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Bærekraft i logistikkbransjen: En kvalitativ studie av hvordan logistikkbedrifter i Norge jobber med bærekraft
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Implementing national support programmes for sustainable urban mobility plans in a multilevel governance context
Get PDFSustainable Urban Mobility Plans (SUMPs) are a new approach to local transport planning strongly promoted by the European Commission and increasingly adopted around Europe. They exist, however, in a largely national legal and financial framework, one which varies greatly between countries. In recent years many countries have developed national programmes to support the development of SUMPs within their national framework. The paper explains the role of SUMP national supporting programmes by relating them to key factors that are critical to the success of SUMP development. It also seeks to understand how the national programmes that exist are improving; challenges related to development of SUMPs in complex multilevel governance contexts; and the degree of support provided by the programmes within this context. To answer these questions a two-stage methodology was used. The first element was a questionnaire survey focused on the existence and state of national SUMP programmes in several EU/EEA member states or regions. The second element was interviews with SUMP experts in four countries selected to represent the experienced, the new and active, and the new but less active, in terms of their activity with SUMP national programmes. The results show that the national SUMP supporting programmes in the countries surveyed and interviewed do not fully address the factors which have been identified as being critical to the success of SUMP development and implementation. The overall picture of national SUMP supporting frameworks is one where most of such frameworks are still in the early stages of development. On the other hand, the relatively small impact of the national SUMP supporting programme was seen as less of a barrier to SUMP implementation in most of the countries than lack of funds and public opposition to contentious transport measures. Keywords: Sustainable urban mobility plan, national support programme, multilevel governance, national government, local governmentpublishedVersio
Is there an association between salivary cortisol and dropping out of inpatient substance addiction treatments? : a prospective repeated measures study
Get PDFSeveral studies have found an association between salivary cortisol levels and dropping out of inpatient substance addiction treatment programs. The results are mixed due to variations in the study design and the lack of standardized routines for cortisol assessment. The aim of this study was to investigate whether there was (1) an association between salivary cortisol levels and dropping out from inpatient substance addiction treatments; (2) higher predictive validity for dropout in one of the cortisol indexes: Area Under the Curve with respect to ground (AUCG) or Daily Cortisol Slope (DCS); (3) an interaction effect with time for each cortisol index; and (4) different dropout rates for sex and patients in short-term versus long-term treatment programs. This was a prospective, repeated-measures observational study. Patients (n = 173) were recruited from 2 inpatient facilities in the central region of Norway between 2018 and 2021. Salivary cortisol was measured 4 times during the treatment period, with 8 samples collected over 2 consecutive days at each time point. Cortisol levels were calculated using the cortisol indices AUCG and DCS. Dropout was used as the outcome measure at each time point. Associations were calculated using a logistic linear regression. The results suggest a main effect of AUCG, whereby higher levels reduce dropout risk (OR = 0.92, P = .047). An interaction with time in treatment also revealed a higher dropout risk (OR = 1.09, P = .044) during week 4 of the treatment, depending on the AUCG. These results support using AUCG as the recommended index when assessing cortisol, and that the relationship between cortisol levels and length of treatment should be further investigated. Keywords: inpatient treatment, dropout, physiological stress, salivary cortisol, prospective study, biomarker, repeated measures, substance additionpublishedVersio
Stress detection using experience sampling : a systematic mapping study
Get PDFStress has been designated the “Health Epidemic of the 21st Century” by the World Health Organization and negatively affects the quality of individuals’ lives by detracting most body systems. In today’s world, different methods are used to track and measure various types of stress. Among these techniques, experience sampling is a unique method for studying everyday stress, which can affect employees’ performance and even their health by threatening them emotionally and physically. The main advantage of experience sampling is that evaluating instantaneous experiences causes less memory bias than traditional retroactive measures. Further, it allows the exploration of temporal relationships in subjective experiences. The objective of this paper is to structure, analyze, and characterize the state of the art of available literature in the field of surveillance of work stress via the experience sampling method. We used the formal research methodology of systematic mapping to conduct a breadth-first review. We found 358 papers between 2010 and 2021 that are classified with respect to focus, research type, and contribution type. The resulting research landscape summarizes the opportunities and challenges of utilizing the experience sampling method on stress detection for practitioners and academics.publishedVersio
Attributes impacting cybersecurity policy development : an evidence from seven nations
Get PDFCyber threats have risen as a result of the growing usage of the Internet. Organizations must have effective cybersecurity policies in place to respond to escalating cyber threats. Individual users and corporations are not the only ones who are affected by cyber-attacks; national security is also a serious concern. Different nations' cybersecurity rules make it simpler for cybercriminals to carry out damaging actions while making it tougher for governments to track them down. Hence, a comprehensive cybersecurity policy is needed to enable governments to take a proactive approach to all types of cyber threats. This study investigates cybersecurity regulations and attributes used in seven nations in an attempt to fill this research gap. This paper identified fourteen common cybersecurity attributes such as telecommunication, network, Cloud computing, online banking, E-commerce, identity theft, privacy, and smart grid. Some nations seemed to focus, based on the study of key available policies, on certain cybersecurity attributes more than others. For example, the USA has scored the highest in terms of online banking policy, but Canada has scored the highest in terms of E-commerce and spam policies. Identifying the common policies across several nations may assist academics and policymakers in developing cybersecurity policies. A survey of other nations' cybersecurity policies might be included in the future research.publishedVersio