Jurnal Online STTKD (Sekolah Tinggi Teknologi Kedirgantaraan)
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Control processes of cross- and within-language interference — A replication of Liu et al. (2019)
No full textLanguage control is an essential cognitive process that allows bilinguals to fluently produce language by reducing cross-language interference. Yet, it remains unclear whether the control processes implemented when reducing cross-language interference are similar to those when reducing within-language interference. Since prior research has shown contradictory results, we set out to investigate this issue further based on a combination of language switch costs, as a measure of control processes resolving cross-language interference, and Stroop incongruency, as a measure of control processes resolving within-language interference. Relying on a range of statistical techniques, the results across three experiments, including a replication of Experiment 1 of Liu et al. (2019), testing three different groups of bilinguals (i.e., Dutch-English, Arabic-English, and Chinese-English) showed no clear interaction between language switch costs and Stroop incongruency, and neither was this pattern influenced by language dominance. These results are more in line with the claim that control processes implemented to reduce cross- and within-language interference are separate or occur in separate stages of processing
Integrating word-form representations with global similarity computation in recognition memory
No full textIn recognition memory, retrieval is thought to occur by computing the global similarity of the probe to each of the studied items. However, to date, very few global similarity models have employed perceptual representations of words despite the fact that false recognition errors for perceptually similar words have consistently been observed. In this work, we integrate representations of letter strings from the reading literature with global similarity models. Specifically, we employed models of absolute letter position (slot codes and overlap models) and relative letter position (closed and open bigrams). Each of the representations was used to construct a global similarity model that made contact with responses and RTs at the individual word level using the linear ballistic accumulator (LBA) model (Brown & Heathcote, 2008). Relative position models were favored in three of the four datasets and parameter estimates suggested additional influence of the initial letters in the words. When semantic representations from the word2vec model were incorporated into the models, results indicated that orthographic representations were almost equally consequential as semantic representations in determining inter-item similarity and false recognition errors, which undermines previous suggestions that long-term memory is primarily driven by semantic representations. The model was able to modestly capture individual word variability in the false alarm rates, but there were limitations in capturing variability in the hit rates that suggest that the underlying representations require extension
Resource bounds on mental simulations: Evidence from a liquid-reasoning task
No full textPeople are able to reason about the physical dynamics of everyday objects. But, there are theoretical disagreements about the computations that underlie this ability. One proposal is that people are running an approximate mental simulation of their environment. However, such a simulation must be limited in its resources. We applied the notion of a resource-bound simulation to a task of reasoning about liquids, and show that people’s changing behavior can be explained by an approximate simulation that hits a resource limit after some time elapses. In Experiments 1 and 2, people performed well on tasks that asked them to estimate the time-to-fill and water level of different containers, when filled over short periods of time (1-7 seconds). Experiment 3 shows systematic biases in visual volume
estimation, which further strengthens the proposal that people are using a simulation to solve the first two experiments. Experiment 4 extends the reasoning time for the time-to-fill task, and shows the existence of a ‘switch point’, as expected from a resource-bound simulation model. The model also accounts for individual differences: People who perform worse on a digit-span task have an earlier switch point. Our work argues for the theoretical proposal that people are using mental simulations to reason about intuitive physics, but further informs the suggestion that these simulations are limited in resources
Alternative Strategies for Claiming Confidence in Research
No full textResearchers are increasingly challenged by this question: On what basis can researchers claim confidence in making research progress? Here, we categorize studies that base their reliance on one of three different strategies to answer this question. One involves establishing an effect where progress is the extent of support that an effect will be observed in subsequent studies that follow similar or conceptually close procedures. A second strategy involves a theory of the effect where progress is the extent that the mechanism or process by which an effect occurs can be understood sufficiently to identify key conditions under which the effect will or will not occur. A third strategy entails constructing a theoretical framework, where progress is the extent that a theory explains why effects occur at a level that transcends individual effect paradigms. We discuss issues that should be explicitly considered in selecting a strategy for justifying claims of research progress. Although there is potential for synergy across studies where the strategies build on one another, each strategy represents an alternative basis for claiming confidence in a study
The minimal SIR model, validated then extended to social networks and stochastic differential equations
No full textA discrete stochastic process which closely follows the mantra repeated during
Covid-19 about how epidemics grow is presented as a child's game of cards.
When the results of multiple games are averaged the resulting difference
equations match the differential equations of the
standard SIR model and thus this minimal model is validated.
Extending to an animal social network formed by voles allows comparison of
results with those of the complete graph of the basic game.
This allows questions to be asked about flattening the curve and seasonality.
A discrete probability distribution for the ratio of growth to exponential growth
is derived and seen to scale to the logit-normal distribution. Correlations for
the moments and underlying mean and standard deviation are then used to create
a stochastic differential equation model
Do cognitive abilities reduce eyewitness susceptibility to the misinformation effect? A systematic review
No full textThe fact that memories can be distorted by post-event misinformation has cast considerable doubt over the dependability of eyewitness evidence in legal contexts. However, despite its adverse practical implications, the misinformation effect is likely an unavoidable distortion stemming from the reconstructive nature of episodic memory. Certain cognitive abilities have been reported to offer protection against misinformation, suggesting that mechanisms aside from episodic memory may also be underpinning this type of memory distortion. The purpose of this review was to collate findings of associations between eyewitness misinformation susceptibility and individual differences in cognitive ability. Nine studies met the eligibility criteria for this review, including twenty-three distinct associations. Using a narrative synthesis, three categories of cognitive ability were identified as influencing susceptibility to misinformation: general intelligence and reasoning, perceptual abilities, and memory abilities. Across almost all categories, higher levels of ability were associated with reduced susceptibility to misinformation. While there is no indication that any one trait provides total immunity to the misinformation effect, there is a reasonable amount of evidence to suggest that several cognitive abilities create variance in individual levels of susceptibility. Future research should investigate not only if, but how these cognitive abilities protect against misinformation distortions; for example, by contributing to more detailed encoding of the memory, enhancing discrepancy detection in the face of post-event misinformation, or improving source-monitoring at recall
Effects of oxytocin administration on non-social executive functions in humans: A preregistered systematic review and meta-analysis
No full textBACKGROUND: Oxytocin has received considerable research attention for its role in affiliative behaviors, particularly regarding its pro-social effects. More recent evidence has pointed to a broader role of oxytocin signaling, which includes non-social cognitive processes. However, meta-analytic data on oxytocin’s effects on non-social cognition is currently limited.
METHODS: We registered plans for a systematic review and meta-analysis on the effects of oxytocin administration on non-social executive functions prior to data collection via a time-stamped protocol. We performed searches in PubMed, Europe PubMed Central, and the Bielefeld Academic Search Engine. We conducted a meta-analysis of 20 effect estimates from 13 eligible studies. Subgroup meta-analyses and a test for publication bias were also performed.
RESULTS: We found no overall significant effect of oxytocin administration on non-social executive functions (p = 0.30; Hedges’ g = 0.07). However, effect sizes across sub-categories of executive function varied, where the effect of oxytocin administration was the largest for cognitive flexibility (p = 0.02; Hedges’ g = 0.2). Publication bias was assessed using Robust Bayesian Meta-Analysis, which yielded moderate support for the absence of publication bias (BFPB = 0.32).
CONCLUSION: Our analysis suggests that oxytocin’s effects may extend beyond social cognitive processing as data synthesis provided evidence supporting a role in non-social cognitive flexibility. The data and analysis output from this meta-analysis can be viewed in a point-and-click web application
