Jurnal Online STTKD (Sekolah Tinggi Teknologi Kedirgantaraan)
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Predictive Processing and the Epistemological Hypothesis: Solving the Hard Problem of Consciousness by Simulating a Brain Facing It
No full textWhen we say that a theory is able to account for our subjective experience, we simply mean that if this theory were true—e.g., if our brain were as this theory stipulates—then our subjective experience would be indeed as we experience it. A scientist would formulate this idea using the notions of observation and prediction: A theory is able to account for our subjective experience if and only if it is able to predict first-person observations. Several thought experiments suggest that current theories are unable to make such predictions. For example, if we had never seen colors in our lives and therefore did not know what the color blue looks like, these theories would not allow us to deduce (i.e., predict) what it is like to see blue. This well-known problem is often called the hard problem of consciousness (HPC). Here, we address this problem through the lens of the epistemological hypothesis. Under the epistemological hypothesis, the HPC no longer reflects the inability of our theories to predict first-person observations; it reflects our inability to deduce what these theories imply regarding first-person observations. The HPC then becomes an epistemological problem that can be formulated as follows: If we are unable to deduce what a theory implies regarding first-person observations, how can we know whether this theory is able to account for first-person observations? In this paper, we outline a method to test experimentally the epistemological hypothesis and to solve the HPC. Notably, this method makes it possible to test any identity hypothesis. We then highlight the remarkable compatibility between this method and the theoretical framework of predictive processing. We show that a theory of consciousness based on predictive processing implies the epistemological hypothesis—this theory predicts that we are unable to deduce its own implications regarding first-person observations. Finally, this work suggests that the theoretical framework of predictive processing may already have the resources to simulate a brain facing the HPC
Consumer Responses to `Favorite' Product Removal: Evidence from Beverage Vending Machines
No full textHow do consumers react when their favorite product is removed? This paper investigates this question by analyzing individual purchase data from vending machines in Tokyo train stations. We find that the decrease in demand at a consumer’s favorite machine is largely offset by an increase in demand at nonfavorite machines. Surprisingly, demand also increased for products in categories different from that of the removed product. This finding led us to discover that the removal intervention boosted consumer exploration and learning: consumers became more likely to try new products and switch their choices. We posit that prior to the removal, consumers purchased their favorite product at least somewhat out of habit (i.e., an autopilot mode). We also find that high varietyseekers are more likely to choose a substitute at their favorite vending machine, whereas low variety-seekers tend to search for their favorite product at other locations. Although exploration behavior increased uniformly, product switching rose significantly only for low variety-seekers. This suggests that the boosted exploration may mainly benefit high variety-seekers, as it helps them find more products that match their preferences
The Human-Machine Evo-ecosystem; the emergence of a non-life species that adapts through the algorithm and not DNA or RNA: Is our human DNA ready?
No full textSince the dawn of life on planet Earth living organisms have succeeded to perpetuate by producing offspring and adapting to environments through DNA or RNA. The evolution of Artificial Intelligence (AI) from narrow forms to unconstrained forms is leading to the emergence of autonomous, self-evolving, unconstrained AI. This type of AI in the form of humanoids will give birth to a non-life species (NLS) that evolves through the algorithm and not DNA or RNA. The NLS humanoids will be at par or surpass human intelligence and at human ecology level will compete with humans in the same habitat and niche resulting in a human-machine evo-ecosystem. This Perspective discusses the issues related to the human-machine evo-ecosystem and proposes potential way-forwards in managing the AI human-machine evo-ecosystem. The Perspective is intended for igniting discussions and debates around this emerging topic
God, Welfare, and Risk
No full textWeb-based study were we investigate the impact of reminders of God and public welfare on risk-taking behaviours
Lazy Bureaucrats? Studying stereotypes of civil servants across countries
No full textThis study examines whether a universal public sector stereotype exists by investigating similarities and differences cross-nationally and by different types of jobs. Dedicated public sector workers are crucial for a well-functioning society. We all depend on them for our safety, health and mobility. However, public sector workers are constantly portrayed as lazy, incompetent and even evil (Goodsell, 2004). In Western countries, the expression of negative stereotypes is even quite commonly accepted. These stereotypes, however, could negatively affect public sector workers in their performance work and wellbeing (Spencer et al., 2016). Furthermore, it is not clear to what extent these negative stereotypes are shared among citizens across different countries nor whether they differ by type of worker, such as police officers or judges. This study answers the following research questions:
- Which stereotypes exist among citizens about public sector workers?
- How do these stereotypes differ between different public sector occupations? (Public sector workers generally, police officers, judges, and tax officials. Private sector workers will be used as a reference group.)
- How do these stereotypes differ between countries with markedly different administrative traditions (South Korea, Canada, the United States, and the Netherlands)
Perceived risk, risk exposure, advice compliance, and mental health consequences among former COVID-19 patients.
No full textA short survey asking former COVID-19 patients to recall their behavior and perceived risk of infection in the time immediately before they got infected. The survey also includes items about worry and stress due to COVID-19 in the time since they recovered from the disease. The data will be compared to similar survey data from a nationally representative sample and a non-COVID sample collected at the emergency room
PPT mechanisms study
No full textthe contents of this pre-registration and the associated materials are attached to the files section of this project component. In this study, we test whether and why participants prefer ingroup targets who seek, rather than oppose, the perspectives of the participants' political opponents
iJobs – An Online Implementation of the JOBS II Program for Fostering Reemployment: A Feasibility and Acceptability Study
No full textThe current study aimed to test the feasibility and acceptability of iJobs, an online adaptation of the JOBS II program. iJobs is a two-week internet intervention for the unemployed, consisting of five modules. This study is an open-label trial with an uncontrolled, within-group, pre-posttest, and follow-up design. Out of the 56 participants allocated to the intervention, 36 completed (Mage=25 years; 57.1% females) the post-test (36% dropout), and 34 the three months follow-up. The protocol-compliant participants followed the modules with great engagement (mean quality of assignments completion above 4 points out of 5 for each module). The online platform's usability was high (84.86 points out of 100). Participants reported high overall satisfaction with the program. Our results suggest that iJobs is a feasible intervention and was accepted by its beneficiaries. Relative to baseline, inoculation against setbacks (d = .64), job search self-efficacy (d = .50), and self-esteem (d = .28) increased significantly, while future career anxiety in the COVID-19 context decreased significantly (d = .34). No significant differences were found for depression, anxiety, and job-search behaviors. At three months follow-up, 55.9% of the participants found employment, 5.9% were in a job selection process, and 38.2% were still unemployed. Job satisfaction was high among the employed
Enhancing Online Speech and Language Assessment: Item Development for the Remote Adult Language Experiment (ReAL-E) Tool
No full textPurpose: Recent technological advancements in psychology have yielded multiple unsupervised online tools for measuring cognitive skills. However, these tools do not measure key features of communication abilities in adults, such as productive speech or oral language. To address this gap, we developed the Remote Adult Language Experiment (ReAL-E) using a three-step approach that incorporates domain identification, expert evaluation, and piloting testing.
Method: Step 1 focused on domain and task identification by collaborating with experts and reviewing the literature. Step 2 included two rounds of evaluation by content and lay experts to assess the initial tool design, identify areas for refinement, and solicit feedback for desired features. Step 3 involved piloting the tool in a sample of adults recruited online.
Results: The ReAL-E tool adapted three speech planning and production tasks and four oral and written language tasks into online versions. Feedback from content and lay experts led to significant improvements, including enhanced task instructions, presentation modifications, and the incorporation of features to address potential confounds. Pilot testing demonstrated that adults perform within expected ranges, and five out of seven tasks had good to excellent preliminary reliability.
Conclusion: The development of the ReAL-E tool contributes to the field by offering a scalable, efficient method for assessing a broad range of communication skills in adults, paving the way for future research and clinical applications in developmental communication disorders. Our study underscores the collaborative effort and innovative approach required for creating a digital assessment tool that promises to expand research capabilities and improve diagnostic processes in the discipline