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Septic arthritis, physitis and osteomyelitis in foals : a literature review with a focus on survival and prognosis
Get PDFDenne litteraturstudien undersøker overlevelse og prognose hos føll diagnostisert med septisk artritt, fysitt og/eller osteomyelitt (SAPO) av hematologisk etiologi, samt parametere som har innvirkning på overlevelse og prognose. Disse sykdommene forekommer alene eller i kombinasjon og kan i tillegg være en del av et større sykdomskompleks med lidelser også i andre organsystemer, noe som fører til ressurskrevende diagnostikk og behandling. Etter et strukturert litteratursøk ble elleve artikler inkludert i studien. Samlet antall føll i materialet var 727, av disse overlevde 543 (73,5 %). Alle studiene var retrospektive case-studier, med innslag av kasus-kontroll i de studiene som også hadde langtidsoverlevelse og prestasjoner som utfall. Flere parametere viste seg å være negativt og positivt assosiert med overlevelse. Parametere negativt assosiert med overlevelse inkluderte lav alder, multisystemisk sykdom, samtidig septisk artritt og osteomyelitt, flere affiserte ledd og flere lesjoner. Diagnostisk ble en høy andel degenerative nøytrofile i synovialvæsken og høyt synovialt celletall negativt assosiert med overlevelse hos føllene. Tidlig igangsetting av behandling (helst innen 24 timer) var i én studie positivt assosiert med overlevelse. De beskrevne parameterne med signifikant innvirkning på overlevelse kan danne grunnlaget for vurdering av prognose ved behandling av SAPO. Prospektive studier med høyere antall kasus vil sannsynligvis gi bedre informasjon om prognostiske faktorer enn den eksisterende retrospektive litteraturen.This literature study examines parameters associated with prognosis and survival in foals diagnosed with septic arthritis, physitis, and/or osteomyelitis of hematogenous etiology. The diseases can occur alone or present as a complex, often due to systemic disease. Early recognition of disease and initiation of treatment is therefore important to ensure best possible outcome. A total of eleven studies and 727 foals were included in the study, with a total survival rate of 73,5 %. The included studies were retrospective case studies, where those that investigated long-term outcome and athletic prognosis also included case-control as a method. After the literature search, eleven articles were included in this literature study. Parameters negatively associated with survival included young age, multisystemic disease, concurrent septic arthritis and osteomyelitis, multiple infected joint and multiple lesions. A high proportion of degenerative neutrophils in the synovial fluid and a high synovial cell count were negatively associated with survival. Early initiation of treatment (preferably within 24 hours) was positively associated with survival in one study. This data shows that several clinically relevant prognostic parameters are crucial for survival and prognosis in foals diagnosed with septic arthritis, physitis, and/or osteomyelitis. Prospective studies with a higher number of cases will likely provide more comprehensive information on prognostic factors than the existing literature, which is retrospective in nature.VE
Evaluating Costa Rica's PES Programme : impact on SDGs and biodiversity conservation
Get PDFThis thesis aims to explore the PES Programme in Costa and its impacts on the SDGs alongside its impacts on biodiversity conservation within Costa Rica. The thesis explores the different studies and researches done in Latin America and Costa Rica and analyses them to bring out strenghts and weaknesses within the different attempts of PES. The impacts on different services acknowledged by the programme, such as deforestation, are discussed and a chart is made towards the end of the thesis in order to showcase how the programme ties itself to the different SDGs mentioned in the introduction.
The PES programme in Costa Rica is explained in more detail with information provided on payments, establishment dates, legal framework etc. which gives an understanding of its potential, success and possible points of reinforcement in order to improve said potential and success.This thesis aims to explore the PES Programme in Costa and its impacts on the SDGs alongside its impacts on biodiversity conservation within Costa Rica. The thesis explores the different studies and researches done in Latin America and Costa Rica and analyses them to bring out strenghts and weaknesses within the different attempts of PES. The impacts on different services acknowledged by the programme, such as deforestation, are discussed and a chart is made towards the end of the thesis in order to showcase how the programme ties itself to the different SDGs mentioned in the introduction.
The PES programme in Costa Rica is explained in more detail with information provided on payments, establishment dates, legal framework etc. which gives an understanding of its potential, success and possible points of reinforcement in order to improve said potential and success.B-D
Plantetoleranse, egenskaper og responser på miljøet i vegeterte infiltrasjonssystemer i kaldt klima
Get PDFUrban densification leads to a lack of permeable surfaces and green areas to absorb stormwater runoff and recharge groundwater. Constructed nature-based solutions, such as vegetated infiltration systems, can provide stormwater management, biological diversity, and ecosystem services. Vegetated infiltration systems include rain gardens, bioswales, and bioretention systems. Suitable and well-growing vegetation can enhance the soil's hydrological efficiency by creating biopores that improve infiltration, prevent sediment clogging, and decrease maintenance. The vegetation can be affected by stressors such as fluctuating hydrology as well as freezing and salt contamination. Hydrological fluctuations involve two stressors: drought and flooding. However, plants usually tolerate either dry or wet soils best, making plant selection for vegetated infiltration systems difficult. There is limited knowledge of plant responses to the environment of vegetated infiltration systems and hydrological fluctuations and the effects of sequential stressors, especially for species that are not commonly used in urban greening. My research objective was to develop knowledge of how plants respond to fluctuating soil hydrology and how these conditions affect their performance, tolerance to winter frost, and salinity exposure in the spring to improve species selection in vegetated infiltration systems. To achieve the objective, three experimental studies were implemented with a set of deep-rooted herbaceous model plant species (forbs and grasses) native to Norway, with different soil moisture preferences and contributions to pollination services. Plants were subjected to fluctuating hydrology, competition, and sequential stressors of freeze and salt in a semi-controlled environment. My findings indicate that moderate fluctuations in soil water content did not cause significant damage and sustained the performance of drought-tolerant and wet-tolerant plants in vegetated infiltration systems. Yet, plant tolerance to drought was important to sustain growth under fluctuating hydrology. Intensive hydrological fluctuations did negatively affect plant performance and led to contrasting responses between droughttolerant and wet-tolerant plants. Drought was the main stressor for wet-tolerant plants and flooding accordingly for drought-tolerant plants. The plant responses followed the amplitude and longevity of the fluctuations, and they depended on the plant tolerance, adaptations, and acclimation capacity to the stressor. Vegetated infiltration systems that are primarily dry, with rare intensive flooding, should use a combination of species, including both drought-tolerant and wet-tolerant plants. This can provide more robust systems-maintaining functions throughout wetter and drier periods. Both drought and wettolerant species have their advantages for vegetated infiltration systems. Some wettolerant species can use soil water faster through transpiration, thereby reducing soil moisture after flooding and potentially increasing hydrological capacity. Species from drier soils can sustain growth better during dry periods, potentially improving the system's overall performance, including hydrological efficiency. My findings show that forbs could potentially support biopore formation for infiltration, even though hydrological fluctuations lead to decreased root length in both drought-tolerant and wet-tolerant species and increased root thickness in wet-tolerant species. Prolonged periods of wet soil caused shallower rooting and could hinder the development of deep pore systems. However, rooting depth increased with the addition of grass to forb species, which provided deeper infiltration channels. My findings showed that sequential stress had a negative effect on plants. Particularly, plants that reduced growth during hydrological fluctuation had less salt tolerance, while freezing tolerance was unaffected. Generally, the research findings documented that herbaceous species native to Norway have a high potential in vegetated infiltration systems. My research contributes to the fields of landscape architecture, plant science, and experimental research, focusing on plant responses to fluctuating hydrology and their implications for plant selection for vegetated infiltration systems. These findings need further attention, and therefore, the next step should be a full-scale study of species with contrasting adaptations.Byfortetting fører til mangel på permeable overflater og grøntområder som kan absorbere overvann og fylle opp grunnvannet. Konstruerte naturbaserte løsninger, slik som vegeterte infiltrasjonssystemer, kan gi overvannshåndtering, biologisk mangfold og økosystemtjenester. Vegeterte infiltrasjonssystemer inkluderer regnbed, bioswale og bioretensjonssystemer. Vegetasjon, som vokser godt, kan øke den hydrologiske effektiviteten ved å lage bioporer som forbedrer jordens infiltrasjon, forhindrer tilstopping med sedimenter, og reduserer vedlikeholdet i grøntanlegget. Vegetasjonen kan bli påvirket av ulike stressfaktorer slik som fluktuerende hydrologi, samt frysing og saltforurensning. Hydrologiske fluktuasjoner involverer to stressfaktorer: tørke og flom. Imidlertid tåler planter vanligvis enten tørr eller våt jord best, noe som gjør plantevalg for vegeterte infiltrasjonssystemer vanskelig. Det er begrenset kunnskap om planteresponser på miljøet til vegeterte infiltrasjonssystemer, planteresponser på hydrologiske fluktuasjoner og effekten av sekvensielle stressfaktorer, spesielt for arter som ikke er vanlig brukt i urbane grøntmiljø. Mitt forskningsmål var å utvikle kunnskap om hvordan planter reagerer på fluktuerende jordhydrologi og hvordan disse forholdene påvirker deres vekst, toleranse for vinterfrost og saltholdighetseksponering om våren for å forbedre artsvalg til vegeterte infiltrasjonssystemer. For å nå målet ble det gjennomført tre eksperimentelle studier med urteaktige modellplantearter (urter og gress) med dype røtter, som vokser naturlige i Norge, har forskjellige preferanser for jordfuktighet og bidrag til pollineringstjenester. Plantene ble utsatt for fluktuerende hydrologi, konkurranse og sekvensielle stressfaktorer med frysing og salt i et semi-kontrollert miljø. Funnene mine indikerte at moderate variasjoner i jordens vanninnhold ikke forårsaket betydelig skade, og veksten til tørketolerante og fuktighetstolerante planter ble opprettholdt. Plantenes toleranse for tørke var viktig for å opprettholde vekst under fluktuerende hydrologi. Intensive hydrologiske fluktuasjoner påvirket planteveksten negativt og førte til kontrasterende responser mellom tørketolerante og fuktighetstolerante planter. Tørke var den viktigste stressfaktoren for fuktighetstolerante planter og flom tilsvarende for tørketolerante planter. Plantenes responser fulgte amplituden og varigheten til fluktuasjonene og responsene var avhengig av plantenes toleranse, tilpasninger til stressfaktorene og kapasiteten til akklimatisering. Vegeterte infiltrasjonssystemer som hovedsakelig er tørre med sjelden intensiv flom, bør bruke en kombinasjon av både tørketolerante og fuktighetstolerante planter slik at systemene opprettholdes gjennom både våte og tørre perioder. Både tørketolerante og fuktighetstolerante arter har sine fordeler i vegeterte infiltrasjonssystemer. Noen fuktighetstolerante arter kan bruke vannet i jorda raskere ved transpirasjon, og dermed redusere jordfuktigheten etter flom og potensielt øke den hydrologiske kapasiteten. Tørketolerante arter kan opprettholde plantevekst bedre i tørrere perioder og potensielt forbedre hydrologisk effektivitet. Funnene mine viser at urter har potensiale til å danne bioporer for bedre infiltrasjon, selv om hydrologiske fluktuasjoner førte til redusert rotlengde hos både tørketolerante og fuktighetstolerante arter og økt rottykkelse hos fuktighetstolerante arter. Lengre perioder med våt jord førte til grunnere rotdannelse og kunne dermed hindre utviklingen av poresystemer dypere nede i jorden. Imidlertid økte rotdybden, når et gress og en urt vokste sammen, noe som ga dypere infiltrasjonskanaler. Funnene mine viste at sekvensiell stress hadde negativ effekt på plantene. Spesielt plantene med reduserte vekst under hydrologiske fluktuasjoner hadde mindre salttoleranse, mens frysetoleransen var upåvirket. Generelt viser forskningen at urteaktige arter som vokser naturlig i Norge, har et høyt potensial til bruk i vegeterte infiltrasjonssystemer. Forskningen min bidrar til fagområdene landskapsarkitektur, plantevitenskap, og eksperimentell forskning, med fokus på planteresponser på fluktuerende hydrologi og deres implikasjoner for plantevalg for vegeterte infiltrasjonssystemer. Disse funnene trenger videre forskning, og derfor bør neste trinn være en fullskala studie av arter med kontrasterende tilpasninger
Açaí waste and gypsum rapidly enhance ecological functioning in non-weathered, filter press bauxite residue: A one-year field experiment in the humid tropics of Northern Brazil
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Revitalisering av Åsgårdstrands sjøfront - Et møte mellom badeby og kunstnerby
No full textDenne masteroppgaven undersøker hvordan Åsgård-
strands sjøfront kan revitaliseres for å styrke byens
identitet som både badeby og kunstnerby. Gjennom
en overordnet prosjekterende metode, forankret i
kreativ stedsskaping og stedsbasert analyse, utforskes
romlige og opplevelsesmessige grep som kan binde
sammen kulturarv, naturkvaliteter og rekreasjonelle
behov. Arbeidet bygger på analyser av landskapskar-
akter, funksjonelle og sosiale forhold, historiske lag
og kulturelle referanser, med særlig vekt på Edvard
Munchs tilstedeværelse og byens kystnære egenart.
I prosjektets kjerne ligger ønsket om å skape en sam-
menhengende og inviterende sjøfront fra småbåthav-
na og havnemoloen, gjennom badeparken og til
stranden i sør. Gjennom tiltak som inkluderer nye
oppholdssoner, forbedret tilgjengelighet, bevisst
vegetasjonsbruk, og lek- og aktivitetsarealer, søker
prosjektet å etablere inkluderende byrom med lokal
forankring. Spørreundersøkelser, befaringer, karta-
nalyser og historisk materiale har dannet et bredt
kunnskapsgrunnlag for utforming og valg av tiltak.
Oppgaven legger vekt på balansen mellom vern og
nyskaping, og argumenterer for at revitalisering ikke
handler om å rekonstruere fortiden, men om å løfte
frem stedets iboende kvaliteter og gjøre dem rele-
vante i dag. Særlig har tiltak rettet mot barn og unge,
og prinsipper om universell utforming, vært viktig
for å skape et byrom som styrker tilhørighet, sosial
bærekraft og livskvalitet for alle aldersgrupper.
Prosjektet bygger på prinsippene for kreativ stedss-
kaping, der romlige grep brukes for å styrke lokal
identitet, skape engasjement og legge til rette for
meningsfulle opplevelser. Med dette som utgang-
spunkt søker prosjektet å aktivere sjøfronten i Ås-
gårdstrand som et delt rom preget av både kulturarv
og fremtidig potensial. Samtidig svarer prosjektet på
sentrale mål i FNs bærekraftsmål, og reflekterer over
hvordan stedsutvikling kan skape bred verdiskaping
– kulturelt, sosialt, miljømessig og økonomisk. Sam-
let foreslås et helhetlig og fleksibelt grep som støtter
opp under Åsgårdstrands todelte identitet og legger
til rette for økt bruk, tilhørighet og fellesskap langs
kysten – både for lokalbefolkning og besøkende.This master’s thesis explores how the waterfront of
Åsgårdstrand can be revitalized to strengthen the
town’s identity as both a seaside town and an artists’
town. Through a design-oriented approach grounded
in creative placemaking and site-specific analysis, the
project investigates spatial and experiential strategies
that connect cultural heritage, natural qualities, and
recreational needs. The work is based on analyses of
landscape character, functional and social conditions,
historical layers, and cultural references—with par-
ticular emphasis on Edvard Munch’s presence and the
coastal distinctiveness of the town.
At the core of the project lies the ambition to create a
coherent and inviting waterfront from the marina and
harbour jetty, through the bathing park, and to the
beach in the south. Proposed interventions include
new gathering spaces, improved accessibility, pur-
poseful vegetation strategies, and areas for play and
activity. Surveys, site visits, cartographic analysis, and
historical material together form a broad knowledge
base for the development and selection of design
solutions.
The thesis emphasizes the balance between preser-
vation and renewal, arguing that revitalization is not
about reconstructing the past, but about enhancing
existing qualities and making them relevant today.
Special attention has been given to children and
youth, as well as principles of universal design, in
order to support inclusion, social sustainability, and
quality of life across all age groups.
The project builds on principles of creative placemak-
ing, using spatial strategies to strengthen local iden-
tity, foster engagement, and create meaningful expe-
riences. From this perspective, the aim is to activate
Åsgårdstrand’s waterfront as a shared space shaped
by both its heritage and future potential. The work
also responds to key UN Sustainable Development
Goals and reflects on how place-based development
can generate broad value—culturally, socially, envi-
ronmentally, and economically. Overall, the project
proposes a holistic and adaptable framework that
reinforces Åsgårdstrand’s dual identity and supports
increased use, belonging, and connection along the
coast for both residents and visitors
Automated Detection of Empty Totes in Warehouse Environment
Get PDFEfficient inventory management is crucial in various industrial and
logistics sectors. The use of automated guided vehicles and robotic bin
picking systems has become increasingly important in modern manufacturing
and distribution operations. These systems often rely on computer
vision and Machine Learning (ML) techniques to detect, identify, and
track objects of interest, such as pallets and plastic totes. In this study, a
manual work task in one of Norway’s largest automation warehouses will
be automated using machine vision. Plastic totes in this specific warehouse
needs to be confirmed manually by an operator if the tote is empty
or not. This operation is repeated an average of 15,000 times per day,
and measurements show that each manual confirmation can take up to
two seconds. Automating this task with machine vision presents a good
opportunity to reduce operational time and effort. To solve this task,
we will explore three different Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) as
well as two Red, Green, Blue (RGB) statistical models to classify if the
tote is empty or not. RGB statistical models are based on comparison
of average pixel color intensity. Our CNN models include one custom 7-
layer small model, one MobileNetV2, and one Visual Geometry Group
model VGG16 (VGG16). The last two models will be based on transfer
learning. The image dataset has been collected from the live production
environment. From this collection, a balanced dataset of 400 images has
been used to train our CNN. We will emphasize on a light weight solution
with little delay. All CNNs achieve accuracy above 98% The MobileNetV2
shows very promising results, achieving accuracy up to 100% with an inference
time of only 22ms. The RGB methods can not show the same
accuracy as the CNN but are by far the smallest in size. Our result indicates
that CNN should be well suited to predict if the totes are empty
or not. The high accuracy achieved by all CNN models, especially the
fast and lightweight MobileNetV2, demonstrates CNN is highly suitable
for automating the empty/non-empty tote classification task in the warehouse
environment. Offering a significant improvement in efficiency over
manual inspection
A fish intestinal in vitro model for investigation of lipid metabolism and steatosis
Get PDFCholine is now recognized as an essential nutrient to ensure lipid transport in Atlantic salmon. Its deficiency leads to excessive lipid accumulation in the enterocytes, a condition known as steatosis. The knowledge of lipid metabolism and steatosis in fish remains limited, motivating the use of in vitro intestinal models to perform deeper explorations. This study aimed to create an in vitro steatosis model using RTdi-MI, a new cell line derived from the distal intestine of rainbow trout. Cells were exposed to varying oleic acid (OA) concentrations over different time points (24 h, 72 h, and 168 h). Results indicated that the increasing OA concentration enhanced intracellular lipid droplet formation. Quantitative lipid analysis confirmed OA accumulation, which intensified with prolonged exposure and increased OA dose. Moreover, all cells, including controls, exhibited fatty acid metabolic activity. Such outcome was confirmed by light and fluorescence microscopy. Additionally, RTdi-MI cells expressed genes involved in lipid metabolism and synthesis similar to in vivo conditions. Collectively, our findings demonstrate the ability of RTdi-MI cells to accumulate OA in intracellular lipid droplets and mirror in vivo steatosis conditions, offering a new tool for exploring fish intestinal lipid metabolism.publishedVersio
Nye dietter og fiskehelse : evaluering av immun- og ernæringsmessige virkninger av den filamentøse soppen Paecilomyces variotii i funksjonelle fôr for Atlantisk laks (Salmo salar)
No full textFilamentous fungi Paecilomyces variotii is an interesting microbial ingredient (MI) with high protein content and bioactive compounds such as β-glucans, mannans and nucleic acids. In the past, P. variotii has supported good growth of chicken, pigs and calves by replacing conventional ingredients. However, there is a paucity of research knowledge on the nutritional value and health benefits of P. variotii for fish. Thus, the objective of this thesis was to investigate the nutritional value and health impact of P. variotii in Atlantic salmon with focal interest on the growth performance, gut microbiota, local and systemic immune responses, as well as overall fish health and welfare in both freshwater and seawater under controlled conditions. The P. variotii used in this thesis was produced by Enifer (Espoo, Finland) on sulphite stillage through continuous fermentation and dried at 70 0C using fluidized bed.
Regarding the articles related to this thesis, in paper I, we used a desk study method to review state-of-the-art literature in which in vitro salmonid models have been used to study microbial derived immunostimulants (β-glucans, LPS, dsRNA/poly[I:C]) and economically relevant salmonid pathogens (viruses, bacteria, parasites). We identified their strength and weaknesses and provided future perspectives on 3D models like bioreactors, organ-on-chip, organoids etc. Only partial information is obtained from current in vitro models (mostly 2D); hence they cannot be proxies or direct replacements but suitable complements of in vivo models. The study found several 3D models, where research into which are advanced in mammals but not fish. Future 3D models like gene editing, bioreactors, organ-on-chip models and organoids are interesting models that can be adapted for studies related to fish. Like the 2D models, 3D models in their current state cannot individually replace live animal testing. However, a combination of the 3D models and advanced bioengineering can enhance their usage as possible animal replacement models.
In paper II we characterized the bioactive composition of P. variotii, its bioactivity on primary cultures of salmon head kidney leucocytes (HKLs) and spleen leucocytes (SLs) with or without heat inactivated M. viscosa (an important salmonid pathogen), as well as the impact of downstream processing (DSP) on the ultrastructure of P. variotii. We also investigated the impact of carbon source (sulphite stillage, glucose or glycerol) and choice of fermentation (batch or continuous) on the crude protein (CP) and glucan composition of P. variotii. Glucose or glycerol in combination with batch fermentation significantly increased the glucan but lowered CP contents of P. variotii and vice versa for sulphite stillage together with continuous fermentation. Drying also significantly reduced the thickness of the cell wall and mannan layer of P. variotii which could in turn improve digestibility and access to nutrients. Stimulating HKLs with different fractions of P. variotii induced an early pro-inflammatory (tnfα, il1β) and anti-microbial response (cath2) while in SLs, both pro- and anti-inflammatory response (tnfα, il6 and il10) was induced. Stimulating HKLs and SLs with M. viscosa alone upregulated pro-inflammatory cytokines (tnfα, il1β, il6), antimicrobial response (cath2), and receptors (sclra, sclrb) but suppressed regulatory response (il10). Prolonged co-stimulation (48h) with M. viscosa and P. variotii induced homeostasis (tgfb, il6) and antimicrobial (cath2) response in SLs.
In paper III, to understand the impact of P. variotii on short-term growth performance and health responses, vaccinated Atlantic salmon pre-smolts were fed diets where P. variotii replaced CP from fishmeal (FM), wheat gluten meal (WGM), and soy protein concentrate (SPC) at 0%, 5%, 10% or 20% for 28 days in freshwater (FW). The mycoprotein supported the short-term growth performance of Atlantic salmon and induced a dose-dependent linear improvement of FCR with increasing inclusion of P. variotii. High CP replacement with P. variotii (20%) induced downregulation of receptors and cytokines (sclra, sclrc, cr3, il1b, tgfb) indicative of truncation of signal transduction in the distal intestine (DI). In the head kidney (HK), P. variotii activated and controlled immune response through c-type lectin receptors, signal molecules, cytokines, effector molecules, and coordinated communication between innate and adaptive immune response through antigen presenting cell markers (mhcii, cd83) and T cell transcription factors (gata3, rorc, foxp3). Interestingly, the HK proteomic profile of fish fed the 20% P. variotii diet showed reduced proteins related to inflammation (apoptosis, necroptosis etc), and signalling (TLRs, CLRs etc) contrary to the gene expression data. However, these proteins were increased in the skin mucus with other key proteins related to the complement activation (C1q, C4, C7), arginine and proline metabolism. Fish fed diets with CP replacement with 5% P. variotii showed high titres of specific IgM against V. anguillarum in the serum. Finally, 5% and 10% CP replacement with P. variotii increased both the α- and β-diversity and modulated lactic acid bacteria (LAB), including Ligilactobacillus.
In paper IV, the fish from freshwater were transferred to saltwater (SW) and fed for additional 35 days with the same diets as in FW (paper III). The results indicate that P. variotii supports the short-term growth performance of Atlantic salmon post-smolts. Increasing inclusion of P. variotii in diets increased the DI simple fold height but reduced the area of epithelium occupied by goblet cells (GCs). Again, 5% CP replacement with P. variotii decreased the average size of supranuclear vacuoles in the DI of the fish. In addition, 20% CP replacement with P. variotii increased serum and skin mucus total IgM titres while 5% CP replacement with P. variotii increased epidermal muc-like proteins and cytokine il10 in the HK of the fish compared with the control diet group. We also observed a significantly lower serum creatine kinase (CK) in fish fed the 20% CP replacement diet compared with the control diet. Interestingly, we observed a high occurrence of welfare disorders (e.g., scale loss, fin rot/damage, skin haemorrhage) in fish fed the 20% CP replacement with P. variotii. Based on the results, it can be concluded that P. variotii is a promising novel MI whose nutritional and functional composition can support fish growth and meet the prophylactic needs of salmonids. Thus, beyond the nutritional value of P. variotii, its functional potential can be harnessed through immuno-nutritional strategies to improve the health and welfare of farmed salmonids in sustainable and eco-friendly manner
Hvordan forstår og vurderer kommunale avdelinger jordskifterettens rolle i eiendomssaker? Hvilke faktorer påvirker om kommunene henviser saker til jordskifteretten, eller forsøker å håndtere dem internt?
Get PDFDenne masteroppgaven undersøker hvordan norske kommuner forstår og vurderer jordskifterettens rolle i eiendomssaker. Gjennom kvalitative intervjuer med ansatte i fire kommuner (Fredrikstad, Hvaler, Moss og Sarpsborg) analyseres hvordan ulike avdelinger – som oppmåling, plan, teknisk drift og eiendomsforvaltning – forholder seg til jordskifteretten i praksis. Studien viser at kunnskapen om rettens virkemidler ofte er personavhengig og lite systematisert. Kommunene forsøker ofte å løse saker internt, og terskelen for å henvise til jordskifteretten påvirkes av faktorer som erfaring, tid, ressurser og interne rutiner. Studien identifiserer et behov for bedre kompetansedeling, etablering av tydeligere rutiner og styrket kontakt mellom kommunal forvaltning og jordskifteretten.This master's thesis explores how Norwegian municipalities understand and evaluate the role of the Land Consolidation Court in property-related cases. Through qualitative interviews with employees from four municipalities (Fredrikstad, Hvaler, Moss, and Sarpsborg), the study examines how different municipal departments—such as surveying, planning, technical operations, and property management—interact with the court in practice. The findings reveal that knowledge of the court's legal tools is often individual-based and lacks institutional anchoring. Municipalities tend to resolve cases internally, and the decision to refer a case to the Land Consolidation Court is influenced by factors such as personal experience, resource constraints, time considerations, and the absence of formal procedures. The study highlights the need for improved competence-sharing, clearer internal routines, and stronger collaboration between local government and the court system
