Jurnal Online STTKD (Sekolah Tinggi Teknologi Kedirgantaraan)
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Relationship Between Bilingual Experiences and Social Biases: The Moderating Role of Motivation to Respond Without Prejudice
No full textPrevious studies have reported fewer social biases in bilinguals compared to monolinguals. However, it is unclear whether the expression of social biases varies across the bilingualism spectrum. This paper investigates the connections between different dimensions of bilingual experience and the expression of explicit bias. We analysed the responses of 389 bilinguals to a battery of questionnaires on bilingual and multicultural experiences, explicit bias, internal and external motivation to respond without prejudice, and executive control. The results show that more diverse language-use and language-learning experiences were associated with lower explicit bias among bilinguals who had lower internal motivation to respond without prejudice (i.e., motivation driven by personal values). This study presents novel evidence on the relationships between bilingual experiences and the expression of social biases
An Insight into Humans Helping Robots: The Role of Knowledge, Attitudes, Anthropomorphic Cues, and Context of Use
No full textRobots are increasingly present in our society. Their successful integration depends, however, on understanding and fostering pro-social behavior towards robots, in this case, helping. To better understand people’s reported willingness to help robots across different contexts (delivery, medical, service, and security), we conducted two preregistered studies on a German-speaking population (N = 415, and N = 542, representative of age and gender). We assessed attitudes, knowledge about robots, and anthropomorphism and investigated their effect on reported willingness to help. Results show that positive attitudes significantly predicted reported higher willingness to help. Contrary to our hypothesis, having more knowledge about robots increased reported willingness to help. Additionally, we found no effect of anthropomorphism, neither in the form of robot appearance nor as participant’s own view about robots, on reported willingness to help. Furthermore, results point to a context-dependency for willingness to help with participants preferring to help robots in a medical context compared to a security one, for example. Our findings thus highlight the relevance of knowledge and attitudes in understanding helping behavior towards robots. Additionally, our results raise questions about the relevance of anthropomorphism in pro-sociality towards robots
Household Perceptions, Practices, and Experiences with Real-world Alternating Dual-Pit Latrines Treated with Storage and Lime in Rural Cambodia
No full textSafely managed sanitation (SMS) has been difficult to achieve in resource-limited rural areas. To support achieving sustained SMS in rural Cambodia, iDE introduced the alternating dual-pit latrine (ADP), which treats fecal sludge (FS) on-site to reduce microbial hazards using storage and lime while maintaining latrine functionality. However, FS can only be safely managed with ADPs if households perform a set of recommended practices in a certain order, particularly regarding how and when they switch between pits. To understand how real-world household sanitation practices and knowledge affect on-site FS treatment at scale, we surveyed 765 rural households with ADPs across five of 25 Cambodian provinces. Response frequencies, descriptive statistics, and regressions with five multi-factor indices that describe households’ practices and attitudes related to ADPs and ultimately safe FS treatment were calculated. Despite training at the time of purchase, three in five households did not recall how long treatment must proceed until emptying can be performed safely, and no household actually waited the recommended two years to empty their pits. While households appreciated the advantages of owning an ADP, such as reduced costs and required land area compared to single-pit latrines over time, no household followed recommended treatment practices, which could have serious health and environmental implications. Household practices also varied by province, flood proneness, education, and other factors, adding complexity to how to mitigate these issues; for example, completing formal education surprisingly reduced compliance with recommended ADP practices. Household behaviors have a strong impact on the success of on-site sanitation systems in rural areas achieving sustained SMS. Increased access to affordable and safe emptying service providers could allow households to empty and switch the pits of their ADPs, and safely dispose of FS in-situ based on the duration of treatment. Household practices when operating on-site sanitation systems must also be considered when designing such systems and monitoring for SMS once such systems are installed
Precise Solution to Zeno’s Paradox of the Arrow by Discrete Motion Model
No full textWhile pondering the conundrum of the Michelson-Morley experiment, Einstein surmised that “time was suspect”. Despite its success, his Special Theory of Relativity (STR) bore new conundrums. This suggests that not time but perhaps our prevailing model of motion is suspect: i.e. motion is discrete but we perceive and treat it as continuous. Accordingly, we herein sought to propose a model of discrete motion that can reproduce the success of STR without the conundrums. We found that it comes with a bonus: it resolves Zeno’s paradoxes too. After discussion of the model, we present a conclusion and recommendation for further study
Prosopagnosia is highly comorbid in individuals with probable developmental coordination disorder (DCD)
No full textDevelopmental co-ordination disorder (DCD) is characterised by difficulties in motor control and coordination from early childhood. While problems processing facial identity are often associated with neurodevelopmental conditions, such issues have never been directly tested in adults with DCD. We tested this possibility through a range of tasks, and assessed the prevalence of developmental prosopagnosia (i.e., lifelong difficulties with faces), in a group comprising individuals who self-reported a diagnosis of, or suspected that they had, DCD. Strikingly, we found 56% of this probable DCD group met recently recommended criteria for a diagnosis of prosopagnosia, with 22% acquiring a diagnosis using traditional cognitive task-based methods. Moreover, their problems with faces were apparent on both unfamiliar and familiar face memory tests, as well as on a facial perception task (i.e., could they tell faces apart). Positive correlations were found between self-report measures assessing movement and coordination problems, and objective difficulties on experimental face identity processing tasks, suggesting widespread neurocognitive disruption in DCD. Importantly, some issues in identity processing in our probable DCD group remained even after excluding participants with comorbid conditions traditionally associated with difficulties in face recognition, i.e., autism and dyslexia. We recommend that any diagnostic test for DCD should include an assessment for prosopagnosia. Given the high prevalence of prosopagnosia in our probable DCD group, and the positive correlations between DCD and prosopagnosia symptoms, there may be a stronger link between movement and facial identity abilities than previously thought
Visualizing the Invisible Tie: Linking Parent-Child Neural Synchrony to Parents’ and Children’s Attachment Representations
No full textIt is a central tenet of attachment theory that individual differences in attachment representations organize behavior during social interactions. Secure attachment representations also facilitate behavioral synchrony, a key component of adaptive parent-child interactions. Yet, the dynamic neural processes underlying these interactions and the potential role of attachment representations remain largely unknown. A growing body of research indicates that interpersonal neural synchrony (INS) could be a potential neurobiological correlate of high interaction and relationship quality. In this study, we examined whether interpersonal neural and behavioral synchrony during parent-child interaction are associated with parent and child attachment representations. In total, 140 parents (74 mothers and 66 fathers) and their children (age 5-6 years; 60 girls and 80 boys) engaged in cooperative versus individual problem-solving. INS in frontal and temporal regions was assessed with functional near-infrared spectroscopy hyperscanning. Attachment representations were ascertained by means of the Adult Attachment Interview in parents and a story-completion task in children, alongside video-coded behavioral synchrony. Findings revealed increased INS during cooperative versus individual problem solving across all dyads (2(2)=9.37, p=.009). Remarkably, individual differences in attachment representations were associated with INS but not behavioral synchrony (p>.159) during cooperation. More specifically, insecure maternal attachment representations were related to higher mother-child INS in frontal regions (2(3)=9.18, p=.027). Conversely, secure daughter attachment representations were related to higher daughter-parent INS within temporal regions (2(3)=12.58, p=.006). Our data thus provide further indication for INS as a promising correlate to probe the neurobiological underpinnings of attachment representations in the context of early parent-child interactions
Trends in Pediatric Palliative Care Research (TPPCR) 2023; Issue #4: Commentary on Fields et al.
No full textThis TPPCR commentary discusses the 2023 paper by Fields et al., “What does 'good' palliative care look like for children and young people? A qualitative study of parents' experiences and perspectives” published in Palliative Medicine
Illustrating and Enacting a Critical Quantitative Approach to Measurement with MIMIC models
No full textQuantitative methodology and the field of measurement have racist, sexist, and eugenicist histories. These histories have led many to abandon quantitative methods, believing that achieving equity is not possible with methods developed to propagate oppression. However, more critical and emerging scholarship has begun to articulate a Critical Quantitative (CQ) perspective. This paper aims to move beyond the critique of quantitative methods and to consolidate this emerging CQ literature, by articulating specific applications and enactments of a CQ framework. To do so, this paper articulates five guiding principles (i.e., foundation, goals, parity, subjectivity, and self-reflexivity) and details how CQ can address racism and inequity. We then use two examples to illustrate how CQ researchers can use MIMIC models to identify and mitigate racist uses of measurements. Finally, we note that while CQ can help scholars identify and mitigate how racism permeates measurement, this is not the same as directly intervening on the interlocking systems of inequality that perpetuate racism, anti-Blackness, and other forms of oppression that constrain humanity and opportunity
A note on electromagnetic energy in the context of cosmology
No full textThe density of electromagnetic energy and its flux are given by the well-known formulas which are widely used in classical electrodynamics. We rederive these formulas in the framework of special relativity and then extend them to the context of cosmology with the Big Bang
Achievement Goals: The Past Present, and Possible Future of Achievement Goal Research in the Context of Learning and Teaching
No full textThe achievement goal approach is a particularly prominent approach to study differences in motivation. Rooted in the works developed by seminal achievement goal theorists in the 1980s, a wealth of knowledge has been gained about the characteristics, antecedents, and consequences of goal pursuit. Beyond this, achievement goal research is continuously expanding, with multiple recent theoretical developments and accompanying empirical realizations. This chapter presents an overview of the origins of achievement goal research and noteworthy theoretical developments to explain (1) how achievement goals can be conceptualized, (2) which types of goals are distinguishable and relevant, and (3) how they are pursued. Within this chapter, a focus is placed on students and teachers, including systematic differences between different learning and teaching contexts and how they can contribute to answer open questions in achievement goal research. Special attention is also paid to key emerging lines of research in the literature, including reasons behind goals and goal complexes, multiple goal pursuit and goal profiles, and generality and specificity of goal pursuit—paired with a discussion of the relevance of these issues for the design of empirical studies and the operationalisation of achievement goals