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Increased electrification – new generators and consumers. Nordic Energy Outlooks - Final report WP2
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Process Modelling Applied to Aluminium-Steel Butt Welding by Hybrid Metal Extrusion and Bonding (HYB)
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Accelerating Efficient Installation and Optimization of Battery Energy Storage System Operations Onboard Vessels
Get PDFEmerging large battery energy storage systems (BESSs) are key enablers in the electrification of the shipping sector. With huge government investments in BESSs, there are large gaps between the government supported BESS initiatives and actual BESS integration results on vessels. This study aims to close these gaps, allowing BESSs to become the preferred solution for ship owners without needing government support. Firstly, this industry-driven study reviews both the industrial approaches to achieve CO2 emission reductions and the fuel savings and emission reductions from 500 BESS installations on various vessels. Secondly, a 630 kWh BESS retrofitted onto a hybrid-electric vessel is used to quantitively identify the improvement requirements for installations and operations. The installations required many custom designs that were expensive and have high failure risks. The standardization of interfaces’ between BESSs and vessels is thus urgently required. The BESS was intended for spinning reserve capacity and peak shaving but in practice was under-used in terms of energy throughput (shallow cycles and low equivalent full cycles of 80 versus the design specification of 480 yearly). Thirdly, this study develops new, integrated BESS operational models by learning from large operational data, balancing BESS degradation against fuel saving and utilizing onshore/offshore green power supply/charging. The R&D of BESS is required to deal with the increasing safety requirements and further CO2 emission reductions. Finally, four BESS acceleration scenarios were established to facilitate the technical and operational transferability through utilizing digitalizationpublishedVersio
Modelling the interaction between the energy system and road freight in Norway
Get PDFBy soft-linking models for transport demand, vehicle turnover and energy generation and use, we show how such models can complement each other and become more relevant and reliable policy support tools. A freight demand model is used to project commodity flows onto the 2050 horizon. An energy system model is used to map the relationships between energy prices, fiscal incentives, and optimal vehicle technologies. A stock-flow vehicle fleet model is used to calculate the time lag between innovation affecting new vehicles and the penetration of novel technology into the fleet. By running the latter two models in an iterative loop, we predict the flow of new vehicles with more or less decarbonized powertrains, contingent upon energy prices and fiscal incentives, while also obtaining a well-founded and more realistic assessment of the time needed for radical CO2 mitigation. The methodology is illustrated through a scenario developed for Norway.Modelling the interaction between the energy system and road freight in NorwaypublishedVersio
Cybersecurity Training in Norwegian Critical Infrastructure Companies
Get PDFHuman preparedness is a critical aspect of critical infrastructure (CI) cybersecurity. Many efforts, including educational curricula and training programs, have been taken at both national and company level to ensure human preparedness in CI incident response. These efforts are usually based on corporate requirements or external guidelines and policies. However, the best practices recommended for these efforts in the literature differ significantly from the measures implemented in CI companies. For this reason, we compared state of practice in cybersecurity awareness and training in selected CI companies with the recommendations in literature, aiming to identify the areas that CI companies need to increase efforts for further security implementations. Specifically, we conducted interviews (n=7) and sent out questionnaires to cybersecurity personnel (n=11) in different CI sectors of Norway. The collected data were analyzed to establish the commonalities, differences, and areas of concern among the interviewees, with respect to certain critical attributes. All Norwegian companies involved in the study offered some type of awareness or training activities to their employees, but these activities varied greatly in the level of maturity. Besides, we noted several limitations in methods and contents. According to many participants, the team skills, communication skills, and managerial skills were often inadequately developed. Additional limitations in delivery methods were noticed, too. Finally, we suggested the solutions from the best practices in the literature, and pointed out the areas where the literature has not provided effective measures.Cybersecurity Training in Norwegian Critical Infrastructure CompaniespublishedVersio
Environmental contaminants in freshwater food webs, 2021
Get PDFThis report presents monitoring data from freshwater food webs and abiotic samples from Lake Mjøsa and Femunden within the Milfersk programme. Studies and monitoring of legacy and emerging contaminants have been carried out through this programme for several years, focusing on the pelagic food web. This is the first report in the monitoring program focusing on a benthic food chain (Chironomids, ruffe, roach and perch) in addition to inputs to Lake Mjøsa by analysis of lake sediments, surface waters, stormwater, effluent and sludge from a wastewater treatment plant (WWTP). The analytical programme includes the determination of a total of ̴ 260 single components.Environmental contaminants in freshwater food webs, 2021publishedVersio
Hybrid PV-systems and co-localization of charging and filling stations for electrification of road transport sector
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Investigating the Decentralized Governance of Distributed Ledger Infrastructure Implementation in Extended Enterprises
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Holding on to Compliance While Adopting DevSecOps: An SLR
Get PDFThe software industry has witnessed a growing interest in DevSecOps due to the premises of integrating security in the software development lifecycle. However, security compliance cannot be disregarded, given the importance of adherence to regulations, laws, industry standards, and frameworks. This study aims to provide an overview of compliance aspects in the context of DevSecOps and explore how compliance is ensured. Furthermore, this study reveals the trends of compliance according to the extant literature and identifies potential directions for further research in this context. Therefore, we carried out a systematic literature review on the integration of compliance aspects in DevSecOps, which rigorously followed the guidelines proposed by Kitchenham and Charters. We found 934 articles related to the topic by searching five bibliographic databases (163) and Google Scholar (771). Through a rigorous selection process, we selected 15 papers as primary studies. Then, we identified the compliance aspects of DevSecOps and grouped them into three main categories: compliance initiation, compliance management, and compliance technicalities. We observed a low number of studies; therefore, we encourage further efforts into the exploration of compliance aspects, their automated integration, and the development of metrics to evaluate such a process in the context of DevSecOps.Holding on to Compliance While Adopting DevSecOps: An SLRpublishedVersio
