TØI Vitenarkiv
Not a member yet
668 research outputs found
Sort by
Evaluation of an Influencer Campaign on Social Media Targeting Young E-scooter Users
Get PDFFyhri, Aslak, Vibeke Milch, Ingunn Ellis, and Katrine Karlsen. 2023. “Evaluation of an Influencer Campaign on Social Media Targeting Young E-Scooter Users.” Findings, March. https://doi.org/10.32866/001c.71347.This study evaluates the effect of an influencer campaign on e-scooter risk behavior among adolescent e-scooter users in Norway. The analysis shows no statistical differences in self-reported risk behaviors (dual riding, riding under the influence and mobile phone use) among respondents who had seen one of the campaign films, compared to respondents who had not seen the films. Neither did the campaign change norms or attitudes. Hence, the campaign did not appear to have intended effects. On the contrary, differences in perceived attitudes, descriptive norms and intentions were found, which could imply a backfire-effect. Respondents who had seen the campaign held poorer attitudes, were more likely to claim that it was normal, and were more inclined to perform some of the risky behaviors.Evaluation of an Influencer Campaign on Social Media Targeting Young E-scooter UsersacceptedVersio
Price and competition in emerging shared e-scooter markets
No full textJørgen Aarhaug, Nils Fearnley, Knut Johannes Liland Hartveit, Espen Johnsson, Price and competition in emerging shared e-scooter markets, Research in Transportation Economics, Volume 98, 2023, 101273, ISSN 0739-8859, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.retrec.2023.101273.The rapid deployment of shared dockless electric scooters (e-scooters) has resulted in attention from the public and regulators. Recurring issues include fleet size and the number of operators in the market. In this paper we study market development in two Norwegian cities and discuss how these experiences point towards future e-scooter regulation and ask if market regulation based on price competition in the e-scooter market is plausible. We study this by focusing on two natural experiments. First, we analyse the market entry of a low-cost e-scooter company in Drammen. We discuss how that entry impacted two incumbent e-scooter companies and the total market. Second, we look at the change in e-scooter regulation in Oslo in September 2021. This change represents a movement from a laissez faire market approach to a fleet cap of 8000 divided evenly between 12 different e-scooter companies. We study these experiments using data obtained from selected e-scooter operators (GPS location, start/stop time, e-scooter id), municipalities (fleet size, trips) and a web page tracking e-scooter fares. We find that competition between e-scooter companies varies across user segments, with trips made for traveling purposes being less price sensitive, and joy rides being more price sensitive. Also, we find that there are substantial advantages in being a large actor.publishedVersio
Socio-economic outcomes of COVID-19 on the marginalised: Who have taken the hardest hit?
Get PDFIngeliis Siimsen, Kati Orru, Tor-Olav Naevestad, Kristi Nero, Alexandra Olson, Esta Kaal, Sunniva Frislid Meyer, Socio-economic outcomes of COVID-19 on the marginalised: Who have taken the hardest hit?, International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, Volume 93, 2023, 103723, ISSN 2212-4209, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2023.103723.This article aims to examine the socioeconomic outcomes of COVID-19 for socially marginalised people who are clients of social care organisations (e.g. people experiencing homelessness), and the factors influencing these outcomes. We tested the role of individual and socio-structural variables in determining socioeconomic outcomes based on a cross-sectional survey with 273 participants from eight European countries and 32 interviews and five workshops with managers and staff of social care organisations in ten European countries. 39% of the respondents agreed that the pandemic has had a negative effect on their income and access to shelter and food. The most common negative socio-economic outcome of the pandemic was loss of work (65% of respondents). According to multivariate regression analysis, variables such as being of a young age, being an immigrant/asylum seeker or residing in the country without documentation, living in your own home, and having (in)formal paid work as the main source of income are related to negative socio-economic outcomes following the COVID-19 pandemic. Factors such as individual psychological resilience and receiving social benefits as the main source of income tend to “protect” respondents from negative impacts. Qualitative results indicate that care organisations have been an important source of economic and psycho-social support, particularly significant in times of a huge surge in demand for services during the long-term crises of pandemic.Socio-economic outcomes of COVID-19 on the marginalised: Who have taken the hardest hit?acceptedVersio
Does empirical evidence support the effectiveness of the Safe System approach to road safety management?
No full textRune Elvik, Tor-Olav Nævestad, Does empirical evidence support the effectiveness of the Safe System approach to road safety management?, Accident Analysis & Prevention, Volume 191, 2023, 107227, ISSN 0001-4575, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aap.2023.107227.The objective of this paper is to evaluate the effectiveness of the Safe System approach to road safety management, as implemented in Norway. The paper proposes simple operational definitions of key elements of the Safe System approach to road safety management. The relationship between these elements and changes over time in the number of killed or seriously injured road users in Norway is studied by means of negative binomial regression models. These models do not support a causal interpretation of the findings, but predict systematic patterns in findings that, if replicated in other data sets, at least make a causal interpretation plausible, although not incontestable. The findings reported in this paper are broadly consistent with theoretical predictions and therefore support the effectiveness of the Safe System approach. It is highly likely that the adoption of the Safe System approach to road safety management in Norway has contributed to a larger improvement in road safety than would otherwise have occurred.Does empirical evidence support the effectiveness of the Safe System approach to road safety management?publishedVersio
Potential safety outcomes of communication difficulties in mixed nationality crews: A study of Greek and Norwegian vessels
No full textTor-Olav Nævestad, Kristine V. Størkersen, Alexandra Laiou, George Yannis, Eva Michelaraki, Potential safety outcomes of communication difficulties in mixed nationality crews: A study of Greek and Norwegian vessels, Transportation Research Procedia, Volume 72, 2023, Pages 2904-2911, ISSN 2352-1465, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trpro.2023.11.836.The study examines potential safety outcomes of communication difficulties in mixed nationality crews on Greek and Norwegian cargo and passenger vessels. The aims are to examine the prevalence of unsafe situations due to language misunderstandings on vessels with different degrees of mixed nationality crews, and the factors influencing this. The study is based on quantitative survey data (n=367) and qualitative interviews (n=15) with seafarers on different types of Greek and Norwegian vessels with different degrees of mixed nationality crews. The survey indicates that respondents on board mixed-nationality vessels experience more unsafe situations because of language misunderstandings between different nationalities on board. Work pressure are also among the influencing factors. The qualitative data provide illustrations of such situations, including cultural differences on board.Potential safety outcomes of communication difficulties in mixed nationality crews: A study of Greek and Norwegian vesselspublishedVersio
Universal Design and Transport Innovations: A Discussion of New Mobility Solutions Through a Universal Design Lens
No full textAarhaug, J. (2023). Universal Design and Transport Innovations: A Discussion of New Mobility Solutions Through a Universal Design Lens. In: Keseru, I., Randhahn, A. (eds) Towards User-Centric Transport in Europe 3. Lecture Notes in Mobility. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-26155-8_10Most technological advances in mobility result in better accessibility for many, yet the benefits remain unevenly distributed. Universal design is a strategy to counter social exclusion, involving the design of products and environments to be usable by all people, to the greatest extent possible, without the need for adaptation or specialised design New and improved mobility technologies typically result in increased mobility. However, most new technologies create both winners and losers – and who wins and who loses depends on how the mobility solution in question is introduced to the mobility system. This study finds that many of the new mobility technologies that are introduced, though not directly relating to universal design, strongly affect the universality of access to mobility. The chapter aims to give insight into how certain new mobility solutions affect different user groups, and to highlight how the outcome is a function of the interplay between technology and its implementation. The paper concludes by pointing at the need for regulation to align the objectives of the actors behind new technologies and an inclusive society.Universal Design and Transport Innovations: A Discussion of New Mobility Solutions Through a Universal Design LenspublishedVersio
The consequences of institutional design on collaborative arrangements’ power to influence urban freight policymaking
Get PDFKarin Fossheim, Jardar Andersen, The consequences of institutional design on collaborative arrangements’ power to influence urban freight policymaking, Case Studies on Transport Policy, Volume 10, Issue 2, 2022, Pages 1325-1331, ISSN 2213-624X, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cstp.2022.04.017 (https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2213624X2200092X)Collaborative governance is becoming increasingly important as a mode of urban freight policymaking. Bringing together actors from private and public sectors in forums makes it possible to move beyond general discussions of delivery challenges to the innovation of joint solutions and lasting improvements to the freight transport system. For such cross-sector collaborations to function, participants must experience a sense of power to influence policy. The institutional design, i.e., the inclusiveness of the collaboration and the interdependence between the participants, may condition this possibility. Consequently, this article investigates how the institutional design of collaborative arrangements associated with urban freight affects participants’ perceptions of power to influence policymaking. We interviewed 37 participants in three different collaborations in Oslo, Norway. The results indicate that institutional design affects participants’ perceptions of power to influence policymaking. Inclusive collaborations, in which participants are not interdependent, provide participants with the most power to influence policy, rather than exclusive collaborations, in which participants are highly interdependent.The consequences of institutional design on collaborative arrangements’ power to influence urban freight policymakingpublishedVersio
Integrative climate leadership in multi-level policy packages for urban mobility - A study of governance systems in two Nordic urban regions
Get PDFAnders Tønnesen, Gro Sandkjær Hanssen, Karsten Bruun Hansen, Sandra C. Valencia, Integrative climate leadership in multi-level policy packages for urban mobility - A study of governance systems in two Nordic urban regions, Transport Policy, Volume 128, 2022, Pages 309-317, ISSN 0967-070X, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tranpol.2022.05.007 (https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0967070X2200138X)This paper involves a comparative study of policymaking related to urban transport in the Gothenburg and Oslo regions. It sets out to show how strong climate leadership relates to the integration of policy measures and governance systems. Methodologically, we apply document analysis and qualitative interviews with key informants. Our clearest finding is the importance of the city's contextual governance framework for integrative climate leadership. The strong components of the leadership in Oslo—involving both horizontal and upward coordination—rely on a well-developed governance framework with operationalised goals, strategies and steering tools. This enables them to utilise multiple types of climate leadership. This contrasts with the lower degree of integration and defensiveness in Gothenburg, in terms of willingness to use effective but politically sensitive policy measures.publishedVersio
Factors contributing to the decline in the number of heavy goods vehicles involved in injury accidents in Norway from 2007 to 2020
Get PDFThis work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. Elvik, R., Nævestad, T.-O., Sagberg, F., Storesund Hesjevoll, I., & Hovi, I. B. (2022). Factors contributing to the decline in the number of heavy goods vehicles involved in injury accidents in Norway from 2007 to 2020. Traffic Safety Research, 2, 000020. https://doi.org/10.55329/doiy5780There has been a large decline in the number of police reported injury accidents on public roads in Norway after 2007. The decline has been particularly large for accidents involving heavy goods vehicles. From 2007 to 2020, the number of heavy goods vehicles involved in injury accidents declined by 68%. The total number of injury accidents declined by 56%. The study presented in this paper aimed to identify factors explaining the decline from 2007 to 2020 in the number of heavy goods vehicles involved in injury accidents in Norway. This is done by reconstructing annual changes in factors known to influence the number of accidents and estimating the potential impacts of changes in these factors. The factors identified can only be regarded as potential causes, as the study design does not permit causal inferences. In total, 14 factors were identified. For 12 factors numerical estimates of the contributions to the declining trend were developed. The combined contribution of all factors accounted for 32.6%–37.5% of the decline in the number of heavy vehicles involved in injury accidents. More than 60% of the decline is not accounted for and must have been caused by factors not included in this study.Factors contributing to the decline in the number of heavy goods vehicles involved in injury accidents in Norway from 2007 to 2020publishedVersio
Life cycle assessment of battery electric buses
Get PDFLinda Ager-Wick Ellingsen, Rebecca Jayne Thorne, Julia Wind, Erik Figenbaum, Mia Romare, Anders Nordelöf, Life cycle assessment of battery electric buses, Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment, Volume 112, 2022, 103498, ISSN 1361-9209, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trd.2022.103498 (https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1361920922003248)Different Li-ion battery technologies and sizes are used in battery electric buses (BEBs), but little is known about the environmental effect of various battery technology and sizing alternatives. In a cradle-to-grave life cycle assessment of seven BEBs, we consider three battery technologies combined with relevant pack sizes to evaluate the size and range effect. The environmental performance of the BEBs was assessed over the typical length of a bus tender of 10 years as well as an extended lifetime of 20 years. Across six environmental impact categories we found that the size and range effect depends to a large extent on the performance of the battery technology and that a smaller battery size of the same technology is not necessarily environmentally preferable. Furthermore, extending the BEB lifetime from 10 to 20 years changes the environmental performance as well as relative contributions to environmental impact potentials for the various BEB alternatives.acceptedVersio