se. For this purpose, C. vulgaris was cultivated under two trophic regimes (auto- and heterotrophic) supplied with sodium selenate. The optimal Na2SeO4 concentration for autotrophic cultivation was 20 mg.L−1. From the total Se absorbed by the biomass, 81 % was organic. The biochemical composition of Se-enriched biomass compared with the non-supplemented was similar (41 vs 42 % proteins, and 5.3 vs 6.2 % lipids, respectively), except for carbohydrates (0.64 vs 2.6 %, respectively). C18:1 and C18:0 were the major fatty acids present, but different profiles were observed. The same was observed for monosaccharides, being glucose the main monosaccharide. Pigments (Chl a, Chl b, and total carotenoids) were similar for both conditions. All potential toxic metals were below the limits regulated by the European Union. Under the optimal Se concentration for autotrophic C. vulgaris growth, most Se was converted into an organic form and 0.72 g biomass would be enough to satisfy human daily Se requirements. C. vulgaris showed a high potential to be used as a biofortified food to correct or prevent Se deficiency-related diseases.acceptedVersio
Endocrine-disrupting chemicals used as common plastic additives: Levels, profiles, and human dietary exposure from the Indian food basket
Get PDFEmbargo until 21 December 2024.Endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) such as phthalic acid esters (PAEs) and bisphenol A (BPA) are the most widely used plastic additives in polymeric materials. These EDCs are ubiquitously distributed in the environment. Hence selected PAEs and BPA were investigated in twenty-five food types and drinking water (supply and packaged) from the metropolitan city, Delhi, and the peri-urban areas of a non-metropolitan city, Dehradun. Except cabbage and orange, the sum of thirteen PAEs (∑13PAEs) and BPA in all the other food types were significantly higher in Delhi over Dehradun (p < 0.01). Highest mean ∑13PAEs (665 ng/g) and BPA (73 ng/g) were observed in cottage cheese and potatoes, respectively followed by fish (PAEs - 477 ng/g, BPA - 16 ng/g). Supply water from the west zone of Delhi was found to contain the highest concentration of BPA (309 ng/L) and ∑13PAEs (5765 ng/L) with the dominance of diethyl phthalate (DEP). Based on the compositional profile and compound-wise principal component analysis, environmental contamination and food processing were attributed as significant sources of most priority PAEs in food samples. Di-ethyl hexyl phthalate (DEHP) was over 100-fold higher in the bottled water from local brands than composite bottled water samples. Packaging material was identified as a source for di-n-butyl phthalate (DnBP) in packaged food. This study observed the highest estimated daily dietary intake (EDI) in the high-fat-containing food products viz., cottage cheese, and fish from north Delhi. High bioaccumulation of BPA can be a possible reason for elevated EDI in vegetables and local fish of Delhi. Unlike Dehradun, EDI for ∑13PAEs and BPA was slightly higher for the non-vegetarian adult when compared to the vegetarian adult. DEHP and DnBP exhibited the highest estimated estrogenic potential for bottled water from local brands. Dietary exposure due to six priority PAEs contamination in food stuffs was two to four-fold higher in Delhi than Dehradun for adult man and woman.acceptedVersio
Klimapåvirkning på viktige kystvannsarter
Get PDFProsjektleder Trond KristiansenVi beskriver statistisk nedskalering av det marine fysisk-biologiske klimaet for norskekysten under tre klimagassutslippscenarioer (SSP1-2.6, SSP2-4.5, SSP5-8.5). Resultatene inngår i beregningene for fremtidig habitatskvalitet for fem utvalgte marine arter langs norskekysten: kysttorsk, kongekrabbe, Atlantisk laks, stortare og drøbakkråkebolle. Resultatene indikerer at kongekrabbe vil hovedsakelig finnes i Nord-Norge, men habitatkvalitet vil synke frem til 2100. Kysttorsk vil kunne finnes langs hele norskekysten frem mot år 2100, men en nedgang i habitatkvalitet forventes uavhengig av klimascenario. For Atlantisk laks vil økte havtemperaturer gi redusert habitatskvalitet, men uavhengig av klimascenario vil kystsonen forbli egnet habitat. Habitatskvaliteten for stortare forventes å holde seg stabil i sørlige kystområder og øke i nordlige områder, men med en sterkere økning i temperatur mot slutten av århundret kan vi forvente nedgang eller lokal utryddelse i Sør-Norge avhengig av scenario. Habitatet for drøbakkråkebolle vil holde seg stabilt under utslippsscenarioene SSP1-2.6 og SSP2-4.5, men under SSP5-8.5 vil forsuring føre til sterk reduksjon i utbredelse. Disse resultatene kan gi forvaltningen bedre innsyn i hvordan kystsonen vil påvirkes forskjellig fra de åpne havområdene. En mer helhetlig tilnærming til forvaltning av kystsonen og havområdene vil kunne gi bedre mulighet til å fange opp endringer som skyldes klima og innføre tiltak som kan begrense den negative effekten av klimaendringer. Dette kan inkludere bærekraftig fiskeriforvaltning og opprettelse av marine verneområder.MiljødirektoratetpublishedVersio
Lessons from bright-spots for advancing knowledge exchange at the interface of marine science and policy
Get PDFEmbargo until April 19 2024Evidence-informed decision-making is in increasing demand given growing pressures on marine environments. A way to facilitate this is by knowledge exchange among marine scientists and decision-makers. While many barriers are reported in the literature, there are also examples whereby research has successfully informed marine decision-making (i.e., ‘bright-spots’). Here, we identify and analyze 25 bright-spots from a wide range of marine fields, contexts, and locations to provide insights into how to improve knowledge exchange at the interface of marine science and policy. Through qualitative surveys we investigate what initiated the bright-spots, their goals, and approaches to knowledge exchange. We also seek to identify what outcomes/impacts have been achieved, the enablers of success, and what lessons can be learnt to guide future knowledge exchange efforts. Results show that a diversity of approaches were used for knowledge exchange, from consultative engagement to genuine knowledge co-production. We show that diverse successes at the interface of marine science and policy are achievable and include impacts on policy, people, and governance. Such successes were enabled by factors related to the actors, processes, support, context, and timing. For example, the importance of involving diverse actors and managing positive relationships is a key lesson for success. However, enabling routine success will require: 1) transforming the ways in which we train scientists to include a greater focus on interpersonal skills, 2) institutionalizing and supporting knowledge exchange activities in organizational agendas, 3) conceptualizing and implementing broader research impact metrics, and 4) transforming funding mechanisms to focus on need-based interventions, impact planning, and an acknowledgement of the required time and effort that underpin knowledge exchange activities.acceptedVersio
Digital Data Help Explain Drivers of Angler Satisfaction: An Example from Southern Norway
Get PDFWe analyzed trip-level self-reports collected by a cell phone app to understand angler satisfaction of fishing for sea trout Salmo trutta (anadromous Brown Trout) in southern Norway. We found no clear support for a positive relationship between trip outcome (catch or no catch) and angler satisfaction level. In the cases where sea trout was caught, however, there was a positive relationship between fish size and angler satisfaction level. A total of 52% of the captured sea trout were voluntarily released, and releases were unrelated to fish size. In conclusion, digital data collected via a cell phone app are useful to reveal patterns of angler behavior and satisfaction.publishedVersio
Differences in Trophic Level, Contaminant Load, and DNA Damage in an Urban and a Remote Herring Gull (Larus argentatus) Breeding Colony in Coastal Norway
Get PDFHerring gulls (Larus argentatus) are opportunistic feeders, resulting in contaminant exposure depending on area and habitat. We compared contaminant concentrations and dietary markers between two herring gull breeding colonies with different distances to extensive human activity and presumed contaminant exposure from the local marine diet. Furthermore, we investigated the integrity of DNA in white blood cells and sensitivity to oxidative stress. We analyzed blood from 15 herring gulls from each colony—the urban Oslofjord near the Norwegian capital Oslo in the temperate region and the remote Hornøya island in northern Norway, on the Barents Sea coast. Based on d13C and d34S, the dietary sources of urban gulls differed, with some individuals having a marine and others a more terrestrial dietary signal. All remote gulls had a marine dietary signal and higher relative trophic level than the urban marine feeding gulls. Concentrations (mean ± standard deviation [SD]) of most persistent organic pollutants, such as polychlorinated biphenyl ethers (PCBs) and perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS), were higher in urban marine (PCB153 17 ± 17 ng/g wet weight, PFOS 25 ± 21 ng/g wet wt) than urban terrestrial feeders (PCB153 3.7 ± 2.4 ng/g wet wt, PFOS 6.7 ± 10 ng/g wet wt). Despite feeding at a higher trophic level (d15N), the remote gulls (PCB153 17 ± 1221 ng/g wet wt, PFOS 19 ± 1421 ng/g wet wt) were similar to the urban marine feeders. Cyclic volatile methyl siloxanes were detected in only a few gulls, except for decamethylcyclopentasiloxane in the urban colony, which was found in 12 of 13 gulls. Only hexachlorobenzene was present in higher concentrations in the remote (2.6 ± 0.42 ng/g wet wt) compared with the urban colony (0.34 ± 0.33 ng/g wet wt). Baseline and induced DNA damage (doublestreak breaks) was higher in urban than in remote gulls for both terrestrial and marine feeders.publishedVersio