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No full textNot AvailableInappropriate antibiotic use for prophylaxis and treatment of diseases leads to antimicrobial resistance with resultant health hazards to humans and animals. Strict regulations have been imposed by many countries for reducing the usage of antibiotics for preventive and therapeutic purposes in animal farming and aquaculture. Probiotics, prebiotics, and synbiotics can be effectively used for control and treatment of diseases in place of antibiotics as prophylactics in cattle farming, including aquaculture. Probiotics are used in human and animal health aimed at improving the digestive health by modulation of gut microbiota, inhibition of colonization of microbial pathogens in the intestines, and increasing the immune status. Prebiotics act by promoting metabolism, the establishment of native intestinal bacteria, and eliminating the pathogenic bacteria, thereby improving health conditions of the host animal. A synbiotic is an amalgam of prebiotics and probiotics, where prebiotic selectively favors growth of probiotic organism(s). The chapter discusses the present uses of probiotics, synbiotics, and prebiotics, along with the limitations. The need for studies to assure the safety of probiotic organisms used is also presented.Not Availabl
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No full textChapter 3 of Training manual “Advanced Microbiological and Molecular Techniques for Improving the Competence of Students in Biological Sciences (under SCSP)”Not AvailableNot Availabl
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No full textNot AvailableSoil phosphorous (P) deficiency is one of the limiting factors in rice production in both upland and rainfed lowland ecosystems. Since P is diffusion limited in depleted root zones, understanding the link between root morphological traits and yields is crucial for improving rice productivity. To understand this link, phenotypic screening experiment was conducted for the 38 ILs (BC1F6) derived from the wild rice (Oryza rufipogon Griff) along with the six checks in specialized low P plots and normal soil P (RDF) plot at ICAR-IIRR, Hyderabad during rice growing season Kharif-2020 by adapting augmented block design. The genotypes were screened for grain yield along with root traits such as tiller number per plant (TN), shoot length (SL), root length (RL), root volume (RV), shoot fresh weight (SFW), shoot dry weight (SDW), root fresh weight (RFW), root dry weight (RDW), root to shoot ration on wet weight basis (RSRWW), root to shoot on dry weight basis (RSRDW), SPAD chlorophyll meter reading (SCMR). The results from ANOVA revealed that, MSS due to genotypes, (checks + genotypes) were significant ((p<0.01 and p<0.05)) for most of the root architectural traits and for two different regime of P under investigation. Wide range of genetic variation was recorded for the traits such as RL, RV, SFW, SDW, RFW, RDW, RSRWW, RSRDW and GYP with high GCV and PCV and high ℎ2coupled with high GAM under both P gradient conditions. Strong inter-correlation among the component traits was observed for the root traits such as RV (0.43* *: 0.50* *), SFW (0.81* *:0.60* *), SDW (0.65* *: 0.81* *), RFW (0.87* *:0.64* *), RDW (0.83* *: 0.87* *) and RL (0.36* *: 0.43* *) along with GYP (0.52* *) under low soil P and normal soil P. Principal component analysis with first four PCs revealed existence of 69.40 and 70.30% of total variance and clustering analysis identified the promising genotypes as IL-9-10, IL-11-2, IL-21-8, IL-19-3, IL-22-1, IL-23-2, IL-23-7, IL-31-3, IL-42-3, IL-67-2, IL-69-1, IL-75-2, Swarna and Rasi with root traits RV, RDW, RFW, RL, and GYP are effective traits for rice cultivation.Not Availabl
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No full textChapter 1 of Course Manual on Shrimp Processing and Quality Assurance for ExportNot AvailableNot Availabl
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No full textChapter 10 of Course Manual on Shrimp Processing and Quality Assurance for ExportNot AvailableNot Availabl
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No full textChapter 16 of Course Manual on Shrimp Processing and Quality Assurance for ExportNot AvailableNot Availabl
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No full textNot AvailableWater scarcity in hilly region has been increasing due to unprecedented population growth, rapid urbanization, industrialization, and various anthropogenic activities. Hence, there is urgent need of accurate estimation of streamflow at river basin scale. Regardless, many hydrological models exist in hydrology, but their capability over hilly river basin is found to be poor, often because of lack of good-quality data over the region. The study undertaken presents an evaluation of widely accepted Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT-2012) model for simulating stream flow in a forest dominated catchment of Kumaon region of Himalayas. SUFI-2 algorithm was used for performing calibration and validation analyses. The model is applied for a duration of 15 years (2000–2013) with 2 years (1998–1999) as warm-up period, 2000–2010 as calibration, and 2011–2013 for validation. During the calibration period of 11 years (2000–2010), the model showed coefficient of determination (R2) and Nash–Sutcliffe Efficiency (NSE) values of 0.72 and 0.7, respectively. Similarly, over the 3 years (2011–2013) during validation, the value of R2 and NSE were 0.7 and 0.67, respectively. Sensitivity analysis for 12 input parameters which affect streamflow was carried out, and ranking was done on p value leading to the most important parameter affecting the streamflow. This study may be utilized as a decision-making tool by water managers to influence strategies in the management of watershed processes.Not Availabl
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No full textNot AvailableThis study evaluated the influence of varying dietary levels of selenium (Se) and Zinc (Zn) on the performance index, carcass characteristics, and immune response in broiler chicken. The experimental trial was carried for 42 days with a 3 × 3 factorial design involving three levels of each Se (0.15, 0.30, and 0.45 mg/kg diet) and Zn (40, 80, and 120 mg/kg diet) resulting in nine treatments. Six replicate groups with eight birds in each were assigned to each treatment (48 birds/treatment). During starter phase (0-3 weeks), optimum growth performance and growth efficiency of chicken was observed at 0.30 mg Se/kg diet. However, during finisher phase (4-6 week) and overall growth phase (0-6 week), 0.15 mg Se/kg diet was found to be optimum. Similarly, weight gain during starter phase was higher in birds fed at least 80 mg Zn/kg diet. The carcass characteristics did not reveal significant effect of Se and Zn supplementation in broiler chicken. And, on similar lines, cell mediated immunity remained unaffected. However, better humoral immunity was observed in birds supplemented with NRC recommended Se level in diet, but the NRC recommendation of 40 mg Zn/kg diet was inadequate for better humoral immune response compared to 80 or 120 mg level. Further, higher spleen and thymus weight was observed at 0.3 mg Se/kg diet and higher spleen weight at 80 mg Zn/kg diet. In conclusion, Se supplementation of 0.30 mg /kg diet and Zn supplementation of 80 mg/kg diet resulted in optimum growth performance, efficiency, and immunity of broiler chicken.Indian Council of Agricultural Researc
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No full textNot AvailableA challenge study was undertaken to study the cytokine responses in different chicken breeds i.e., White Leghorn, Aseel, Kadaknath and Nicobari at ten weeks by exposing them to 107.5 EID50 of velogenic Newcastle disease virus (vNDV). End point PCR based gene expression analysis of interleukins (IL) and interferons (IFN) were done at two days post-challenge in both control and challenged birds before and after infection. Collection of spleen samples were done by employing humane sacrifice of birds two days post challenge. The genes macrophage migration inhibition factor, IL-1β, IL-2, IL-6 and IFN-γ were amplified using end point PCR and analysed using agarose gel electrophoresis for confirmation. Expression of the Interleukin-1β gene was higher in Aseel and Nicobari than in White Leghorn. Nicobari had a higher level of Interferon-γ gene expression than Aseel in response to NDV infection. Aseel demonstrated superior survival and activity, implying that the indigenous chicken breed is considered to have superior tolerance compared to Kadaknath, Nicobari and White Leghorn chickens.Not Availabl