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Direct and Indirect Effects of Prolonged Exposure to Long Working Hours on Risk Stroke Subtypes in the CONSTANCES Cohort
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The Origin of Ethnolinguistic Diversity: Evidence From Subnational Data From the DRC
No full textInternational audienceThis research has two aims: on the one hand, it seeks to measure ethnolinguistic diversity in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) at a disaggregated level, with a granularity that corresponds to the second Congolese administrative scale; on the other hand, it explains this fragmentation based on recent empirical literature. We therefore present the first estimates of ethnic diversity at the subnational level and examine their origins in the DRC. First, the data clearly reveal a strong and nonhomogenized ethnolinguistic diversity across the national landscape, while also acknowledging the real presence of ethnic dominance and significant ethnic polarization in certain territories. Second, based on our data, our empirical evidence suggests that ethnolinguistic diversity in the DRC can be primarily explained by geoclimatic factors, followed by historical‐institutional factors, mixed variables, and finally, modern variables
Relative Age in School and Initiation of Speech Therapy in Children
No full textInternational audienceImportance: In most countries, children in the same grade can be up to 12 months apart in age, which represents a considerable relative age difference, particularly in the early years. A relative age effect has been frequently reported in the diagnosis and treatment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and, more rarely, in the diagnosis of other neurodevelopmental disorders. The relative age effect has never been studied for speech therapy, which is frequently prescribed to treat specific language and learning disorders.Objective: To quantify the association of relative age with the initiation of speech therapy.Design, Setting, and Participants: This cohort study used data from the French National Health Data System and included all children born in France between 2010 and 2016 from September of the year of their 5th birthday until July of the year of their 10th birthday or July 31, 2022 (end of study). Exposure Children were categorized according to month of birth.Main Outcomes and Measures: Risk of speech therapy initiation was estimated using Cox models adjusted for other known risk factors.Results: In total, 4 188 985 children (mean [SD] age, 5.2 [0.3] years; 50.8% girls) were included. Speech therapy was initiated for 692 086 children (incidence rate, 53.1 per 1000 person-years, 54.5% boys) during a mean (SD) follow-up of 3.1 (1.6) years. Among children of the same schooling level, the risk of initiating speech therapy steadily increased according to quarter and month of birth, with adjusted hazard ratios of 1.51 (95% CI, 1.50-1.52) for children born in the last quarter vs the first quarter and 1.64 (95% CI, 1.62-1.66) for children born in December vs those born in January. The relative age effect observed for speech therapy was of the same magnitude as that observed for methylphenidate in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (positive control outcome). No relative age effect was observed for the initiation of desmopressin for nocturnal enuresis (negative control outcome).Conclusions and Relevance This cohort study found that among children in the same grade, an age difference of a few months was associated with the frequency of initiation of speech therapy. These findings may be attributable to a mismatch between the expectations of the school system and the relative age and level of maturity of the children or earlier identification of neurodevelopmental disorders in the youngest children in each age group
ComK2 represses competence development for natural transformation in Staphylococcus aureus grown under strong oxygen limitation
No full textInternational audienceThe facultative anaerobe and major human pathogen Staphylococcus aureus is able to sustain growth under a wide range of oxygen concentrations. Importantly, we have already demonstrated that under microaerobic conditions, sensed by the two-component system SrrAB, S. aureus efficiently induces the development of competence for natural transformation, one of the three main horizontal gene transfer mechanisms present in bacteria. Here, we show that when the oxygen concentration decreases even further (reaching almost anaerobic conditions) the development of competence for natural transformation is still allowed but with much less efficiency than under microaerobic conditions. This inhibition is controlled by a central competence regulator, named ComK2, that was not found involved under intermediate oxygen concentrations. This ComK2-dependent inhibitory pathway also involves the SA2107 protein, of unknown function, through a direct protein-protein interaction. Finally, we demonstrate that this inhibition of competence is controlled by this strong oxygen limitation, sensed by another two-component system named NreBC, probably involved in the same pathway as ComK2 and SA2107. All in all, our results show that the oxygen concentration, which varies drastically depending on the site in the human body but also during bacterial infections, is a key environmental factor that tightly modulates S. aureus genomic plasticity
Suivre la trajectoire d’une priorité d’action publique. La police à l’épreuve des victimes de violence de genre
No full textInternational audienceManque de formation, de moyens, persistance de stéréotypes sexistes, que peut-on encore dire de nouveau sur la prise en charge, ou plutôt, sur les défauts de prise en charge, des victimes par la police ? A travers un travail ethnographique mené en équipe et combinant des observations et des entretiens tant du côté policier que du côté des femmes victimes, nous proposons de suivre la trajectoire de ce qui s’est affirmé, depuis le Grenelle des violences conjugales en 2019, comme une priorité d’action publique. Ce travail de terrain multisites (associations de victimes, commissariats, brigades, écoles de police) permet de confronter ces deux perspectives habituellement abordées de façon séparée. Pourtant, les deux parties ajustent mutuellement leurs stratégies et discours, l’une sur l’autre, en fonction de ce qu’elles perçoivent, lisent, parviennent ou non à anticiper. L’enquête collective et multisitué permet de croiser la perspective des victimes avec celle des fonctionnaires de terrain, de façon à relativiser la vision des unes ou des autres ainsi qu’à éviter la tentation, pour les chercheur.es, de se faire le porte-parole d’un des deux côtés et de surestimer le poids de la morale et des contraintes organisationnelles dans les obstacles à la bonne prise en charge. Ainsi, par exemple, la perspective policière peut conduire à survaloriser la « bonne parole » enseignée en école de formation tout comme les « bonnes pratiques » et la sollicitude signalées par les fonctionnaires de terrain. Bon nombre de ces derniers apprécient en effet de se sentir « en phase » avec la demande sociale actuelle et l’attention hiérarchique est particulièrement forte. Mais ces évolutions et ce mouvement de professionnalisation, encore fragile et marqué par des différences territoriales importantes, n’épuise pas la question des scandales liée à une mauvaise ou à un refus de prise en charge. Au contraire, la perspective des victimes permet d’analyser la réponse policière à l’aune des besoins et des attentes des requérantes, souvent en décalage par rapport aux logiques d’action institutionnelles. Confronter les deux perspectives permet de saisir l’écart entre d’une part, les attentes à la fois très fortes et variées des femmes qui sollicitent les forces de l’ordre et, d’autre part, la perspective policière focalisée sur la judiciarisation, ainsi que la régulation des flux et des stocks. Dans un premier temps, nous reviendrons sur les attentes formulées par les femmes victimes qui se tournent vers la police. Dans un second temps, nous montrerons que la réponse policière qui est apportée à ces requérantes apparaît comme sous-dimensionnée ou inadaptée tant sur le plan organisationnel qu’en termes de contenu de l’activité. Enfin, nous verrons comment ces femmes s’adaptent de façon stratégique, au fur et à mesure de leurs interactions avec les forces de l’ordre. La perspective intersectionnelle, permettant de croiser le genre avec d’autres dimensions, telles que la race, la nationalité (et la barrière de la langue), ou le handicap, constitueront le fil rouge de la démonstration
Large-scale association analysis identified novel differentiated thyroid carcinoma risk loci by integrating transcriptome and proteome
No full textInternational audienceDifferentiated thyroid cancer (DTC) is a prevalent malignancy with increasing global incidence, yet its genetic susceptibility remains poorly understood. Although previous genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified several susceptibility loci, the genetic, transcriptomic, and proteomic factors influencing DTC risk remain unclear. We conducted a large-scale GWAS of 7,681 cases and 963,550 controls of European ancestry. Transcriptome-wide association studies (TWAS) used the joint tissue imputation across thyroid, pituitary, blood, and hypothalamus tissues. Proteome-wide association studies (PWAS) integrated brain and plasma proteomic data to identify proteins influencing DTC risk. Mendelian randomization (MR) and Bayesian colocalization were conducted to infer causality. GWAS identified 18 novel loci associated with DTC risk, four of which were previously suggested and are now confirmed. TWAS identified 29 significant genes, including five genes (LRRC34, NRG1, HEMGN, PTCSC3, and SMAD3) located within known loci and three novel genes (SAMD4A, RAD51-AS1, and MPHOSPH6) validated as causal through MR and Bayesian colocalization. PWAS identified seven significant proteins, with three (MTHFR, KDELC2, and SAMD4A) confirmed as causal, further highlighting 15q15.1 as a novel risk locus consistently emerging across all omics layers. This integrated multi-omics approach reveals novel genetic and molecular mechanisms underlying DTC, linking genomic variation to gene expression and protein abundance
Health research protocols: a template for empirical bioethics and other investigations
No full textInternational audienceWe have formalized a protocol template suitable for all types of humanities and social sciences investigations in the domain of health, including empirical bioethics in particular. To achieve this, we revisited the protocol template proposed by O’Brien et al. in Academic Medicine in 2014, better known as the “Standards for Reporting Qualitative Research (SRQR)”. We reorganized, fused and/or renamed several of the sections, and partly or entirely rewrote several of the corresponding instructions. This made it possible to overcome the limitation of the initial protocol to qualitative approaches, and to render the resulting template equally suitable for quantitative and mixed approaches, and/or other approaches. This new protocol template should be seen as a highly adaptable base
Encore et toujours la présomption d'existence du préjudice
No full textInternational audience(Com. 26 juin 2024, no 23-11.020, FS-B, D. 2024. 1230 ; ibid. 2137, obs. Centre de droit économique et du développement Y. Serra ; Dalloz IP/IT 2024. 433 et les obs. ; Légipresse 2024. 636, obs. Y. Basire, M.-S. Bergazov, C. de Marassé-Enouf et C. Piedoie ; RTD civ. 2024. 692, obs. C. Gijsbers ; CCC 2024. Comm. 160, obs. H. Aubry ; JCP E 2025, no 12, 1096, no 67, obs. A. Ballot-Lena
L'IA peut-elle être utile au repérage des patients atteints de maladie rénale chronique dans le SNDS ?
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Synaptic Vesicle 2A (SV2A) Positron Emission Tomography (PET) Imaging as a Marker of Therapeutic Response in a Mouse Model of Depression
No full textInternational audienceIn this preclinical pilot study, we used [11C]UCB-J PET imaging to monitor the synaptic modulation in depression and after fluoxetine. PET imaging was performed in a validated mouse model of depression/anxiety (CORT model), and the effect of 5-week treatment with fluoxetine was tested. Depression/anxiety phenotype and antidepressant action of fluoxetine were confirmed using the novelty-suppressed feeding test, previously validated in the CORT model. PET data showed significant decreases of volume of distribution (VT) of [11C]UCB-J in most brain regions of CORT mice compared with controls after 5 weeks of fluoxetine, and a trend toward restoration of VT values to control levels was observed, although it reached significance only in the olfactory bulb. These preliminary data support the use of [11C]UCB-J PET imaging and the CORT model to study the synaptic modulation of antidepressants. It provides excellent translational opportunities to study the relationship between synaptic plasticity and the clinical efficacy of antidepressants