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The use of low-level theory to guide the interpretation of road safety evaluation studies
No full textRune Elvik, Alena Katharina Høye, The use of low-level theory to guide the interpretation of road safety evaluation studies, Safety Science, Volume 158, 2023, 105963, ISSN 0925-7535, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssci.2022.105963 (https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0925753522003022)There are two main interpretations of empirical research: methodological and substantive. A methodological interpretation usually rejects a study by arguing that it is based on poor data or methods. A substantive interpretation accepts results as showing real effects. This paper argues that by developing and testing hypotheses about systematic variation in the effects of road safety measures, it may be possible to defend a substantive interpretation of the results of studies that might otherwise be rejected on methodological grounds. Studies evaluating the road safety effects of road lighting are used to illustrate the approach. Ten hypotheses are proposed and tested by means of two meta-analyses. Most of the hypotheses are supported. Thus, although many studies evaluating the road safety effects of road lighting control poorly for potential confounding factors, the systematic pattern of results found in these studies indicates that they mainly show the effects of road lighting, not of confounding factors not controlled for.publishedVersio
Tettstedspakker som samordnings- og samskapingsmodell
Get PDFGro Sandkjær Hanssen and Marianne Knapskog, Tettstedspakker som samordnings- og samskapingsmodell, Kart og Plan, 115, 4, 345-367, 2022, https://www.idunn.no/doi/abs/10.18261/kp.115.4.3Norges forpliktelser etter Parisavtalen skal blant annet nås gjennom «nullvekstmålet», og et av virkemidlene har vært koordinerte «flernivåpakker» av infrastrukturtiltak, bilrestriktive tiltak og føringer for arealpolitikken – omtalt som «byvekstavtaler». Artikkelen har studert hvordan fire mindre kommuner har arbeidet for å utvikle liknende pakker for sine tettstedsområder. Gjennom empiriske studier viser artikkelen hva slags utfordringer aktørene mener tettstedspakkene skal svare bidra til å løse. Erfaringen med den eneste bygdepakken som er gjennomført, er at den bidrar til større grad av flernivåsamordning for en sterkt sektorinndelt forvaltning, og de nye pakkene som er utformet, har liknende potensial. I tillegg viser studien at tettstedspakkene i større grad enn byvekstavtalene evner å ta inn virkemidler innrettet mot sosial bærekraftig stedsutvikling.Tettstedspakker som samordnings- og samskapingsmodellpublishedVersio
The role of values in road safety culture: Examining the relationship between valuation of freedom to take risk and accident risk among motorcycle riders and car drivers
Get PDFNævestad, T.-O., Laiou, A., & Yannis, G. (2022). The role of values in road safety culture: Examining the relationship between valuation of freedom to take risk and accident risk among motorcycle riders and car drivers. Traffic Safety Research, 3, 000010. https://doi.org/10.55329/ggnj7534Focus on paternalistic values versus individual freedom is a fundamental theme, which defines the status of road safety in different settings. The present study examines the role of values related to freedom to take risk in traffic in road safety culture based on survey data from car drivers (n = 882) and motorcycle riders (n = 330) from two countries with distinctly different road safety records: Norway, which had the lowest road mortality rate in Europe with 20 road deaths per million inhabitants in 2017, and Greece, which had 69 road deaths per million inhabitants, which was well above the EU average of 50. Contrary to our first hypothesis, we do not find a statistically significant higher valuation of freedom to take risk in traffic among Greek drivers and riders than among drivers and riders from Norway. In line with our second hypothesis, we find that motorcycle riders in both countries value freedom to take risk in traffic significantly higher than car drivers in their country. Regression analyses indicate a relationship between higher valuation of freedom to take risk in traffic and risky rider behaviours, which are related to accident involvement. Our results indicate that values focusing on freedom to take risk have an important role in road safety culture, presumably legitimizing and motivating risky driving/riding. This is in line with previous research, where riders cite freedom as the main enjoyment factor for riding. Previous studies find six times higher accident risk among riders than drivers, which is explained partly by pointing to risky rider behaviours.publishedVersio
Impacts from transportation measures in national appraisal guidelines: coverage and practices
Get PDFHolmen, R.B., Biesinger, B., Hindriks, I., (2022). Impacts from transportation measures in national appraisal guidelines: coverage and practices. Archives ofTransport, 63(3), 67-111. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0015.9928Transportation appraisal has a potential important role in prioritization of transportation investment projects and other transportation measures. Appraisal practices vary much over countries and time, but these differences are not fully known. More knowledge on the variation in practices may contribute to smoother knowledge exchange between countries and more informed choices in the further development of each national practice. In this paper, we present both an updated mapping and a meta-analysis of impact coverage in national appraisal guidelines for transportation measures and spatial measures more generally. Our updated mapping of impact coverage covers 18 national and regional guideline sets and 44 sorts of impact. It shows rather similar overall impact coverage in the reviewed guide-lines for economic, social and environmental impacts. The most advanced appraisal practices are found in Northern and Western Europe and Oceania. We find that supplementary quantitative analyses are most common for economic impacts, while multi-criteria analyses are most common for environmental impacts. Our meta-analysis covers ours and 15 earlier impact mappings, jointly covering 42 countries and regions. In this examination, we show how impact cover-age in appraisal practices has improved over time, particularly for environmental, user and wider economic impacts. The meta-analysis also reveals that Western and Northern European and Oceanian countries and dependencies have had the widest impact coverage from 1998 to 2020, both in CB and overall. To examine what characterize countries with broad and narrow impact coverage, we have applied econometric regression models that are linear (i.e. linear least squares), quasi-linear (i.e. Tobit) and fractional response-based (i.e. fractional probit and fractional logit). In these regression analyses, we control for study-specific characteristics and clustering the standard errors on countries. Our results show that the CB impact coverage tends to increase with economic wealth, equality and population size in developed countries, while we find no such patterns for overall impact coverage.publishedVersio
A minute of your time: The impact of survey recruitment method and interview location on the value of travel time
Get PDFHalse, A.H., Flügel, S., Kouwenhoven, M. et al. A minute of your time: The impact of survey recruitment method and interview location on the value of travel time. Transportation (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11116-022-10287-8Web-based stated preference (SP) surveys are widely used to estimate values of travel time (VTT) for cost–benefit analysis, often with internet panels as the source of recruitment. The recruitment method could potentially bias the results because (1) those who frequently participate in surveys may have a lower opportunity cost of time and (2) people who answer the survey at home or in the office may answer differently because the choice situation is less salient to them. In this paper, we investigate both mechanisms using data from a VTT choice experiment study where respondents were recruited from an internet panel, an alternative email register or on-board/on the station. Within all three groups, some complete the survey while making an actual trip. We find that respondents who were recruited from the internet panel or report being members of a panel have a significantly lower VTT, suggesting that internet panels are less representative in this respect compared to other recruitment methods. We also find that those who answer while traveling have a higher VTT, possibly because the benefits of saving travel time are more salient to them than to those who answer while not traveling.A minute of your time: The impact of survey recruitment method and interview location on the value of travel timepublishedVersio
Urban structure and sustainable modes’ competitiveness in small and medium-sized Norwegian cities
Get PDFThis paper contributes novel empirical and theoretical knowledge on how built environment characteristics affect travel behaviour in small and medium-sized cities and how this differs from larger cities. The competitiveness of sustainable modes versus the private car tends to increase and commuting distances tend to decrease with proximity of dwellings and workplaces to the city centre, following similar patterns as in larger cities, although the tendencies are weaker. Car-usage tend to decrease with higher city-level densities. Relatively dense mixed-use zones outside the inner-city generate higher car shares and longer commutes compared with inner cities and in some cases also outer parts of cities. It is concluded that small and medium-sized cities aiming at improving the competitiveness of sustainable modes versus the private car can follow the same advice as larger cities–steering new urban development to central parts of cities and avoiding new development in the outer areas.acceptedVersio
Metal requirements for road-based electromobility transitions in Sweden
No full textSeshadri Srinivasa Raghavan, Anders Nordelöf, Maria Ljunggren, Rickard Arvidsson, Metal requirements for road-based electromobility transitions in Sweden, Resources, Conservation and Recycling, Volume 190, 2023, 106777.This research investigated the metal requirements for electrifying Swedish cars and heavy-duty trucks and refueling infrastructure. We assessed vehicle and infrastructure metal use given four cornerstone scenarios: battery electric vehicles and chargers, conductive and inductive electric road systems, and fuel-cell vehicles, besides an internal combustion engine scenario. Twenty-seven metals were evaluated. To our knowledge, this study presents a first attempt to develop a detailed inventory of prevailing and prospective charging infrastructures. Our study estimated total metal requirement at 7400–9600 kt and infrastructure share at 6%–25% (200–2400 kt). Infrastructure requires about 15% of gold, 30%–40% of silver and copper, and 40%–60% of molybdenum. Results revealed that the following metal flows contribute the most to long-term resource scarcities: rhodium in fossil-fueled vehicles; gold in electric vehicles; palladium and gold in conductive and copper and palladium in inductive electric road systems; as well as platinum in fuel cells.Metal requirements for road-based electromobility transitions in SwedenpublishedVersio
Distracting or informative? Examining signage for cyclists using eye-tracking
Get PDFAasvik, O., & Fyhri, A. (2022). Distracting or informative? Examining signage for cyclists using eye-tracking. Traffic Safety Research, 2, 000013.There is great political motivation to improve conditions for cyclists to help solving the transport needs of the future. We used eye-tracking to collect data and analysed it using a novel machine learning approach. 40 cyclists in total were tasked with navigating a set route through the Oslo city centre. One group before the new infrastructure was in place and one group after. The analysis focused on developing a method that could be used to investigate how a new signage strategy impacted cyclists in Oslo. Improving signage could create safer traffic conditions for cyclists, while avoiding adding distracting elements. The algorithms developed were able to detect and categorize a variety of important objects. The signage system itself seemed to result in some route change among cyclists, but not all followed the suggested route. Qualitative analyses suggests that those who deviated cycled faster and looked less at signs, than those who chose the suggested route. The paper discusses strengths and weaknesses involved in this approach. While useful, one should be careful to conclude that gaze behaviour reflects the true inner consciousness of cyclists.publishedVersio
Cyclists’ handheld phone use and traffic rule knowledge
No full textRebecca Karstens Brandt, Sonja Haustein, Marjan Hagenzieker, Mette Møller, Cyclists’ handheld phone use and traffic rule knowledge, Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour, Volume 86, 2022, Pages 121-130, ISSN 1369-8478, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trf.2022.02.004 (https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1369847822000225)Phone use is likely to distract cyclists and possibly increase crash risk. Therefore, handheld phone use among cyclists is forbidden by law in some countries, even though cyclists use compensatory strategies to attempt to mitigate distractions and related effects. Both demographic, environmental, and psychological factors have been associated with cyclists’ phone use. This study extends the existing literature by including traffic rule beliefs as an explanatory measure in predicting cyclists’ handheld phone use and additionally explores how well cyclists know these rules in different legislative contexts. Online questionnaire responses were collected in 2019 among 1055 cyclists living in Denmark (N = 568), where handheld phone use for cyclists was forbidden, and in the Netherlands (N = 487), where it was legal. Responses on phone use, traffic rule knowledge, cycling behaviour, demographic, and psychological measures were used to identify factors contributing to the likelihood of handheld phone use in three regression models; one for all respondents and one for each country. In the combined model, believing there are no rules on handheld phone use increased the likelihood of handheld phone use while cycling. Other significant factors were subjective norm, perceived behavioural difficulty, self-identity as a safe cyclist as well as demographic factors. The country-specific models found that male gender was only associated with more handheld phone use in the Netherlands, while believing there was no ban was only connected to an increase in the likelihood of using handheld phone in Denmark. Correct traffic rule knowledge was almost three times higher in Denmark, where handheld phone use was forbidden. The results identify subjective norms, potential overconfidence, and traffic rule awareness (when there is a ban) as relevant factors in reducing the likelihood of cyclists’ handheld phone use. Findings from country-specific models possibly point to a connection between culture and traffic rules. Future research should focus on underlying mechanisms and awareness of traffic rules.publishedVersio