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No full textNot AvailableSeabassLates calcarifer is an important brackishwater fish, which thrives and farmed in fresh and saline water environment. Differential growth of this species during larval and nursery rearing phases leads to the formation of shooters, which reduces overall survival due to cannibalism. Therefore, the present experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of stocking density on shooter formation, growth and survival of seabass. Hatchery produced seabass seed (total mean length 1.76±0.39 cm; mean weight 0.132±0.10 g) were stocked in net cage hapa (2x1x1 m) installed in brackishwater pond, at four different stocking densities, viz., T1 (800 nos.), T2 (850 nos.), T3 (900 nos.) and T4 (950 nos.) in triplicates. During the 45 days of nursery raising, fishes were fed with formulated nursery feed (crude protein: 42% and lipid 8%) at 5 to 8% of body weight three times a day. Initially, the fishes were manually graded on 3rd day and later on weekly basis and transferred to separate hapa. Total number of shooters formed during grading periods (S1, S2, S3, S4 and S5) were counted. It was observed that though maximum shooters were obtained from treatment T1 and minimum in treatment T3, the shooter formation among different treatments were not significantly different. The maximum numbers of shooters were obtained during the period from 9 to 21 days of rearing in nurseries in all the treatments. A survival of 60% was recorded during the present study. Based on the results of this study, it is suggested to maintain stocking densities of 400-425 m-2 for nursery rearing in hapa. Also, the rearing period from 9 to 21 days is significantly critical for ensuring good survival rate.Not Availabl
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No full textNot AvailableIPNV is the most prevalent virus of salmonids, mainly rainbow trout. This virus is known for its ability to survive for extended periods in aquatic environments, making prevention and control of infections a significant challenge. Despite concerted efforts to develop effective treatments for IPNV, the development of antiviral drugs and vaccines remains a pressing concern. To develop effective therapeutics against IPNV, a multidisciplinary approach that includes genome sequencing, molecular docking, and transcriptomic analysis is essential. By delving into the intricacies of IPNV, this review provides an in-depth analysis of the virus, including its genome organization and the amino acid patterns that contribute to its virulence. In addition, a description of the diagnostic tools used to isolate and characterize IPNV is provided. Furthermore, we attempted to explain classification based on genogrouping and serogrouping. Moreover, significant developments in the treatment of this disease using several antivirals and the role of bioinformatics in knowledge mining of IPNV is provided. Likewise, molecular docking was carried out to explore the binding of known antivirals like EICAR, EIPA, quercetin, mycophenolic acid and ribavirin with VP2 protein of IPNV. Results demonstrated that quercetin and EICAR bind strongly to the VP2 protein of IPNV and can prevent IPN comparatively better than other known anti-IPN drugs. These results will provide a template for mining out the drugs and comparing the known antivirals for potential use in curing IPN.Not Availabl
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No full textNot AvailableMaize (Zea mays L.) is the most demanded cereal crop globally highest
genetic yield potential, grown in diverse environmental conditions. As the
damage caused by insect pests is economically significant in maize with
effective and sustainable pest management strategies are the need of the
hour. Plant resistance is a complex phenomenon involving several traits
that determine the categorization of resistance/susceptibility to insect
pests. Maize contains a wide array of constitutive and inducible defense
mechanisms including structural and biochemical traits to protect from insect
pests attack. Maize produces Herbivore-induced plant volatiles (HIPVS) and
specific volatile organic compounds to activate systemic plant defenses, in
neighboring plants. In maize, several phytohormones and their derivatives play an important role in modulating plant defenses. In this book chapter the
role of morphological characters, biochemical constituents associated with
maize resistance to insect pests, and induced defenses by various external
stimuli have been discussed. Besides, the utilization of HIPVs in attracting
natural enemies, herbivore-associated molecular patterns, phytohormones
in plant signaling, and the role of endosymbionts are deeply elaborated.
Furthermore, implications of maize IPM, and novel strategies for enhancing
maize defenses are highlighted.Not Availabl
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No full textNot AvailableMadhya Pradesh (MP) state in India had practiced focussed vaccination against Peste des Petits Ruminants (PPR) from 2006-07 to 2015-16 and adopted PPR-Control Programme (PPR-CP) with 100% coverage during first year followed by 30% bi-annual vaccination for two years since 2016-17. This study evaluated the impact of PPR-CP using secondary data and cross-sectional survey data collected from 410 and 340 flocks before (during 2015-16, survey-I) and after PPR-CP implementation (during 2018-19, survey-II), respectively. Besides the incidence and disease cost, Incremental Benefit Cost Ratio (IBCR) was calculated to assess the financial viability of PPR-CP implementation in MP state under actual vaccination coverage after PPR-CP (scenario-I) and as per defined PPR-CP strategy (scenario-II). The number of PPR affected flocks declined significantly from 14.9% to 4.6% and the disease incidence declined from 27.5% to 10.2% in sheep and 18.8% to 0.64% in goats, in survey-I and II, respectively. The projected loss before and after PPR-CP was ` 3260 million (` 326 crore) and ` 476 million (` 47.6 crore), respectively. Financial viability of PPR-CP revealed an IBCR of 69.8:1 and 39.4:1 under scenario-I and II, respectively. Estimated incremental benefits outweighed the incremental cost in both vaccination scenarios, however, as per current vaccination plan (scenario-I), no fresh cases were reported for two years following PPR-CP, but reoccurred during 2019-20, as the state did not comply with PPR-CP Strategy. Therefore, selecting the right vaccination strategy and its diligent implementation may aid in eradicating PPR by 2030 in India in line with PPR global strategy.Not Availabl
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No full textNot AvailableVitamin E is one of the most important vitamins in aquatic animal breeding, larval growth, and development. It is also considered to be a functional feed addtitive for its antioxidant and immunity-improvement role resulting in better survival and growth during early life stages. However, the role of vitamin E in the diet of milkfish larvae has not been studied in detail. Moreover, the optimal requirement of vitamin E for improved survival and growth in the larval stages of milkfish is yet to be ascertained. A 45-day feeding experiment was conducted to elucidate the effect of dietary vitamin E (alpha tocopherol) supplementation on the growth, survival, and fatty acid composition of milkfish, Chanos chanos, larvae. During the trial, five iso-nitrogenous and iso-energetic (~580 g kg−1 crude protein, 120 g kg−1 crude lipid) experimental larval diets with varying levels of vitamin E 0 (control E0), 100 (E100), 200 (E200), 300 (E300) and 400 (E400) mg kg−1 were tested in 18 days posthatch larvae (mean weight: 48.25 ± 0.08 mg). Milkfish larvae (1,500) were randomly distributed into 15 fiber-reinforced plastic (FRP) rectangular tanks of 100 L capacity (n = 100) in a flow-through rearing system. The results revealed that larvae fed with a diet containing vitamin E supplementation at 200 mg (E200) enhanced (p < .05) the growth performance, final body weight (371.7 ± 12.80 mg), weight gain percentage (628.76 ± 63.12%), and specific growth rate (4.31 ± 0.80%) compared with the E0 fed diet. Also, fish feed with E200 diet had a significantly higher protein efficiency ratio (0.53 ± 0.08) than the control (E0) (0.40 ± 0.01). Vitamin E and lipid content of postfed whole larvae were linearly correlated (R2 = 0.956) with dietary vitamin E inclusions up to 300 mg kg−1. Histological examinations revealed that the length of intestinal villi and the concentration of lymphoid cells in the lamina propria of the treatments E200, E300, and E400 were higher, compared to E0 and E100 treatments. Red blood cell (p < 0.05) and white blood cell (p < 0.01) counts were significantly higher in E200 treatment than in the rest of the treatments. Larvae fed with an E200 and E300 diet showed significantly (p < 0.05) increased total lymphocyte count, while myelocyte count was significantly decreased (p < 0.01). Based on a curvilinear (polynomial) regression analyses, the optimum specific growth rate, final body weight, weight gain, protein efficiency ratio, and feed efficiency ratio were obtained at dietary vitamin E levels of 210, 205, 207, 243, and 242 mg kg−1 diet, respectively. Accordingly, the optimum dietary vitamin E required for milkfish in a range of 205 to 243 mg kg−1 is beneficial for better health, survival, and growth. The findings of this study can be used as the baseline scientific information on the vitamin E requirement for the formulation of a cost‐effective diet for milkfish larvae.Not Availabl
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No full textNot AvailableBovine tropical fasciolosis, caused by Fasciola gigantica, is a major parasitic disease in tropical countries responsible for significant production losses in animal husbandry practices. The disease is transmitted by the Radix sp. snails. In the early developmental stage of the parasite, the juveniles and immature flukes cause considerable damage to the liver parenchyma of the bovine host while migrating through the liver. The cathepsin (cat) B5 is a cysteine protease that is present in the excretory-secretory product of the fluke both in immature and adult stages. The early detection of fasciolosis is very critical in effective disease management. In this study, the cathepsin B5 gene from newly excysted juveniles were cloned, sequenced and analyzed. The phylogenetic analysis revealed existence of two distinct clades. The clade I includes cat B 1 to B3 whereas clade II consist of cat B4 to B7. Further, the present study was aimed to develop an enzyme linked immuno sorbent assay (ELISA) using recombinant cat B5 antigen. The developed enzyme immuno assay showed 95.3 % sensitivity and 92.4 % specificity with a cut-off of 60 % percent positive. It revealed weighted Kappa value as 0.768 (95 % CI 0.648-0.889) when compared with ELISA using native cathepsin protein. Hence, the developed assay can be exploited as a potent tool in the diagnosis and sero-surveillance of bovine tropical fasciolosis.Not Availabl
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No full textNot AvailablePurpose: The study aimed to investigate genetic diversity in Babesia gibsoni, the causative agent of canine babesiosis, and to assess the presence of atovaquone-resistant isolates in naturally infected dogs.
Methods: A total of 24 blood samples confirmed for B. gibsoni infection was subjected to PCR amplification and sequencing based on cytb gene. Genetic characterization of B. gibsoni as well as attempts to detect the point mutation rendering atovaquone resistance was carried out based on the analysis of nucleotide sequence of cytb gene using bioinformatics software.
Results: The findings indicated that the B. gibsoni isolates in the investigation exhibited a high nucleotide identity with the Asian genotype, ranging from 98.41 to 98.69%. Notably, none of the isolates carried cytb gene variants associated with atovaquone resistance. Phylogenetic analysis revealed clustering of most isolates with those from Japan and China, except for one isolate forming a distinct subclade. Haplotype network analysis indicated a high diversity with 22 distinct haplotypes among the B. gibsoni isolates, emphasizing the genetic variability within the studied population.
Conclusion: In conclusion, the cytb gene exhibited remarkable conservation among the twenty-four B. gibsoni isolates studied and the study represents the first genetic diversity assessment of B. gibsoni using the cytb gene in dogs from India. These findings shed light on the genetic characteristics of B. gibsoni in the region and provide valuable insight for addressing the challenges posed by this life-threatening disease in dogs.Not Availabl
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No full textNot AvailableIncrease in temperature due to global warming alters the relative abundance of insects and also affect insecticidal activity. In the present study we investigated the effect of temperature on the toxicity of five insecticides belonging to five different mode of actions groups according to Insecticide Resistance Action Committee (IRAC) viz., emamectin benzoate, spinetoram, chlorantraniliprole, novaluron and thiodicarb, against fall armyworm (FAW) Spodoptera frugiperda (JE Smith). We found that, as temperature increased from 20 to 41 ℃ the toxicity of chlorantraniliprole, emamectin benzoate, novaluron and thiodicarb increased to 8.26, 3.82, 1.97 and 1.94-fold respectively, showing positive temperature coefficient. Whereas, a 3.89-fold decrease in toxicity of spinetoram was observed, thus showing a negative temperature coefficient. The activity of detoxifying enzymes viz., glutathione-S-transferase (GST), carboxylesterase (CarE), and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) increased with the rise in the temperature whereas cytochrome P450 activity was inhibited. Significant correlation of median lethal concentration (LC50) of these insecticides with AchE activity was observed for spinetoram (r = 0.968), novaluron (r = –0.967) and thiodicarb (r = –0.976). The study has implications for the management of S. frugiperda in diverse agroecological regions of India.Not Availabl