NHH Brage (Norges Handelshøyskole)
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Tillitsbasert ledelse i barnehagen : En kvalitativ studie om tillitsbasert ledelse i barnehager der én styrer har ansvar for to barnehager
Full text linkFormålet med denne studien var å undersøke hvordan styrere med ansvar for to barnehager, bevisst eller ubevisst, utøver tillitsbasert ledelse, med særlig fokus på begrepene autonomi, tillit, kontroll og risiko. På forhånd antok vi at styrere med ansvar for to barnehager i større grad var avhengig av å gi autonomi og tillit til sine medarbeidere, sammenlignet med styrere som hadde ansvar for kun én barnehage.
Gjennom kvalitative intervjuer har vi samlet data fra syv styrere med erfaring i å lede to barnehager samtidig. For å belyse problemstillingen har vi utviklet relevante forskningsspørsmål, som vil fungere som styrende temaer i de følgende kapitlene.
Funnene våre indikerer at styrere for to barnehager i stor grad er opptatt av å gi både autonomi og tillit til sine medarbeidere, samtidig som de har et bevisst forhold til de risikoene dette kan medføre. Videre legger de også vekt på å opprettholde kontroll, noe de gjør på ulike måter. Et interessant funn i denne studien er at autonomi og tillit fordeles ulikt mellom barnehagene, og at styrerne gjør taktiske vurderinger i valget av hvem de gir autonomi og tillit til. I tillegg tyder funnene på at det er lettere å praktisere tillitsbasert ledelse når styreren har ansvar for kun én barnehage.nhhma
The Shadow of Uncertainty: Climate Policy and the Value of Petroleum Resources
Full text linkWe study how perceived uncertainty associated with future decarbonization policy affects the valuation and management of oil resources. We develop a novel Climate Policy Uncertainty (CPU) index for Norway and embed it within a structural model of extraction and exploration, estimated using field-level data from the Norwegian Continental Shelf. Our findings indicate that elevated policy risk reduces the shadow prices of both discovered and undiscovered oil reserves, especially in the period following the 2015 Paris Agreement, thereby weakening incentives to extract and explore. This decline corresponds to an implicit average carbon cost of approximately USD 6 per tonne of carbon dioxide, reaching up USD 24 per tonne of carbon dioxide. Unlike a Pigouvian tax, this implicit cost does not scale with emissions intensity or generate fiscal revenue, resulting in a diffuse and economically inefficient reduction in fossil fuel production and emissions and a net welfare loss
The Sufficient Statistics Approach Applied To International Tax Policy
Full text linkThis paper extends the sufficient statistics approach to study international tax policy. International policy differs from domestic policies because i.) from the perspective of domestic policy makers the welfare weight on foreign agents lies below that of domestic agents, and ii.) behavioral changes by foreign agents have (general equilibrium) spillover effects on the domestic economy that are welfare relevant. I develop a tax model in which a domestic firm produces output by combining domestic and foreign inputs. Production also depends on the aggregate level of the foreign input, thereby generating a production externality. Factor prices are determined in general equilibrium by the interplay between the firm’s demand for factors and the supply provided by foreign and domestic private agents. The firm is taxed based on its factor inputs and factor prices but can avoid taxation using a costly tax avoidance technology. The cost of avoidance partly depends on investment in tax administration. Welfare is defined as a weighted sum of tax revenue and the surpluses of private domestic and foreign agents. I examine the welfare effects of marginal increases in both the tax rate and tax administration. These effects decompose into contributions to the production and fiscal externality and to transfers between domestic agents and the government, as well as between foreign and domestic agents. The sufficient statistics needed for welfare analysis are the elasticity of taxable income, the elasticity of factor prices, and the elasticity of the foreign input with respect to the policy variable of interest
Risk taking on behalf of others: Does the timing of uncertainty revelation matter?
Full text linkUsing a large, probability-based online panel representative of the general population in Norway, we examine how varying delays in the revelation of uncertainty affect risk-taking on behalf of others. We find a precisely estimated null effect of revelation delay on the average proportion choosing a lottery over a safe alternative. A hierarchical Bayesian model of rank-dependent utility also reveals no differences in underlying decision processes across conditions. However, we do observe a paternalistic tendency: participants place greater weight on their own risk preferences than on those they believe others to hold
Conversation logs as a source of insight: Predicting user satisfaction for customer service chatbots
Full text linkPredicting user satisfaction for chatbots in customer service operations is important for their successful uptake. Based on chatbot conversation logs and corresponding satisfaction scores from a much used intent-based customer service chatbot, we developed models for predicting user satisfaction on the basis of conversation log data. We found significant covariation between satisfaction and conversation characteristics reflecting in the log data, suggesting efficient chatbot interactions. We found a prediction model including data on generic conversation characteristics, such as the number of user messages and predicted intents, to explain 10% of the variation in user satisfaction. A model also including domain-specific information in addition to generic conversation characteristics, specifically on the types of predicted chatbot intents, explained 27% of the variation. Substantial variation in prediction model performance was identified between different areas of support, suggesting the need to tailor prediction models to different areas of support provided. We conclude by discussing the implications of our findings and suggesting further research.Conversation logs as a source of insight: Predicting user satisfaction for customer service chatbotsacceptedVersio
Equality, Diversity and Inclusion in Corporations: The Case of Global Paternity Leave
Full text linkThis PhD thesis provides insights into the communication and perception of a new global paternity
leave policy, emphasising the corporate discourses and the experiences of father employees. The
trigger point for the investigation was that four multinational corporations (MNCs) introduced paid
paternity leave globally (in 2017 and 2019). The implementation of this type of policy has increasing
relevance for companies from an inclusion perspective. A current gender equality issue across
countries is how to reduce the gender pay gap, which increases when women reach childbearing age
(Bütikofer, Jensen, & Salvanes, 2018). Coincidentally, gender pay gap reporting was made
compulsory for companies in the UK in 2017 and in Norway in 2020, the two countries where the
MNCs in this study are headquartered. There is growing awareness in many countries that to achieve
gender equality in paid work, we may need to emphasise gender equality regarding infant caregiving
(Earle, Raub, Sprague, & Heymann, 2023). From a research perspective, paternity leave has become
increasingly relevant as more than 50% of paternity leave research has been carried out since 2016
(Pizarro & Gartzia, 2023). So far, paternity leave research has mainly focused on national leave
regulations or fathers’ experiences in one or two countries. The current thesis contributes to the
extant literature by presenting and discussing a global corporate approach to paternity leave and
how employees from diverse cultural backgrounds experience it. Corporate texts are analysed to
provide insights into the communication of global paternity leave in the four MNCs. Furthermore,
interview data provide insights into father employees’ and managers’ experiences of the policy. The
thesis consists of three empirical papers that, together with the introductory chapter, emphasise the
following three overarching research aims: (i) Investigate how the four MNCs communicate the offer
of global paternity leave within the organisation, (ii) explore how father employees who have taken
paternity leave perceive and experience such a policy, and (iii) find out how the leave policy is
implemented. A critical insight from the first paper, Standardising Fatherhood across Cultures: A
Linguistic Approach to Studying the Communication of a New Global Company Policy in Multinational
Corporations (Bamford, 2022), is that there is tension between focusing on the aspect of gender
equality and that of inclusion when justifying the new measure. The paper contributes to the cross fertilisation of linguistics and diversity management communication and demonstrates the
importance of linguistic choices when communicating diversity management strategies. A critical
insight from the second paper, Global Paternity Leave in four MNCs: a facilitator of paternal agency?
is that the leave contributes to empowering fathers to become more involved parents. Specifically,
the paper contributes to the literature on paternity leave by classifying leave-taking fathers along
two dimensions: whether they took full or reduced leave and whether they experienced shared or
sole care of the child(ren). One critical insight from the third paper, Global Paternity Leave as a DEI
initiative in four Multinational Corporations, is that for the policy to be successful, the leave needs to
make sense to the individual father and must be supported by the corporate structure as well as the
work culture. The overall contribution is threefold: (1) to extend the diversity management (DM)
literature towards a corporate measure advocating inclusion beyond typical minority groups; (2) to
extend our understanding of male agency; and (3) introduce a framework for successful global
paternity leave implementation across the four MNC
Firms’ Beliefs About Wage Setting
Full text linkThis paper yields new insights into why similar workers are paid differently by surveying a representative sample of Danish firms and linking responses to administrative data. We find that a substantial minority of firms, about 18 percent, have inaccurate beliefs about their position in the wage distribution. Inaccurate beliefs are more likely to occur in smaller firms. To study the implications of firms’ inaccurate beliefs, we build a simple model with monopsonistic firms. Using our survey, we elicit firms’ motives for setting high wages. The dominant motive aligns with wage-posting models, i.e., retaining and attracting new employees. The least common motive is compensating for negative job characteristics
Recursive utility and jump-diffusions
Full text linkWe consider agents in an exchange economy having preferences represented by scale invariant recursive utility, where the dynamics of both consumption and risky assets are given by jump-diffusions. In this setting we find state prices, where both diffusion and jump-size risk are priced. By including jumps, the theory has the potential to model insurance markets, as well as ordinary securities’ markets. In the latter case, we derive the equilibrium, real interest rate and risk premiums. In the former case we consider catastrophe futures related to negative shocks in consumption. We use the stochastic maximum principle to analyze the model. This method uses forward/backward stochastic differential equations, and seems indispensable in this theory
Do Informed Consumers Pay Less? Evidence from a Survey with Linked Grocery Purchase Data
Full text linkThis paper examines how consumer price knowledge affects shopping behavior and the prices consumers pay in grocery markets. We combine survey-based price recall data from over 2000 Norwegian households — yielding over 70 000 price recalls across two grocery chains and 24 products—with 18 months of of linked individual-level transaction histories. Better-informed consumers—those who recall prices more accurately—pay lower prices by timing purchases to coincide with sales. A 10 percentage point increase in price knowledge (approximately the interquartile range) is associated with a 1:3 percentage point reduction in prices paid. Our results provide direct support for the central mechanism in Varian’s (1980) model of sales: that informed consumers pay lower prices by exploiting temporary discounts. We also find that consumers who are more active in seeking information about prices have higher price knowledge. Taken together, and with the caveat that we are only considering consumer responses here, our results suggest that policies or tools that help consumers learn about prices may be effective in enhancing competition. Our findings also speak to a marketing literature that seeks to measure and explain consumer price knowledge. By linking survey data to actual shopping behavior, we contribute to this literature by demonstrating that shopping behavior and attitudes are stronger predictors of price knowledge than demographic characteristics